Topic 1: China's ancient thoughts

Theme of this unit: the evolution of the mainstream thought of China's traditional culture (the emergence and development of Confucianism)

The emergence of Confucianism in the Spring and Autumn Period Mencius and Xunzi developed Confucianism in the Warring States Period. The Qin Dynasty burned books and buried Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty.

"To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" established the dominant position of Confucianism in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Unity of Three Religions: Criticism of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties and Traditional Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties

First, Confucius and Laozi

(A) Confucius

1, life writing: Lu people in the Spring and Autumn Period, "three schools and one creation"; Poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, Yi, Spring and Autumn, music.

2. Theory:

① political theory: a, benevolence (benevolence loves others) b, courtesy (self-denial) c, "ruling the country by virtue"

(2) Philosophy (the concept of destiny, fearing destiny): "Stay away from ghosts and gods"

③ Educational thoughts: "Teaching without distinction", "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing"; "review the old and learn the new"; "Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"; "Do your duty as a teacher"

3. Historical position:

(1) Confucianism advocated by later generations was carried forward and became the mainstream of China traditional culture.

② It has an important influence in the history of world culture.

(3) Later generations sorted out Confucius' words and deeds in The Analects of Confucius and respected Confucius as a saint, which was admired by the world.

(2) Lao tze:

1, Life Writing: Founder of Taoism; Tao Te Ching

2. Theory:

(1) philosophy:

A, "Tao" is the origin of all things, "Heaven teaches Tao and Taoism is natural".

B, dialectical thinking: things are contradictory and can be transformed into each other;

② Political theory: "Governing by doing nothing"

3. Historical position:

He was the first philosopher in the history of China's philosophy to explore the origin of the universe, and he had a profound influence on China culture.

Second, a hundred schools of thought contended during the Warring States Period.

(A) the historical background of a hundred schools of thought contend:

1, the development of productive forces and great social changes are the fundamental reasons for a hundred schools of thought to contend.

2. The divided political situation and the era of social change have led to unprecedented freedom of thought and speech.

3. The rise of private schools and the relative popularity of education have cultivated a large number of talents.

4. Under the turbulent merger situation, monarchs of all countries want to dominate and compete for hegemony, so in fact they all pay tribute to scholars and recruit talents.

(B) Confucianism: Mencius and Xunzi

1, Mencius

(1) Mencius' Thought

A theory of benevolent governance, B theory of good nature, C view of justice and benefit: cultivate the spirit of honesty; Righteousness before profit, giving up life for righteousness;

② Historical position: Mencius became one of the four books; He is called "Yasheng".

2. Xunzi

(1) Xunzi's thoughts:

A "Heaven has its regularity" and "Use it to control destiny" B. On evil nature C. Political thought: "Give priority to ceremony, and give equal attention to ceremony and law"

② The historical position of Xunzi's thought.

A, regarded as a Confucian heresy B, materialism has a far-reaching influence on China's philosophy.

(3) Mohism

1, Mozi: the founder of Mohism

2. Mohist thought: ① Love for all; ② Non-aggression; ③ Shang Xian and monks are thrifty.

3. The historical position of Mohism.

(1) on behalf of the lower working people, especially the interests of craftsmen.

(2) During the Warring States Period, it once became a prominent scholar and was left out in the cold.

(4) Taoism

1, Zhuangzi and Taoism

2. Zhuangzi Thought: "Homogeneous things", "carefree" and "harmony between man and nature" (the view of destiny).

(5) Legalists

1, Han Fei and Han Feizi

2. Han Fei's idea is:

(1) Combine law, art and potential to establish a centralized monarchy.

(2) Today will prevail over the past and advocate political reform and innovation.

3. The historical position of legalist thought.

① At that time, it was adapted to the need of establishing authoritarian centralization.

(2) In later generations, Confucianism and Confucianism became the theoretical basis of China's ruling ideology in ancient society.

(6) Military strategist

1, Sun Tzu's Art of War

2. The Art of War of Sun Bin and Sun Bin: Pay attention to the laws of war.

(VII) The historical significance of the formation of a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend.

1, Confucianism: gave birth to political ideals and moral norms in China's traditional culture.

2. Taoism: the philosophical thought that has constituted traditional thought for more than two thousand years.

3. Legalist theory: the idea of change has become a theoretical weapon for progressive thinkers and politicians to reform and govern the country.

