Animal Self-treatment Name Name: Animal Self-treatment Key words or keywords: Animal Biology Expo Content People are sick, so you can ask a doctor for help. Wild animals are sick and injured. They can treat themselves without asking other animals for help. Some wild animals will use wild plants to treat diseases. For example, lions in tropical forests bite the bark of cinchona when they are cold and shivering. This bark contains cinchona cream, which is a specific medicine for malaria. When deer have diarrhea, they often eat bark and branches of oak trees. Quercus contains tannic acid, which can stop diarrhea. Interestingly, Indian gibbons often chew up the leaves of fragrant leaves after being injured, knead them into a ball and apply them to the wound. After their broken leg bones, prairie dogs and pheasants often fly to the river, peck some soft mud on the broken leg with their mouths, then mix some fine grass in the mud, and finally make a "plaster model" with the mud outside to fix the injured leg. It won't be long before the injured leg grows well. Wet compress is an anti-inflammatory method in medicine, and orangutans also know how to treat diseases in this way. When an orangutan gets pulpitis, he puts wet mud on his face or mouth, and then pulls out his teeth after diminishing inflammation. After some animals eat poisonous food, they can find their own emetic grass to clean up their intestines and stomach. The greedy wild cat ate something poisonous and vomited and diarrhea. It will be anxious to find a poisonous veratrum, which tastes bitter and will vomit after eating, and gradually it will be fine. It turns out that Veratrum contains an alkaloid, which has the effect of inducing vomiting. After the vomit chicken gets wet by the heavy rain, it will swallow the bitter grass-benzoin leaves to prevent colds. The abdominal muscles of wolves and coyotes can contract automatically. When they suspect that they have eaten poisonous food, they will immediately contract their stomach muscles and spit out the contents of their stomach to prevent poisoning. Cats and dogs often lick sores or wounds with their tongues because enzymes in saliva have bactericidal effects. Hot spring bath is a kind of physical therapy, and bears and badgers will also use this method to preserve their health and treat diseases. American grizzly bears have a habit. When they are old, they like to go to a wet spring containing sulfur and bathe in it, just like treating senile arthritis. The female badger often takes the sore badger to the hot spring to take a bath and treat the sore disease until she recovers. Bison suffer from dermatophytosis. It walked a long way to the lake. It "bathed" in the mud for a while, then climbed ashore and dried the mud. Soon after, it went to the lake to "take a bath" until it cured tinea. Rhino, hippo, etc. I also like this kind of mud, which not only cures diseases, but also prevents diseases. In this way, those lice who live in cracks in the skin can't stay. Many animals can do "reset therapy" for themselves. The stomach was cut open and the internal organs leaked out. They can stuff their internal organs in, and then hide in a quiet corner to "recuperate" and wait for the wound to heal. A frog was injured by a stone and its internal organs were exposed from its mouth. Frogs will stay where they are and slowly swallow their internal organs back. After three days, I basically recovered and was alive and kicking again. Interviewee: some _ thing- senior manager level 7 3-6 17: 28-. Respondents who achieved the purpose of martial law: Liu Gang 98 1 1- Trainee Magician Level 2 3-6 17: 36-. Animals and plants can heal themselves. At present, although the emergence of genes and genetic engineering has established the foundation of human healing at the sophisticated molecular level, cows eat clay to supplement some minerals they lack; Red colobus monkeys eat charcoal to test whether the food they eat is toxic; Chimpanzees fold furry leaves and swallow them to remove parasites and other animal self-treatment diseases, which may also have some enlightenment for human self-treatment diseases-a new discipline inspired by animals. In herbal therapy, people learn a lot from animals. As early as 1994, people founded a new young discipline "Animal Pharmacognosy" on the basis of their understanding of animal self-treatment, and held the first academic conference around the world to exchange knowledge and experience of animal self-treatment. For many years, researchers have known that although animals' own immune systems are strong enough to resist diseases, they don't just rely on their own immune systems to prevent diseases and keep healthy. Immunization is only a passive method. Besides, animals should take active measures to treat diseases. In addition to adequate food, animals also spend a lot of energy and time to maintain health, which is to find health care drugs in nature. It is not easy to distinguish between animal disease prevention and self-treatment, because there is no obvious difference or characteristic here. For example, vomiting is one of the effective ways to prevent diseases. However, animals don't vomit, such as mice. Whenever they feel sick or eat poisonous food, they will find a kind of clay, which can adsorb toxins and inactivate or reduce them. When the mouse feels a little sick, it will eat this kind of clay, so that the mouse can effectively avoid poisoning. At this time, it is difficult to distinguish whether mice are self-defense, self-protection or self-treatment. So what we get from animals is the experience of combining prevention and control. People have a similar situation. The self-treatment of humans and animals is unconscious. For example, although undiagnosed, some schizophrenics smoke three times as much as ordinary people every day. If you ask him why he smokes so much, he just replies that he likes it. But in fact, maybe nicotine can relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia. Self-treatment and adaptation of animals to the