2. Robinson Crusoe

3. Shelley

4. The True Story of Ah Q

5. Mrs. Pauli's Law

6. Resurrection

7. The Analects of Confucius

8. Four generations under one roof

9. Guo Moruo

10, Shen Congwen

First, my grandfather was guilty, and his family came down.

Lu Xun was born in an official family. His grandfather is an academician. He used to be a magistrate of a county and later worked as a cabinet secretary in Beijing. His father is a scholar who reads a lot. Therefore, the Zhou family is a famous family in Shaoxing. This kind of official family and scholarly family made young Lu Xun get a good education. Besides, Lu Xun is brilliant. Therefore, it seems that Lu Xun should be a "bright road" to study, choose officials and worship ancestors. However, things are unpredictable. When Lu Xun 13 years old, a major family disaster broke the tranquility of the Zhou family and completely changed Lu Xun's life. So, what kind of disaster is this? What changes will this major family change bring to Lu Xun's growth?

Lu Xun's family, in today's words, should be a good middle-class family, even better than the average middle-class family. Unfortunately, when Lu Xun was young, his family suffered a great disaster. This disaster is because his grandfather participated in a case, which was a bribery case in the imperial examination. Today, cheating in exams has become a common phenomenon all over the world. In many famous universities, college students generally cheat, and I have dealt with many cheating phenomena myself. I hate this phenomenon, but many students are used to it, saying that cheating in the exam is nothing, so I will make up the exam next time I fail, which is an understatement. But we know that in ancient times, cheating in exams was a big crime, a big crime, and even beheading. Why? Because cheating in the exam is the highest * * *-emperor. The state selects talents through examinations. Cheating in the exam, is it not cheating the country? So cheating in the exam should actually be a big crime. Today, we have played down too many cheating behaviors.

Lu Xun's grandfather was sentenced to death for bribing 3 in the imperial examination. I know many young friends don't understand. Is it really so exaggerated? It's really boring to be sentenced to death for taking bribes in the imperial examination. In fact, this matter is really serious. His grandfather was sentenced to death, but the death sentence was very interesting and was not executed immediately. We know that there are immediate execution and suspension. Generally, you won't die if you are suspended. If you behave better and stop doing evil, you will be sentenced to life imprisonment. Lu Xun's grandfather was sentenced to death, but he didn't say that it would be executed immediately or how long it would be suspended. Instead, he was sentenced to the crime of "beheading for prison" at that time, which means not beheading first, but detaining first. When to behead depends on whether the emperor is happy. If the emperor is happy, he may not be killed, but he will be forgiven. If he is unhappy, he may be pulled out and beheaded one day, so this matter is a suspense and possible. When did China kill people in ancient times? Every autumn, plants wither. Everything in China conforms to the rhythm of nature. In spring, vegetation is lush and flowers are in full bloom. It is not suitable for killing people, and killing people is a disappointing thing. So in autumn, Lu Xun's family will panic. In autumn, they will spend a lot of money to buy relationships, hoping to survive this year and do it again next year. In this way, year after year, they spend as much money as they have at home. When this lawsuit came down, their family was ruined.

Because of this lawsuit, his father's scholar's name was also removed and his diploma was taken back, not counting six. In this process, as a teenager, Lu Xun really felt the warmth and coldness of human feelings and the indifference of the world. Mr. Lu Xun has a very sad saying: "Who has fallen from a well-off family to poverty?" I thought I could see the true face of life on this road. "The true face of life is not easy to see, not hard to see, and you can't see it without conditions. Lu Xun has depraved conditions in his family. A child's family conditions are good, his grades are good, others say hello, and the green light is turned on, so you can't see the true face of life. When you suddenly came last in the exam and your family couldn't afford the tuition, you would see the true face of life. The young Lu Xun is the eldest son, so the burden of premature life and mental oppression falls on the young man's shoulders.

