The name of Taoism comes from the ancient Shinto. Secondly, the theory of Taoism originated from Laozi, and it was first seen in Laozi's Sier Notes. Taoism takes Laozi as its leader, because the earliest origin of Taoist philosophy can be traced back to Laozi and Zhuangzi. It is worth noting that Taoism and Taoism are completely different things. Taoism is not a religion, nor does it advocate establishing religion. Laozi, the source of Taoist thought, was regarded as a "classic book" by Zhang Daoling and others in later generations, rather than a classic book written by an "old gentleman on the throne" for preaching. According to the general academic circles, the first official classic of Taoism is Taiping Jing, which was completed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, so the Eastern Han Dynasty is regarded as the initial period of Taoism. The formal existence of Taoist entity activities in Taoism is the appearance of Taiping Dao and Wudoumi Dao in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and the three books of Taiping Jing, Zhouyi Shentongqi and Laozi Xianger Zhu are the symbols of the formation of Taoist beliefs and theories. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to Taoism's idea of "harmony between man and nature" and its world outlook, which has aroused the interest of the western world and made Taoism get more attention. Although there are Taoist elements in Taoist teachings, they are far from representing Taoist spirit and conveying Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts. They must not be confused.
Taoism takes "Tao" as its name, or talks about the principles of Laozi and Zhuangzi, or talks about both inside and outside, or talks about the beauty of symbols. Its doctrine takes "Tao" or "morality" as the core, and holds that everything in the world originates from "Tao", that is, the so-called "second life, second life, third life and third life", and all social life should follow "Tao". Specifically, the theoretical system is developed from four aspects: heaven, earth, man and ghost. Heaven not only refers to the real universe, but also refers to the place where immortals live. Heaven is called thirty-six days, and there is Tianmen in heaven. There is a jade building in it, which contains immortals, immortals, heavenly emperors, Tianma, Tianhe, heavenly soldiers, heavenly generals and heavenly daughters. Its practitioners are heaven. The land refers to both the real land and everything, and the hell where ghosts suffer. Its operation is affected by the tunnel. People refer to both people and limited individuals. People's words and deeds should have a human touch and a human touch. Ghosts refer to where people belong. If a person can Xiu De, he can get rid of darkness and suffering. His surname is not recorded in the ghost biography, and he is a famous ghost fairy. Immortals are also the idol embodiment of Taoist teachings and thoughts. Taoism is a polytheistic religion, which follows China's ancient belief that the sun, moon, stars, rivers, mountains, ancestors and the dead all worship their ancestors, and forms a complex god system including gods, earth gods and ghosts. Taoism advocates infinity, Yuanji, Taiji and the doctrine of the mean, that is, "Tao".
There are two kinds of Taoist priests: one is clergy, that is, Taoist priests. According to Taixiao Shu Lang Jing, "Pedestrian Avenue, posthumous title Taoist." "Body and mind are logical and follow the Tao, so they praise them." It can be divided into Maoshan Road and Luofu Road. Learning Taoism from teachers can be divided into "just one" Taoism and "all truth" Taoism. According to the palace view, educational administration can be divided into "master", "temple master" and "knowing guests" The other is the common people, called "laity" or "believer". "Palace view" is the most important organizational form of Taoism. The Palace Temple is a place where Taoist priests cultivate, worship and hold ceremonies. There are also some economic organizations in Taoism (such as vegetarian department and tea factory), educational organizations (such as Taoist classes and Taoist classic classes) and charitable organizations (such as nursing homes, clinics and medical departments).
Taoism is an important religious behavior of Taoist priests to cultivate heaven. It is generally considered to include external Dan, internal Dan and food and shelter. External elixir refers to the elixir that can be "immortal" by burning minerals such as lead and mercury in an elixir furnace or tripod after the producer takes it. After the Tang Dynasty, it was gradually replaced by Inner alchemy. Inner elixir, the general term for activating qi, guiding qi, breathing and breathing, refers to the use of the human body as a cauldron to condense essence into elixir in the body and achieve the goal of immortality. Since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Inner alchemy has gradually prevailed, and its origin can be traced back to the Warring States period, which has had a great influence on China's medicine and health care. Eating refers to taking medicine to live longer.
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2. Introduce the culture and history of Taoism. what do you want to do?
Taoism is an inherent traditional religion in China, with "Tao" as its highest belief. In ancient China, people believed.
It was gradually formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty on the basis of Yang and following some religious concepts and practice methods of Fang and Huang. Other stages
Believers can live forever and become immortals after a certain amount of practice. Religionize Laozi and his moral classics and respect Laozi.
As a leader and god, Tao Te Ching is a major classic and a religious interpretation. It was very popular when it was first established.
Among the people, he became the organizer and standard-bearer of some peasant uprisings. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, some Taoists had great social influence.
Due to the support and utilization of feudal rulers, Taoism was gradually upgraded and combined with the Confucian concept of orthodoxy; exist
Some dynasties also participated in court political activities. Among the people, it continues to spread the popular form of Taoism, which is also derived from it.