Third, the unification of Han dynasty thought.

(A) the study of Huang Lao in the early Han Dynasty

1, social background: With the economic downturn, all walks of life are waiting for prosperity and need a rest policy.

2. Main contents:

① Huangdi's theory: governing the body (preserving health) ② Laozi's theory: governing the country (governing by doing nothing, actively doing nothing).

3. Features: Learn from others' strengths and be proactive.

4. Function: The guiding ideology in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty made the society in the early Han Dynasty recover rapidly, but it was replaced by the Neo-Confucianism of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

(2) oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone.

1, the reason: the need for the unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

2. The theoretical source of Neo-Confucianism: The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram is the backbone, which combines the thoughts of Yin and Yang, Huang Lao and Legalism.

3. The content of Neo-Confucianism: the theory of heaven-man induction; Divine authority; Great unification;

4, the influence of neo-Confucianism:

Conducive to the consolidation of monarchy and national unity; It also has the function of limiting the excessive expansion of sovereign power.

5. The idea of ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone and its influence;

(1) is conducive to consolidating centralization and cracking down on local separatist forces.

(2) Confucianism has been established as the mainstream of China traditional culture.

Fourth, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.

(A) the social background of the rise of Neo-Confucianism:

1. Since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the widespread spread of Buddhism and Taoism has brought unprecedented impact on the dominance of Confucianism.

2. From Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Tang and Song Dynasties, the trend of "three religions in one" reached its peak, and various ideas infiltrated each other.

3. Confucianism absorbed the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism and explored a new Confucian salvation system.

(2) Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties:

1, Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism (initiated by Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi; Master: Zhu

(1) Contents:

1 "Reason" is the origin of the world. "Reason" is the moral ethics of Confucianism in society and human nature in human body.

② Grasp the methods of "reason" and "learning from others".

(3) save justice and destroy human desires.

(2) Historical position:

(1) was dismissed as "pseudo-learning" in the Song Dynasty. (2) Establish the leading position of the ideological circle in the early Ming Dynasty.

2. Lu Wang Xue Xin

(1) Contents:

Lu Jiuyuan: ① "Mind is Reason" ② "Inventing the Original Mind" for Reason.

Wang Yangming: ③ "to conscience" ④ Unity of knowing and doing.

(2) Historical position: attaching importance to individual initiative, opposing bondage, and having certain ideological emancipation.

3. Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism evaluation:

(1) The natural desire to suppress human nature and stifle life.

Attaching importance to subjective willpower, advocating honesty and emphasizing social responsibility have a positive effect on shaping the character of the Chinese nation.

Ideological Criticism in the Five Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties

(A) Li Zhi, a heretical thinker.

1 and the ideological background of Li Zhi:

(1) the ideological circle in the late Ming Dynasty stuck to a rut; (2) under the impact of commodity economy, people compete for profits;

(3) Scholars strongly pursue the requirements of individuality and economic development.

2. The main content of Li Zhi's thought:

Criticize Confucius and Mencius, expose the hypocrisy of criticizing Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, and advocate the free development of personality.

(2) Everything originates from Yin and Yang, which fundamentally denies the existence of justice.

(B) Three thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties

1. Representative figures: Gu, Wang Fuzhi, Huang Zongxi.

2, three thinkers * * * with claims:

(1) Practical thinking: advocating pragmatic style of study and behavior; Revitalize industry and commerce; "Industry and commerce and people's livelihood are the foundation"

(2) Critique of absolute monarchy: Criticize absolute monarchy, and put forward theories and propositions to limit monarchical power.

3. The ideological evaluation of the three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties:

(1) had a strong impact on absolute monarchy; (2) to future generations with profound enlightenment.

(3) It constitutes the torrent of China's early enlightenment thoughts, and it has the historical progress of emancipating the mind.

China's Ancient Scientific and Technological Thought and Practice

(1) astronomy

(1) Warring States Period: The Stone Catalogue in Shi Gan Yingjing is the earliest catalogue in the world.

② Eastern Han Dynasty: Zhang Heng: water transport camera; The theory of earth circle is earlier than 1000 years; Seismographs should be older than 1700 years.

3 Tang: Monks and his party: Zodiac patrol instrument; The meridian length was measured for the first time in the world; Water image instrument.