Because Lu Xun's grandfather was sentenced to "waiting for prison", his father implicated in Lu Xun also got rid of the reputation of a scholar. Lu Xun's father is in poor health. After all this, his condition became worse. As the saying goes, "the state minister has the eldest son." Facing his father's serious illness, his mother's sadness and his younger brother's young burden, how should Lu Xun spend his life? Why was young Lu Xun slandered by his neighbors? What impact will this kind of suffering have on Lu Xun's life?

What did Lu Xun do for a long time? He frequents pawn shops and pharmacies. 8. When there was no money at home, he took things to the pawnshop, then took money back to treat his father and went to the pawnshop. Going to the pawnshop is a stressful thing. Having money to buy things is of course a very carefree mood. I have no money, and I was pawned for 5 yuan with 100. Suffering from this kind of supercilious look and ridicule every day is a great mental blow to children. Later, my father died of illness, and the only twenty or thirty acres of paddy fields in the family were sold out. His family composition is equivalent to a change, from landlord to poor and middle peasants.

So Lu Xun knew the hardships of life from an early age and how to get money and things. I remember one day when my son was very young, I asked him, "Do you know where our food comes from?" I tried to enlighten him. His father earned it all. He said, "I know, it's all from the kitchen." I was shocked at that time. Later, I thought what he said was also reasonable. Because the food he sees with his own eyes every day comes from the kitchen, he feels that the kitchen will always be a place where meals are continuously produced. This is not because children are not sensible, but because the education of adults is not in place. He won't think I deserve these meals. I think what many children are afraid of today is that they don't realize where the money comes from and the relationship between labor and survival. This is a big problem.

Lu Xun's family has no money, the field has been sold, all valuable things have been pawned, and the house is getting bigger and bigger. Lu Xun's writing at that time was very vivid. He said he looked around the corner every day to see if there was anything valuable. He always felt that there was something in the drawer, so he opened every drawer and looked at it again and again. At this time, the attitude of relatives, friends and neighbors towards their home also changed 10. Bully if you can, and cheat if you can. Others will encourage Lu Xun to steal things from home and sell them. Lu Xun did not do this, but there have been such rumors in the neighborhood, so Lu Xun was not hit by social rumors until he grew up. Lu Xun lived in rumors all his life. After so many years of death, not many people really understand him. In fact, he was attacked by rumors when he was very young. In the words of Jin Yong's Yang Guo, "Have I suffered less injustice in my life?" How did the Great Xia grow up? A great warrior like Yang Guo was wronged when he was a child, and it was hard to be proud for a few days. When Lu Xun was a teenager, I'm afraid he couldn't stand the pressure.

I study literature and often talk about the writer's life. I found that many writers, artists and teenagers have experienced family misfortunes, especially the early death of their father, which seems to be a very common law, and many of them have fallen into poverty. Logical reasoning: will the decline of family fortune definitely make people rise? Many delinquent teenagers and hooligans in society are also born because of the decline of family wealth. Perhaps the decline of family fortune is depressing, but for these excellent people we know, it seems that the misfortune of their youth is the best school for them. At that time, they learned a lot more valuable things than others. Of course, we can't deliberately destroy the family just because we want to achieve ourselves. That won't do, and we have no conditions. That's not the case now. Lu Xun's family wealth is representative of the times, because the Qing dynasty was heading for the final stage of decline. Like Lu Xun, many families in China were in decline. Of course, the reasons are different, not all because of his grandfather, some because of business failure, some because of illness and other reasons. As far as the whole Chinese nation is concerned, our Chinese nation has also experienced a process of decline in family wealth. The past was prosperous, and the Chinese nation had a glorious past. Later, I fell in the family wealth, which was very bitter. I was bullied and looked down upon. We tried various methods to restore vitality and cheer up. The whole Chinese nation also has a saddle-shaped process. The decline of Lu Xun's family wealth and the pain it brought him are very representative in China, which is the first pain in Lu Xun's life.