environment It should be said that self-care and medical treatment of animals is an important ability to adapt to the environment, and only in this way can they survive. This is an important way for animals to prove their adaptability, but many biologists ignore it. Animals should not only survive, but also be as healthy as possible. Only in this way can they compete with other animals. So how can animals find medicines and diets that are beneficial to their health? Because these situations are still less studied at present, some examples can only illustrate superficial phenomena. In fact, just like the early discovery of drugs and food by human beings, it is the simplest and most effective way for Shennong to taste a hundred herbs, but this way is a bit dangerous, risking his own life. However, animal practices seem to be more scientific and safer than those of human ancestors who tasted herbs. Researchers from Duke University in the United States have observed a red colobus monkey on Zanzibar Island in Tanzania for a long time and found that they have a unique way to identify whether the food they eat is poisonous or not. They always eat charcoal to test whether the plants they eat are poisonous. Young red colobus monkeys learned this method while watching their mother do it. Researchers at Kyoto University in Japan also found that chimpanzees fold furry leaves and swallow them. It turned out that they used this method to remove parasites from the intestines. But the behavior of chimpanzees swallowing leaves to repel insects is also learned from experience. Previously, some researchers believed that animals can know exactly which herbs can treat their diseases, just as people can prescribe the right medicine after being diagnosed with diseases. However, it is found that animals do not use herbs to treat specific diseases accurately, but they are highly flexible in using drugs. For example, apes seem to be able to swallow any rough leaves they can find to drive away parasites in their bodies. It is observed that there are about 30 kinds of this kind of leaves. This behavior is not only unique to apes, but also used by bears and geese to drive away parasites in their bodies. Similarly, pet owners also find that dogs and cats sometimes eat grass like cows and sheep instead of their favorite food. In this regard, the researchers explained that dogs and cats eat grass to drive away parasites in their bodies, or because they lack necessary substances, such as vitamins and cellulose, to achieve the purpose of disease prevention and health care. ■ Domestic animals also have the ability to treat themselves. In fact, it is wrong to think that only wild animals have the ability to take care of themselves and treat themselves. Domestic animals still have the ability to treat themselves. For example, cows sometimes eat clay. Herdsmen or farm workers are familiar with the fact that cows always dig and lick the soil. This shows that cows know that they lack some minerals and are looking for some minerals. Other researchers found that on an island in England, local sheep were eating the bones of terns. Sheep don't eat meat, but only eat the bones of terns. The analysis shows that because sheep eat grass and lack minerals in their bodies, they should get mineral supplements from tern bones to ensure their health. Others have observed that cows not only look for minerals, but also dig for clay. Researchers believe that there are many bacteria on clay, which can cause diarrhea in cattle. At the same time, it excretes toxins and parasites from the cow's stomach. The researchers calculated this result, because the parasites were effectively discharged, and the energy and nutrition that cows can convert into their own muscles increased by 20%. According to this situation, researchers believe that this is a new direction of aquaculture. If we reduce the use of antibiotics to treat diseases and sterilize cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, ducks and other livestock, but adopt animal self-treatment methods, such as eating mud, it is possible to produce non-toxic and harmless green food (meat, eggs) and increase production. Regardless of the East or the West, horse owners have such a "folk prescription". If you want to get rid of parasites on horses, you can cut a ponytail, wrap it in honey and let the horses swallow it. This principle is exactly the same as the above-mentioned animal swallowing hairy leaves to drive away parasites. Hair will not be digested, but also stimulate and intercept parasites in the intestine and let them be excreted. Of course, it may not be easy to apply all these methods of animals to people. For example, people always think that eating those things without nutrition is not only useless to people, but also toxic. Therefore, things that many people don't want to eat are excluded from their own recipes for a long time, such as some bitter foods and plants. But these things may be very important to people's health because they can detoxify. An example is very illustrative. 60% of Kenyan Masai people's protein comes from animal food, which is similar to westerners and is the main cause of heart disease. But the incidence of heart disease in Masai people is much less than that in westerners. The reason is that they often eat bitter herbs and become daily food. These bitter foods themselves are antitoxin agents, which can neutralize or alleviate the side effects of animal fat. American scientists have recently discovered the gene of ——SAPP 2 protein, the safety sentry of plant immune system, which brings new hope for controlling crop diseases and insect pests without pesticides. Since the ancient HarmonyOS system, all animals and plants on the earth have evolved an effective defense mechanism-natural immune system to prevent infection and foreign invasion. Although the immune system of plants is not as complicated as that of vertebrates and insects, it is equally mysterious. Human beings who depend on nature, in order to suppress pests and diseases, improve crop