Some secret religious organizations continue to play a role in the struggle against the oppression and exploitation of some farmers and civilians.
The function of the belt.
In the long-term development, Taoism has accumulated a large number of classics with the continuous spread and increase of factions.
After the article was published, it was compiled into collected Taoist scriptures, many of which were of great significance to the politics, economy,
Philosophy, literature, art, music, medicine, pharmacology, health, qigong, chemistry, astronomy, geography and
Social psychology, social customs and other aspects have had different degrees of positive impact, occupying a place in the traditional culture of China.
Important position.
3. The Origin of Taoist Culture in China Taoism, like other religions, is a social and historical phenomenon with a process of its occurrence and development. The early sects were not formed in the same way, in the same region and at the same time, and there was no long-term unified and stable religious organization, so it is difficult to determine the upper limit of the history of Taoism in China. There were Floyd School and Dante School in the early days, but their birth process was quite complicated. Dante school pays attention to self-cultivation and self-cultivation, and there are also inner Dante schools. & gt use < >; Early Taoist theory began to take shape, but there was no corresponding Taoist organization. & gt there is also the external Dan Jing < >; Although the social influence is great, its social organization strength is still weak.
4. Seek the development history of Taoist thought 1. Origin: According to Records of Literature and Art in Hanshu, Taoist classics include Four Classics of Huangdi, Huangdi Ming, Huangdi Jun Chen, Miscellaneous Huangdi, Limu, Yi Yin, Taigong, New Home and Xi. In addition, unlike the origin of Confucian culture in Zhou Culture, Taoist scholars mostly come from Song, Chu, Qin, Qi and other countries, suggesting that Taoism is closely related to Yin and Shang cultures.
Portrait of Laozi
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2. Stereotype: At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, marked by the appearance of Laozi's Tao Te Ching, Taoist thought has been fully formed.
3. Prosperity: During the Warring States Period, Taoism formed three schools, namely, Yang Zhu School, Huang Lao School and Zhuangzi School. Except Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School and Huang Lao School both flourished for a while, among which Huang Lao School was the most prosperous. At that time, Huang Lao's thought not only became Tian Ji's thought of governing the country, but also had a great influence on hundred schools of thought through the contention of a hundred schools of thought, and also played a certain role in the State of Qin in Chu and Period, so that it formed what Mr. Meng called the end of the Warring States Period.
4. Frustration: Before the Qin Dynasty unified China, it organized people to compile Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, focusing on Taoism and synthesizing various theories. Obviously, Lv Buwei wants to regard it as a unified ideology. However, Qin Shihuang, who was in power later, chose Legalism. Soon after the unification of China, he burned books and buried Confucianism, which frustrated hundred schools of thought, including Taoism.
5. Brilliance: After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, due to the destruction of long-term war, on the basis of reflecting on Qin's ruling thought, Taoism was chosen as the concept of governing the country, creating a prosperous era called "the rule of culture and scenery".
6. Repression: After the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and temporarily suppressed the development of Taoism.
7. Resurrection: During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, talk about the rise of metaphysics and the revival of Taoist thought. But this time, the focus is not on Huang Lao, but on the reinterpretation of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, which formed a profound metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Since then, Laozi and Zhuangzi have become Taoist orthodoxy, which has continued to this day.
8. Concealment: After Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, although Taoist thought has repeatedly become the first aid kit for governing the country after chaos, it is also the spiritual sustenance of some literati after frustration, but most of them are marginalized and can only continue to play a role in literature, art and technology. In addition, the combination of Taoist thought and Buddhism formed a Chinese-style Buddhism-Zen; Taoism also played an important role in the formation of Neo-Confucianism and Yangming's Mind.
9. Revival: In the late Qing Dynasty, with the impact of the West, the Confucian ruling order was strongly impacted, and Taoism had many similarities with western liberal democracy, so Taoism revived again. 199 1 year, Mr. Dong Guangbi first put forward the concept of contemporary neo-Taoism, which was warmly responded by Chen Guying and others. Since then, new theories have emerged, such as Taoism, Taoism, heaven liberalism, self-reform, etc., among which theories similar to Taoism have been applied and popularized in real life.
5. The origin of Taoism in China is Taoism. Taoism and Taoism are related, but they are not the same thing. ...
Taoism is a native religion in China. Founded in the Eastern Han Dynasty in Shun Di. In the cultural tradition, Taoism inherited the traditional ritual and music civilization in ancient China. On this theory, Taoism directly absorbed and developed the Taoist thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In practice, Taoism inherited the cultivation experience and achievements of literati immortals in the pre-Qin period. Taoist culture has a long history and is profound. To sum up, there are twelve aspects: Taoist cosmology, Taoist outlook on life, Taoist philosophy, Taoist theology, Taoism, rituals, medical health preservation, Yin and Yang Feng Shui, life prediction, Dojo rituals, Taoist martial arts and Taoist music.
6. The Historical Origin of Taoism in China Taoism was formally founded at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and its symbol was the appearance of Taiping Road and Wudoumi Road.
