Second, human nutrition.

1, nutrients in food

1) protein: the basic substance that constitutes human cells and provides energy for human physiological activities;

Sugar: the most important energy-supplying substance in human body, and also a component of cells;

Fat: energy-supplying substance, which releases the most energy per unit mass; But in general, fat is stored in the body as a spare energy substance;

Vitamins: do not participate in the formation of human cells, do not provide energy, the content is very small, and play a regulatory role in human life activities.

Vitamin A: Promote the normal development of human body, enhance resistance and maintain normal vision.

Lack, rough skin and night blindness.

Vitamin B 1: Maintain normal metabolism of human body and normal physiological function of nervous system.

Deficiency, neuritis, beriberi

Vitamin C: Maintain normal metabolism, maintain normal physiological functions of bones, muscles and blood vessels, and enhance resistance.

When lacking, scurvy and resistance decrease.

Vitamin D: Promote calcium and phosphorus absorption and bone development.

When lacking, rickets (such as chicken breast, X-shaped or O-shaped legs, etc. ) and osteoporosis

Water: about 60%~70% of body weight. It is the main component of cells, and all kinds of physiological activities of human body are inseparable from water.

Inorganic salts: important substances that constitute human tissues, such as:

Calcium: lack of children leads to rickets, chicken breasts, O-legs, osteoporosis in middle-aged and elderly people,

Phosphorus: deficiency leads to anorexia

Iron: constitutes hemoglobin, lack of which leads to anemia.

Iodine deficiency: goiter or mental retardation in children.

2. Digestion and absorption

1) Composition of digestive system

Digestive tract: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.

The digestive system digests food and absorbs nutrients.

Digestive glands: salivary glands, stomach glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands.

The liver secreting digestive juice is the largest digestive gland in human body, secreting bile and participating in fat digestion.

2) Structural characteristics of small intestine:

The main place to digest food and absorb nutrients.

Intestinal wall structure (from inside to outside): mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer and serosa.

The small intestine is suitable for digestion and absorption;

A) the longest;

B) There are folds and small intestinal villi on the inner surface (greatly increasing the area of digestion and absorption);

C) There are capillaries and lymphatic capillaries in the villi of small intestine, and the walls of villi, capillaries and lymphatic capillaries are very thin, which are only composed of a layer of epithelial cells, which is beneficial to the absorption of nutrients;

D) there are various digestive juices.

3) Digestion of food: the process that food breaks down into absorbable components in the digestive tract.

Physical digestion: chewing teeth, stirring tongue and gastrointestinal peristalsis, grinding and stirring food and mixing it with digestive juice.

Chemical digestion: through the action of various digestive enzymes, various components in food are decomposed into absorbable nutrients.

Salivary amylase (intestinal juice, pancreatic juice)

Starch digestion (oral cavity, small intestine): starch maltose glucose

Enzymes (gastric juice, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice)

Digestion of protein (stomach, small intestine): protein amino acids

Bile (liver) enzyme (intestinal juice, pancreatic juice)

Digestion of fat (small intestine): fat granule glycerol+fatty acid

Bile contains no digestive enzymes.

4) absorption of nutrients: the process of nutrients entering the circulatory system through the digestive tract wall.

Stomach: a small amount of water and alcohol (non-nutritive)

Small intestine (main absorption site): glucose, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, most water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

Most of the fat components are absorbed from the lymphatic capillaries (lymphatic blood circulation) of intestinal villi; Others enter the blood circulation from the capillaries of intestinal villi.

Large intestine: a small amount of water, inorganic salts and some vitamins.

3. Pay attention to reasonable nutrition and food safety.

1) Eat on time with reasonable nutrition.

Not partial to food, not picky about food, not overeating.

Balanced intake of five foods (balanced diet pagoda)

2) Food safety Vegetables and fruits must be cleaned.

Don't eat poisonous food (rotten food, sprouted potatoes)

Buy food that has passed quarantine inspection.