4 Yuan: Guo Shoujing: Jane is 300 years old; The most accurate calendar in ancient China.

(2) Mathematics:

① Spring and Autumn Period: 99 multiplication table; Weights and measures; calculate

② Western Han Dynasty: The Pythagorean theorem in Zhouyi Shu Jing is 500 years earlier.

③ Eastern Han Dynasty: Nine Chapters of Arithmetic

④ Southern Dynasties: Zu Chongzhi was seven places behind Pi and 1000 years earlier.

(3) Four kinds of agricultural books:

① The Book of Qi Yao Min in the Southern and Northern Dynasties: the earliest and most complete agricultural book in existence.

② Yuan: Improvement of introduction tools for agricultural books

③ Ming: Xu Guangqi's Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration, a pioneer of modern science in China.

Song Tiangong Kaiwu and China17th Century Craft Encyclopedia.

(4) Medicine:

① Western Han Dynasty: Huangdi Neijing laid the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine;

② Eastern Han Dynasty: Zhang Zhongjing, a "medical sage", introduced the four diagnostic methods of Treatise on Febrile Diseases; Hua tuo invented mafeisan and founded the "wuqinxi"

③ Ming Dynasty: Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica established the most advanced classification in the world.

(5) Four great inventions:

1, papermaking: plant fiber paper of the Western Han Dynasty; Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

2. Print:

(1) Tang dynasty: the earliest engraved diamond sutra in the world.

(2) the northern song dynasty Bi Sheng, movable type printing.

③/kloc-It was introduced to Korea and Europe after 0/3rd century.

3, gunpowder:

(1) Tang Dynasty: gunpowder was invented, which was recorded in Sun Simiao's "Single Crystal" and used in the military at the end of the Tang Dynasty.

② Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty: Widely used. Artillery, rocket, musket, etc.

③14th century: It was introduced to Europe by Arabs.

4. Compass:

① Warring States Period: Sina

② Northern Song Dynasty: Using artificial compass to navigate.

③13rd century: introduced to Europe.

Topic 2: Ancient literature and art in China.

I. Calligraphy Art

1 the origin and evolution of Chinese characters;

Shang Oracle Bone Inscriptions-Shang and Zhou inscriptions-Western Zhou inscriptions (big seal script)-Qin unified seal script-han li-Three Kingdoms regular script (Zhong You)

2 the development of calligraphy art

1, Xiao Zhuan in Qin and Han Dynasties, official script

2. Calligraphy art was formed in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting.

3. Sui and Tang Dynasties reached a new peak: weeds in Zhang Xu and Huai Su; Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan used regular script; calligraphy theory

4. Song Dynasty: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang all had their own modality.

5. Ming Dynasty: popularization and secularization, emphasizing individuality: Zhu Zhishan and Wen Zhiming.

Second, the art of painting

1, origin: Neolithic age

2. Warring States Period: Silk Painting (Dragon and Phoenix Picture)

3. Eastern Jin Dynasty: A History of Women by Gu Kaizhi.

4. Tang Dynasty: Wu Daozi's Born of Gautama Buddha.

5. Song Dynasty: the rise of landscape painting; Folk Painting: The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan.

6. Ming and Qing Dynasties: woodcut prints and New Year pictures of Badashan people.

Third, literature.

poetry

1. The earliest collection of poems in China.

2. Qu Yuan's new style poem Li Sao in the Warring States Period.

3. Han Fu: Sima Xiangru

4. Tang poetry: Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi.

(2) Song Ci: Su Shi, Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji.

(3) Yuanqu: Ethnic discrimination in Yuan Dynasty, Sanqu is often used to express melancholy feelings. Guan Hanqing's Dou E Yuan

(4) novels

1, Tang Dynasty: The Legend of Liu Yi and The Legend of Conan.

2. Song Dynasty: Script

3. Reasons in Ming and Qing Dynasties: the development of commodity economy and the rise of the civil class;

Masterpieces: Four Wonders, Three Words and Two Beats, A Dream of Red Mansions, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, The Scholars.

(5) China traditional opera.

1, Primitive-Han and Tang Dynasties: Nuo Dance

2. Song Dynasty: Southern Opera

3. Yuan Dynasty: Zaju (Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu are the four masters of Yuan Qu)

4. Qing Dynasty: Peking Opera