Second, "mother marries daughter-in-law"

The hardships of Lu Xun's life began. Although his grandfather was later released from prison, three years later, at the age of 16, Lu Xun's father died of a serious illness. Lu Xun, who has fallen into poverty, packed his bags and embarked on the road of going out to study. I studied in Nanjing Jiangnan Naval Academy for three years, and then went to Japan 13. Just when 26-year-old Lu Xun was full of ambition, an arranged marriage carefully designed by his mother broke his dream of life. So, why did Lu Xun's mother do this? What should Lu Xun do in the face of this arranged marriage?

Many people don't know much about Lu Xun's marriage, and will ask: Isn't his lover Xu Guangping? Is he unhappy with Xu Guangping? This is all in the future. Lu Xun's family is not backward, can't develop normally like other children, can't take the imperial examination and seek a way to survive. At that time, taking the imperial examination was the right way, but he didn't take this right way, but learned something new. In the words of people at that time, he had to sell his soul to foreign devils and learn something crooked. Today, in our opinion, he is right. Because of good study and official expenses, 15 studied in Japan. When he was studying in Japan, he received a telegram from his mother saying that she was critically ill and urged him to go back at once, just like the twelve gold medals Yue Fei received. China people are dutiful sons. When they hear that their mother is dying, they will not carefully verify the truth. They will definitely rush back. Lu Xun is no exception. However, when he came home, he saw that the house was decorated with lights, and his mother was fine, but he was immediately surrounded and married. It turned out that the family arranged a marriage for him. Why is the family in such a hurry to arrange marriage for him? It turned out that it was already very closed. He is studying in Japan, and people in his hometown are afraid that he will marry a foreign women. If an international student marries a Japanese wife today, we will say that it is good to promote Sino-Japanese friendship, but at that time, a Japanese married a foreigner, which most people still can't understand.

Especially when Lu Xun was walking in the street in Japan, he saw a woman leading several children, one in front and the other in the back. Lu Xun felt very tired after reading it. He was walking, that's all, just holding her for a while. The result happened to be seen by others, so the news returned to China, saying that Zhou Shuren had married a wife in Japan, had several children and was wandering in the street. The family was in a hurry and immediately arranged a marriage for him. At that time, Lu Xun's intellectuals just began to wake up and just accepted the ideas of free love, democracy and freedom, but these systems were old, and their generation generally suffered from contradictions and pains. What shall we do? It is unfilial to refuse the marriage arranged by the family, and it will also affect the interests and face of many people. Lu Xun had no choice but to make two demands, 18: He asked this woman to enter the school first; Secondly, it is necessary to avoid foot binding, which is the minimum requirement of many awakened intellectuals for their spouses at that time. In fact, it represents two aspects, one is culture and the other is concept. Foot-binding represents feudal ideas, and women are not liberated. Foot-binding is a symbol of women's ignorance, and enrollment shows that she is literate. However, Lu Xun came back to visit the world with others and saw that this woman was neither educated nor bound feet. Lu Xun's heart suddenly cooled, which was tantamount to being kidnapped and completing a marriage.

Lu Xun was born in the late Qing Dynasty. "Parents' orders and matchmakers' words" still dominate the fate of men and women's lives. Lu Xun, 26, was already an older youth. Therefore, his mother's original intention of arranging marriage for him is understandable. However, Lu Xun, who has experienced the influence of new ideas for many years, will he be willing to accept this authentic traditional woman named Zhu An, who was married by his mother for him? Is it feasible for Lu Xun to "get married first and then fall in love"?

Mrs. Zhu An, who worshiped heaven and earth with Lu Xun, was far from Lu Xun's ideal object, but he accepted it. Why did he accept it? Lu Xun said it was for his mother. When he returned to Japan, his classmates and friends asked him, "Your mother sent you a telegram. Is there anything at home? " ? Lu Xun answered five words: "Mother marries daughter-in-law" 20. Let's see how much pain this sentence contains. He didn't marry a daughter-in-law, but his mother did. Marriage is a family matter, but it has nothing to do with him. "This is a gift from my mother, 2 1. I have to accept her." I can only keep it. If he doesn't accept her, this woman won't marry him. Divorce her if you don't marry. Who will take her if she goes back? What will she do for the rest of her life? He has to think about this for others.