Keep the kitchen and cooking utensils clean.

Third, the human body's breathing

1, respiratory air treatment

1), composition of respiratory tract:

Respiratory tract: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus

The passage of gas in and out of the lungs in the respiratory system cleans, moistens and warms the inhaled gas.

Lung: a place for gas exchange

2), lungs

(1) location: in the chest cavity, one on the left and one on the right.

(2) Structure: The outer alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, and the walls of the alveoli and capillaries are very thin, only consisting of a layer of epithelial cells, which is suitable for gas exchange.

(3) Function: gas exchange

2. Gas exchange in the lungs

1) Respiratory movements include inhalation and exhalation.

2) Changes of external intercostal muscles, diaphragm, ribs, sternum, thorax and lungs when people breathe quietly;

3) Principle: Breathing muscles contract and relax, the chest expands and contracts, and the lungs passively expand and contract to form a pressure difference, thus inhaling and exhaling.

4) gas exchange in the body:

carbon dioxide

(2) gas exchange in alveoli: blood alveoli

oxygen

oxygen

(3) gas exchange in tissues: blood tissue cells

carbon dioxide

3. Air quality and health

1) Air quality affects human health, and pollutants in the atmosphere are extremely harmful to human health.

Harmful substances can cause respiratory diseases.

2) Understand the local air quality and the causes of local air pollution.

Measuring dust particles in the air

Four, the transport of substances in the human body

1, flowing tissue-blood

1) Blood composition and function

Plasma components: water, protein, glucose, inorganic salts, etc.

Function: Carrying blood cells, transporting nutrients and wastes.

erythrocyte

Blood cell leucocyte

blood platelet

Species, morphological characteristics, normal values, dysfunction

Both sides of red blood cells are depressed, and the average number of male seedless cells in mature red blood cells is 5.0 *1012/l; Female: 4.2* 10 12/L transport oxygen and a part of carbon dioxide anemia.

White blood cells are larger than red blood cells, with a nucleus of 4~ 10* 109/L, which has a defensive and protective effect on human body and inflammation.

Platelets are small in size and irregular in shape, with no nucleus 100~300* 109/L to stop bleeding and accelerate coagulation.

Hemoglobin: A red iron protein contained in red blood cells.

Features: It combines with oxygen in places with high oxygen content and separates from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.

Functions of blood: transportation, defense and protection, and temperature regulation.

2, blood flow pipeline-blood vessels

1) Types, structures and functions of blood vessels

Structural characteristics of species functional distribution

Arteries carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Deep blood vessel, thick wall, great elasticity, small lumen and fast blood flow.

Veins send blood back to the heart from all parts of the body. Blood vessels are deep or shallow, with thin walls, small elasticity and large lumen. There are venous valves in the veins of limbs, and the blood flow rate is slow.

Capillary connects the blood vessels between the smallest artery and the smallest vein, which are widely distributed throughout the body. The tissue wall is extremely thin and consists of a layer of epithelial cells. Only red blood cells are allowed to pass in a single row, and the blood flow rate is the slowest.

3. The pump that transports blood-the heart

1) Structure and function of the heart: It is located in the middle of the chest and consists of the left lower myocardium.

There are four chambers: the left ventricle is connected with the aorta and has the thickest wall.

The right atrium connects the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.

The right ventricle is connected to the pulmonary artery

The left atrium is connected to the pulmonary vein.

Valve: the atrioventricular valve (located between the atrium and the ventricle, only facing the ventricle) ensures blood pressure.

Flow in a certain direction

Arterial valve (located between the ventricle and the artery, only open to the artery)

Function of the heart: the dynamic organ of blood circulation

* *: the activity relationship between atrium, ventricle and valve;

2) Blood circulation

(1) The concept and approach of blood circulation;

Concept: Blood circulates in the pipeline composed of the heart and all blood vessels.