After the efforts and reforms of Ge Hong, Kou, Lu, Tao Hongjing and others in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Taoism became one of the orthodox religions in China alongside Buddhism.
After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the rulers of the five dynasties basically attached importance to Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, but the emperors of previous dynasties had different degrees of love and belief in various religions, some attached more importance to Buddhism and some attached more importance to Taoism. At the same time, the rulers also strengthened their control over Buddhism and Taoism.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Taoism was highly respected by the ruling class and further developed, forming various schools. After the Yuan Dynasty, two schools, Quanzhen School and Zhengyi School, were gradually formed. The decline of Taoism in the Ming Dynasty had far less influence on the ruling class than in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
The royal family in the Qing Dynasty respected Tibetan Buddhism and adopted a strict policy of restricting Taoism. Taoism has declined even more, and its activities are mainly among the people.
Since the Opium War, China has been reduced to a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, and Taoism has also been oppressed by imperialism and impacted by western ideas. Taoism declined further, becoming the weakest religious order and political influence among the five major religions in China. Many Taoist priests have low cultural quality and lack religious knowledge. The organization of Taoism is loose, and the connection and unity between localities are not close enough. However, there are still a group of Taoist priests who devote themselves to practice and write books to spread the precepts, so that the blood of Taoism can continue.
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, in the process of the transition from a new democratic society to a socialist society, the Taoist community cooperated with the reform in Shangdi and launched the democratic reform movement of the religious system.
After the democratic reform, Taoism in China strengthened contact and unity. With the initiative of abbot Yue Chongdai and the support of * *, the first national meeting of Taoist representatives was held in Beijing in April 1957, and the Chinese Taoist Association was established, with Yue Chongdai as the first president of the Council. Taoism in China has entered a new period of development.
7. Taoism, like other religions, is a social and historical phenomenon with a process of its occurrence and development. The early sects were not formed in the same area at the same time and through the same channel, and there was no unified and stable religious organization for a long time, so it is very difficult to identify the upper limit of the history of Taoism in China. There were Floyd School and Dante School in the early days, but their birth process was quite complicated. Dante school pays attention to self-cultivation and self-cultivation, and there are also inner Dante schools. & lt； Taiping Jing >>；; Use < <; Zhouyi can participate in the same contract >>；; Early Taoist theory began to take shape, but there was no corresponding Taoist organization. & lt； Huang Tingjing >>；; There is also the "Outside Dan Jing" < <; Bao puzi Internal chapter > >; Although the social influence is great, its social organization strength is still weak. & gt； Use < <; Zhuangzi & gt； ; It has also become another important source of Taoism. Thus, the spreading process of Taoism in China is multi-source, multi-channel and gradually closely integrated. The various sects influence each other, but they basically develop independently, and the time is inconsistent, so there is no unified specific time to create religion. There is no unified name for Christian names and believers, and the word Taoism is found in >; It can be seen that Taoism can be defined by>& lt& lt； Zhouyi Shentongqi >>& lt& lt； <; Random thoughts of Laozi >>；; These three books are regarded as symbols of Taoist activities and entities.
The main sources and social background of early Taoism are as follows:
The first one comes from ancient religion and folk witchcraft.
The second is the myths and legends and alchemy from the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties.
The third one comes from the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi in the pre-Qin period and Taoist philosophy in the Qin and Han dynasties.
The fourth comes from Confucianism and the thought of Yin-Yang and Five Elements.
The fifth one comes from the knowledge of ancient medicine and exercise.
The historical origin of Taoism was born in the late Han Dynasty. It is a product of the society of the Han Dynasty and an integral part of the ideology and culture of the Han Dynasty. It has profound social reasons. It directly promoted the formation of Dante School in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. In addition, the introduction and prosperity of Buddhism played an important role in promoting the emergence of Taoism.
& lt& lt； Taiping Jing >>；; It is the earliest Taoist classic. The main idea is: 1. Xuanqi theory, 2. Three concentric harmony theory. That is, it advocates the harmony between monarch, minister and people. 3. The disaster theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. 4. The immortal system of heaven and man. & gt； Our immortal system is immortal, real person, immortal, Taoist, saint, saint. It has two theological systems, namely, the yin-yang system of heaven and earth and the immortal system. These two systems are in parallel, that is, the immortal manages the sky, the real person manages the land, the immortal manages the wind and rain, the Taoist bishop turns from good to bad, the saint cares for the people, and the saint assists the saint.
& lt& lt； Zhouyi can participate in the same contract >>；; It is the earliest theoretical work of Dante School. Its central idea is to tell the story of fire alchemy by means of yin and yang suggestion and Huang Lao's theory of sex. It is basically an external alchemy. Its words are ancient and difficult to understand, and its true meaning is elusive.
& lt& lt； Random thoughts of Laozi >>；; This is an important material for further understanding the teachings and theories of Wudou Midao. The biggest difference between Wudou Mi Dao and Taiping Dao is that it did not encounter the tragedy of Taiping Dao, but became an authentic Taoism after it evolved into Shitiandao.