There was a contradiction between personality liberation and humanitarianism among intellectuals during the May 4th Movement. There were many slogans during the May 4th Movement, including two resounding slogans, one called personality liberation and the other called humanitarianism. But have you ever thought that personality liberation and humanitarianism are contradictory? What should you do if your own personality is liberated and others are not? Your personality liberation will harm the interests of others. Personal interests are the highest at this time? Or is it more humanitarian? Different people have different choices and different methods. We can also reflect on this matter today. Should Lu Xun accept it at that time? Can't you resist? Is there no other way? We also know that in the face of this situation, some people fled at that time, abandoned everything and didn't want anything. But Lu Xun considered all aspects of the problem and made a unified plan, which became the shadow of Lu Xun's life. The next morning, his mother and people around him found that Lu Xun's eyes were swollen, his face was blue and his pillow towel was wet. He cried all night, just like on his wedding night. The next day he moved to the study to sleep, and returned to Japan the next day. Married Mrs. Zhu An followed Lu Xun's mother all her life, which is tantamount to becoming his mother's assistant. She is really a "mother marries a daughter-in-law". The marriage between Lu Xun and Mrs. Zhu An was maintained, only in the name of husband and wife, but not in reality. We can see that this is actually the tragedy of a generation of intellectuals.

Cai Yuanpei, the president of Peking University at that time, Li Dazhao, the librarian, Hu Shi, the dean of the College of Liberal Arts, and many such celebrities at that time had similar experiences. 24. They arranged the marriage at home, but most of them accepted it, and there is no way to do it unless they meet other opportunities in the future. So let's look at Lu Xun, who is the most vehemently opposed to arranged marriage and marriage without love. Of course, free love is not necessarily happy, but at least it is his choice. From arranged marriage to free love, although this process is generally successful, it is very long and sometimes retrogressive. In fact, I think up to now, many young people in China still rely on arranged marriages, not only in rural areas, but also in cities. Even some doctors and postdocs are arranged by their parents and introduced by their elders. It's been more than a hundred years, and it's still a little embarrassing to think of it. There are also some parents who interfere in their children's marriage under the banner of caring for their children. This situation is still very common today. Why is this thing not easy to resist? Because it does not appear in front of tyranny, but in front of love, it is not easy to resist. We have had it before, and parents will say, you are easy to be cheated, or your parents are doing it for your own good. It is invisible to kill with a soft knife.

Lu Xun swallowed the bitter fruit he got. Later, Lu Xun's life took a turning point. At the age of 40, he found Xu Guangping, a spiritual bosom friend, an ideal new woman, and had love in the modern sense. But in spite of this, his marriage has caused a lifetime of mental pain to several people in the middle. We can say that this is Lu Xun's pain, which is unfair to Mrs. Zhu An and is even more painful. She is an uneducated old-fashioned woman. Fate made her marry someone like Lu Xun. She didn't like her and was not interested in her, leaving her at home to accompany the old lady all the year round. Mrs. Zhu An also said that she couldn't keep up with the times, but she was willing to keep pace with the times, find some books to read, read and accept new ideas. Once I saw Lu Xun doing gymnastics with his friends and students, and she followed suit, but she couldn't do it well. We saw such a woman trying to climb the tree slowly like a snail, and finally didn't climb it. From the perspective of women, the tragedy of old-fashioned women is vividly reflected in Mrs. Zhu An, and thousands of women like her in Qian Qian died at the turning point of the times. Lu Xun is a great man. He has made great achievements in other aspects, but too many people like Mrs. Zhu An have been lightly erased, without spiritual achievements and happiness in life. Life is really cruel. This arranged marriage is a very important pain in Lu Xun's life.

Third, brothers and sisters are not harmonious. What's the hurry?

Lu Xun is the eldest son of the family and has two younger brothers: the second brother Zhou Zuoren is four years younger than him; The third brother, Zhou, is seven years younger than him. From 19 19, Lu Xun took his mother, his second brother and his third brother into the mansion he bought in Badaowan, Beijing, and the family began to live together in harmony and happiness. However, the weather is unpredictable. Four years later, on 1923, Lu Xun broke up unexpectedly with his second brother Zhou Zuoren and moved out of Badaowan. Why?