yield and meet the growing demand of huge population for food, are increasingly eager for quick success and instant benefit, and use a large number of pesticides and herbicides. In this way, there will be endless troubles, and you will be burned by pesticides and chemical pollution, but you will suffer the consequences. So people have to go back and learn from nature again, and study how plants repel foreign enemies by their own ability, so as to try to make plants carry forward this natural instinct through various advanced means and come to other fields to fight for themselves, drive away diseases, bid farewell to pesticides and bid farewell to environmental pollution. Sabp 2-plant early warning radar. Recently, the BoyceThompson Institute of Botany (BTI) of Cornell University in the United States has made great progress in the field of plant immune system research, and discovered the salicylic acid binding protein 2 (SAPP 2) gene. This discovery is an important step to realize the new strategy of making plants naturally resist pests and diseases and reducing the demand for pesticides. They found that this gene can detect the enemy's situation as soon as possible, report the enemy's situation in time, and send signals to the plant immune system to resist foreign enemies. When it meets an enemy, it will send the following message: Take two aspirin! We're under attack! Scientists Daniel Klesigg and D. Kumar reported at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Sciences held in early February this year at 65438+ that SAPP 2 protein can detect the hormone salicylic acid secreted by plants in time, and immediately send a battle alarm to the plant immune system through lipid signals, thus activating the plant defense armory. Salicylic acid exists in many plants and is a plant hormone. When plants are attacked by microbial pathogens, they will be stimulated and generated urgently. Salicylic acid is also the main active substance of aspirin, which is a magical antipyretic and analgesic drug and has been used for 100 years. It can be said that SAPP 2 is the safety whistle and message tree of plants placed in the field, and it is also a pawn in the forefront, which plays a vital role in limiting bacterial infection. SABP2 also plays a key role in activating the immune system of plants that have not been attacked, preventing the next attack and preventing invasive pathogens from spreading to deep areas. We can even expand the scope of defense as much as possible and completely activate the natural immune system of plants to deal with all possible dangers, including pathogens that have not yet been attacked. When a plant is infected, it will send an attack signal to other parts that have not been attacked, resulting in a long-lasting broad-spectrum resistance of the whole plant not only to the original pathogen, but also to pathogens of other viruses, bacteria and fungi. For annual crops, the disease resistance obtained by one-time activation of immune system can last at least half a year. "lose your car to keep your handsome"-plants will do the same. Kleig discovered SABP2 protein in plants in 1997, and then it took five years to purify it. Then he set out to clone the gene of SAPP 2 protein, decipher its genetic code, and evaluate the mechanism and function of SAPP 2 protein against pests and diseases at the gene level. They took tomatoes as the main research object and conducted salicylic acid signal transduction experiments. The results showed that when tomato mosaic virus attacked tomato, SAPP 2 protein immediately showed extremely sensitive impedance response. They also observed that SAPP 2 protein can induce programmed death of plant host cells in the attacked site, so that the whole plant can survive at local sacrifice. Scientists believe that programmed cell death helps to limit virus infection to local areas so as not to spread throughout the body. Animal immune system also has a similar defense mechanism-when cells are infected by viruses, or cells grow out of control and may become cancer cells, cells will experience programmed death, sacrificing individuals to preserve the whole. After scientists know this gene as the key protein of plant immune system signal transduction, they can begin to study new technologies to use plants' own defense mechanism to resist pests and diseases, enhance plants' ability to send signals to defend against enemies, and help plants repel invading enemies mainly by themselves, rather than relying on pesticides. Future strategy-improving the natural defense ability. On May 16 this year, Kleig's research team also announced in the Journal of Cytology that they have found the gene of nitric oxide synthase in plants, which can make plants produce nitric oxide quickly after being infected, which is also one of the initial reactions when plants are attacked by pathogens. Kleig's team is currently looking for effective and economical pesticide substitutes with the help of plant nitric oxide synthase, SABP2 protein and other discovered plant defense signal transduction substances, and has proposed two possible biological disease prevention strategies: first, starting with genetic modification, improving crops' ability to produce plant hormones and transduce defense signal compounds; Second, develop and manufacture similar compounds that can simulate these functions to help plants prevent pests and diseases. Kresiger said that no matter which method is adopted, they are using and improving the natural defense ability of plants themselves. This means of defense can avoid environmental pollution, so that pathogenic microorganisms can not be prevented and can not produce "drug resistance." He pointed out that the invasion of pathogens marked the beginning of a protracted war. If plants can find the invading enemy immediately and activate their immune system to fight it in time, plants are usually winners. The more people know about the plant immune system, the more they can help crops win the war better and more effectively without using pesticides.