Divided into systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation:

Systemic circulation: left ventricle, aorta, artery, vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium.

capillary tube

-

Pulmonary circulation: left atrial pulmonary vein and capillaries in lung, pulmonary artery and right ventricle.

(2) Primary care of bleeding:

Capillary hemorrhage: blood is red, so stop bleeding naturally and disinfect it;

Arterial bleeding: bright red blood and fierce blood flow. Stop bleeding near the heart end of the injured artery;

Venous hemorrhage: the blood color is dark red and the blood flow is moderate. Stop bleeding at the distal end of the injured vein.

Blood transfusion and blood volume

1) Discovery of blood type: 1900, Landstein discovered ABO blood type.

2) Blood volume: 7-8% of body weight.

3) blood transfusion: blood type: a, b, AB, o.

Blood transfusion: based on the principle of the same blood transfusion.

All blood types can accept a small amount of O blood, and AB blood type can accept a small amount of blood transfusion.

Five, the discharge of waste in human body

1, urine formation and excretion

1) The concept of excretion: the process of discharging wastes such as carbon dioxide, urea and excess water generated during the decomposition of substances in the body.

Pathway: 1) skin: excrete water, inorganic salts and urea in the form of sweat.

2) Respiratory system: carbon dioxide and water are discharged in the form of gas.

3) Urinary system: Water, inorganic salts and urea are discharged in the form of urine.

2) Composition of urinary system

Kidney: the place where urine forms.

ureter

Bladder urination channel, bladder has the function of urine storage.

urethra

3) Structure and function of nephron

Glomerulus: dozens of capillaries branched from input arterioles are bent and coiled, and the other ends converge into output arterioles.

Nephron renal capsule: the blind end of renal tubule is partially depressed, and the capsule wall is divided into two layers, the inner layer is close to glomerulus and the outer layer is connected with renal tubule.

Renal tubule: the cavity between the inner and outer layers of the renal capsule communicates with the renal tubule.

4) Formation of urine

(1) glomerular filtration rate:

Plasma components other than blood cells and macromolecular proteins can be filtered to form protourine.

(2) Renal tubular reabsorption: substances useful to human body, including most water, all glucose and some inorganic salts.

(3) Renal tubular secretion: Renal tubular epithelial cells secrete ammonia and other substances to form urine.

* * Difference: blood, plasma, urine, urine.

2. Disposal of human excrement

1) Value of human excrement: as farmyard manure. It has the characteristics of wide fertilizer source, complete nutrients, long-lasting fertilizer effect and soil improvement.

Build biogas digesters

Treatment method of human excrement: high temperature composting

2) Harmless construction of ecological toilets

deal with

Function: kill all kinds of germs and eggs, decompose organic matter and other harmful substances.

Six, the adjustment of human life activities

1. Perception of external environment of human body pile

1) human vision and hearing

(1) structure and function of eyeball

Epidural cornea: the front part of the outer membrane, colorless and transparent, can transmit light.

Scleral: white, protecting the inside of eyeball.

Iris: The front of the medium is colored, and the center is the pupil, which is transparent.

Ciliary body: The posterior part of the iris contains smooth muscle, which can contract and relax and adjust the curvature of the lens.

Choroid: It occupies the posterior part of 2/3 of the media, with blood vessels (nourishing the eyeball) and pigment cells (shading, forming a "dark room" inside the eyeball).

Intima: retina with a large number of photoreceptor cells.

aqueous humor

Content lens: a biconvex lens connected to the ciliary body through ligaments.

vitreous body

Accessory structures: eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus (lacrimal gland, lacrimal punctum, nasolacrimal duct)

(2) the formation of vision:

Propagation along the optic nerve by refraction.

External light is imaged on the retina to produce nerve impulse visual center (forming vision).

(3) eye care:

Myopia: Because the anterior and posterior diameter of eyeball is too long, or the curvature of lens is too large, the object image falls in front of retina.