In the cultural history of China, Zhou's three brothers, Zhou Zuoren and Zhou are really outstanding, especially Lu Xun and his second brother Zhou Zuoren. Their ages are not too different. Zhou Zuoren's growth is guided by his brother Lu Xun. He is not only responsible for the material life of this family, but also guides the spiritual direction of his younger brothers. When Lu Xun went to school in Nanjing, he also sent his younger brother to Nanjing to study. Lu Xun went to Japan to study, and later he also took his younger brother to study in Japan. During the study abroad and after returning home, the two brothers fought side by side, wrote articles and studied together. They are all famous pioneers of the New Culture Movement, especially in the early days of the May 4th New Culture Movement. Their younger brother Zhou Zuoren is even more famous than Lu Xun. At that time, Zhou Zuoren was a professor in Peking University. Many people later learned that Zhou Zuoren had a brother and had good knowledge. For example, Bai Yu 3 1, who later became a famous martial arts novelist, worshipped Zhou Zuoren when he was young and wrote to ask for an audience. One day, he went to the palace to visit Zhou Zuoren. As a result, Zhou Zuoren was not at home, and Lu Xun came out to receive him and said that I was Zhou Zuoren's brother. Let me talk to you. White said, since he is not at home, it is ok to talk to you, or talk to Zhou Zuoren's brother. Zhou Shuren asked whose novels he liked to read. White said that a person is Bing Xin and a person is Lu Xun. Zhou Shuren said that Lu Xun was next, and White respected him very much. For a long time, Zhou Zuoren was famous. No one would have thought that such a good brother, a brother with such close thoughts and feelings, would eventually break up, break up, break up, so I was wondering if it was because the feelings were too good, God was jealous, maybe it was destiny takes a hand, and as a result, they would never separate, and finally developed into a lifelong relationship.

Why did Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren disagree? This has become a big unsolved mystery in the history of modern culture in China, and it is also a big mystery in the study of Lu Xun. People can't imagine that these two closest brothers will eventually break up and never talk to each other again for life. What is even more puzzling is that after the two broke up, they never mentioned this matter again, and they were deeply resentful, hard to extricate themselves and unforgettable. What's all this for?

What the hell is going on here? The truth of the discord between the Zhou brothers is still a mystery, and no one can fully understand it. Although some people have collected a lot of materials and tried to make it clear, because this is an important event in the cultural history of China, and because it involves personal privacy, many materials are incomplete, so we can't make it clear completely. On the surface, it's a family dispute. Because the Zhou family is a big family, in today's words, economic accounting is a muddled account. Lu Xun's income is very high. He paid the money directly to his family, but his brother Zhou Zuoren married a Japanese woman, Yutai Angel. Mrs Angel's daily life is a very expensive way of life. 34. Everything at home has to be bought in Japanese shops. She likes Japanese goods too much. The people are patriots and they love their country very much. Adults and children who are sick at home should ask a Japanese doctor, and everything should be made in Japan. I cooked a table of dishes and said it was not delicious, so I poured it all out and redone it. The quilts and plates at home are all out of date, so make a new set immediately. Be sure to take the bus when you go out. Let's think about it. In the 1920s, it was terrible to drive out. Lu Xun is certainly willing to contribute to this family. He is the eldest son and the head of the family. He is willing to do anything as long as his family is harmonious. Mr. Lu Xun once said that my money was pulled in by rickshaws and people were sent out by rickshaws. So he felt that he worked hard, but he could never meet the requirements. We can see this material, so there are disputes in housework and economic life. At this time, that is, between 1923 and 1924, in fact, the ideological differences between him and Zhou Zuoren were not too great, but one day, the two brothers had a fierce quarrel and began to fight. Imagine that it is common for us to see two brothers fighting in the neighborhood, but Lu Xun and his brothers really got into a fight. At that time, their friends didn't understand it very well, which was really unexpected. Originally, Lu Xun lived in the front, Zhou Zuoren lived in the back, and the family lived in harmony. As a result of the struggle, Zhou Zuoren personally sent a dear John letter, and at the beginning of the letter he was called Mr. Lu Xun. Today, we respect Mr. Lu Xun, but with this Mr. Lu Xun in the letter written by his brother, we can know his attitude without reading the following contents, which makes it very clear. One of them said, "please don't come to the backyard again." Intellectuals speak politely, but politeness is often followed by cruelty. Ordinary people quarrel, although it is hard to hear, but it will be fine the next day. "Come back tomorrow." Although the intellectuals are polite on the surface, they actually have deep hatred in their hearts. Later, Lu Xun quickly moved out of Badaowan and bought another house, where he lived for 38 years. After that, he stopped seeing his brothers.

