Sexual reproduction refers to the process that sperm and eggs of hermaphroditic germ cells combine to form fertilized eggs, and the fertilized eggs develop into new individuals. Asexual reproduction refers to the process of directly producing new individuals from the mother without the combination of hermaphroditic germ cells. The way in which plants propagate with vegetative organs such as roots, stems and leaves is called vegetative propagation. Asexual reproduction includes grafting, cutting, layering, cloning and tissue culture.

Grafting refers to grafting the bud or branch of one plant to another plant, so that the two parts can grow together into a complete plant.

Cutting generally refers to cutting off the stems of plants, inserting them into the soil after treatment, and then each branch can take root and sprout to grow new plants.

Layering: A method of burying branches and vines in a moist substrate and cutting them from the mother plant after they take root to form new plants. Also called pressing branches.

The principle of tissue culture is also asexual reproduction, which is a high-tech means to rapidly develop plant tissues into new plants through cell proliferation and differentiation under artificial control. Refers to the technology of separating tissues, organs or cells, protoplasts, etc. They are cultured under artificial control through aseptic operation to obtain regenerated complete plants or produce other products with economic value.

Cloning: Without the combination of bisexual cells, it directly has parental cells, which belongs to asexual reproduction.

So, the answer is: grafting; Cutting; Layers.