Correction: wear concave lenses

Hyperopia: Because the anterior and posterior diameter of eyeball is too short, or the curvature of lens is too small, the object image falls behind retina.

Correction: wear a convex lens

Trachoma: The inner conjunctiva of eyelid infected by Chlamydia trachomatis.

2) Structure and function of ears:

The outer ear and auricle collect and conduct sound waves.

external auditory meatus

Tympanic membrane: receives sound waves and produces vibration.

(1) Middle ear tympanum: There is an eustachian tube communicating with the pharynx to keep the air pressure balance inside and outside the eardrum.

Auditory ossicles: three pieces, which transmit the vibration of tympanic membrane to the inner ear.

semicircular canal

Vestibule of inner ear

Cochlea: There are auditory receptors inside, which can receive stimulation and produce nerve impulses.

(2) the formation of hearing

Along the hearing, along the hearing.

Bone conduction related nerve of external auditory canal

Acoustics: The eardrum vibrates and the cochlea produces nerve impulses.

(Form a hearing)

2, the composition of the nervous system

1) Composition of the nervous system Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system: cranial nerve and spinal nerve.

2) Structure and function of neurons:

(1) structural cell body

Protruding axon: a long but few branch.

Dendrite: Several short tree branches.

Assemble into bundles and wrap them with connective tissue membrane.

The myelin sheath wrapped around the axon is called nerve fiber (the tiny branches at the end are nerve endings).

(2) Function: Feel stimulation, generate excitement, and get excited (excitement is carried out in the form of nerve impulses)

* * Distinguish the central nervous system: including the brain and spinal cord.

Nerve center: In the gray matter of the central nervous system, neurons with the same function gather together to regulate a corresponding physiological activity of people, which is called nerve center.

3. Basic ways of neuromodulation

The concept of 1) reflex: animals (including people) respond regularly to various external or internal stimuli through nervous system different from stress.

The concept of arc: the neural structure involved in reflection.

Composition: receptor, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve, effector (book P8 1).

The process of knee jerk reflex: buckle: ligament below the knee.

Phenomenon: the calf suddenly jumps up.

Receptors: sensory nerve endings in quadriceps femoris and tendons.

Nerve center: located in the gray matter of spinal cord.

Effector: quadriceps femoris and its motor nerve endings.

3) The type of reflection is simple reflection

Complex reflection

4. Hormone regulation

1), the location and name of the main endocrine glands in human body:

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, islet, adrenal gland, gonad and thymus gland.

2) Hormone: chemical substances secreted by endocrine gland cells that have special effects on the body.

3) Pituitary gland: secreting growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and gonadotropin can regulate the activities of other endocrine glands.

4) Growth hormone, thyroid hormone and insulin:

Name glands have too little and too much effect.

grow

Hormone decline

The body regulates the growth and development of the human body: dwarfism: gigantism; Adult: acromegaly

thyroid

Hormone a

shape

Glands promote metabolism, growth and development, and improve the excitability of the nervous system: dementia; Adult: hypothyroidism, endemic goiter adult: hyperthyroidism.

Insulin islets regulate glucose metabolism and diabetic hypoglycemia.

5) Relationship between nerve regulation and hormone regulation: The regulation of human life activities is mainly regulated by the nervous system, but also by hormones.

7, the influence of human activity team biosphere.

1) An example analysis of human activities destroying the ecological environment.

Human activities improve the ecological environment-"Three North" shelter forest

The forest was severely cut down.

Human activities destroy the ecological environment, and sandstorms do serious harm.

Kill many wild animals

When will Taihu Lake return to its original clear and beautiful appearance?

2) Environmental pollution: concept: refers to the impact of harmful substances discharged by people in production or life on the environment.

Effects of acid rain on living things

Air pollution, greenhouse effect and ozone destruction

Water pollution: splashing in Taihu Lake.

Solid waste pollution: the impact of waste batteries on biology

Soil pollution: white garbage and industrial waste residue.

noise pollution