The two brothers who used to be close friends finally became strangers, which is really jaw-dropping and controversial. But how will Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren face the next life after experiencing this unforgettable pain, and what special impact will this breakup and break have on their life path?

As the saying goes, "it is difficult for an honest official to break housework", and housework is not easy to evaluate. We dare not say who is right or wrong, and we don't have to worry about who is right or wrong. But the result of this incident has dealt a great blow to both sides. Although intellectuals can pretend as if nothing has happened on the surface, the more they say nothing, the greater their inner pain may be. The estrangement between the Zhou brothers is tantamount to the separation of flesh and blood, and it is also a great blow to the literary world in China, because at that time, the two brothers were spiritual mentors of the youth in China. At that time, they were already famous all over the world. Young people all over the country thought they were their role models and leaders, but they didn't expect them to go their separate ways. Since then, the thoughts of the two brothers have gradually changed, so that they have developed further and further. After painful thinking and hesitation, a person continues to fight and chooses the road of fighting for life. The other is to get away from the secular society and life situation and do some work in the ivory tower. Zhou Zuoren wants to care about the society and live in the ivory tower forever, but the more people think so, the less they can do it. You don't care about politics, and politics cares about you. Finally, the Japanese occupied Beijing, and he was forced to come out to work for the Japanese. People can make mistakes in other aspects, but we can't make mistakes on the issue of national position. It's called big festival. We China people are actually very tolerant of people, and it doesn't matter about the details, but we can't lose money on the details, because Zhou Zuoren lost money on the details, and we can like him in other ways, but after all, he committed the crime of traitors, which is indisputable and legally guilty. So after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he was convicted of treason by the National Government. Later, we made an exception and let him out of prison.

After Zhou Zuoren and Lu Xun broke up, their thoughts gradually divorced from the mainstream of the times. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Zhou Zuoren served as the educational inspector of the Japanese puppet government and worked for the Japanese. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he was sentenced to prison for treason. 1949 After he was released from prison, he settled in Beijing and worked for Renmin University Press. 1967 died at the age of 82.

Zhou, the third brother of Lu Xun, has always maintained a good relationship with Lu Xun, but he basically broke off diplomatic relations with Zhou Zuoren in 1923. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he served as deputy director of the General Administration of Publication of the Central People's Government, deputy minister of the Ministry of Higher Education, and later served as chairman of the Central Committee of the Democratic Progressive Party. 1984 died at the age of 94.

I think if the Zhou brothers hadn't broken up, Zhou Zuoren's mistake wouldn't have come to this. This incident in turn made Lu Xun more lonely. High-level people like him rarely understand him. They grew up together and their thoughts were clear, so Zhou Zuoren had some memories of Lu Xun's work in his later years, which provided valuable materials for Lu Xun's research. In fact, he still knows Lu Xun's heart very well. The different development of Zhou brothers represents the different life trajectories of two types of intellectuals in modern China. Intellectuals in modern China have these two choices. The first is to choose to fight, and the second is to choose to be a hermit. Being a hermit may not be done well, so the disharmony between brothers is not only their family tragedy, but also symbolic, which represents the disharmony between two intellectuals in China. Disputes and disharmony among intellectuals in China in the future can be found here, which is another great pain for Lu Xun.