Chapter VIII Human Nutrition
1. The nutrients in food mainly include water, inorganic salts, sugar, fat, protein and vitamins.
Among them, sugar, fat and protein can provide energy. They are called "three thermogenic nutrients", and fat provides the most energy. It is fat that stores energy; The main energy substance is sugar. The main substance that constitutes cells is water, and the basic substance is protein. Inorganic salts are important substances for regulating the metabolism of some tissues and organs, and protein is an important raw material for human growth, development, tissue renewal and repair.
2. The main sources of sugar are cereals and potatoes, the main sources of protein are lean meat, fish, milk, eggs and beans, and the main sources of fat are meat, peanuts, sesame seeds and vegetable oil. Plant food does not contain vitamin A, but contains carotene, which can be converted into vitamin A in the body, while animal food contains vitamin A. ..
3. Lack of
Vitamin A deficiency vitamin C deficiency vitamin B 1 deficiency vitamin B2 deficiency vitamin D and calcium.
Night blindness scurvy beriberi angular dermatitis rickets
The human digestive system consists of digestive tract and digestive glands. The digestive tract includes oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus and other digestive organs. The largest digestive gland is the liver. The digestive juice without digestive enzymes is bile. Bile is used to turn the large fat of food into tiny particles, thus increasing the contact area of fat particles and facilitating the digestion of fat. Intestinal juice and pancreatic juice digestive juice contain the most kinds of enzymes. The function of digestive tube is to contain, grind, stir and transport food.
5 Digestion: The process that the nutrients of food are hydrolyzed into absorbable small molecular substances in the digestive tube.
Absorption: refers to the process of water, inorganic salts, vitamins and small molecules such as glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids formed after food digestion. , through the digestive tract mucosal epithelial cells into the blood.
6. The substances that need to be digested are starch, protein and fat, and their initial digestion sites are in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. The substances that can be absorbed after digestion are glucose, glycerol, fatty acids and amino acids. Starch turns blue when it meets iodine. Substances that can be absorbed directly without digestion are: water, inorganic salts and vitamins.
Starch is first decomposed into maltose in the mouth and finally into glucose in the small intestine. Protein is initially decomposed in the stomach and finally decomposed into amino acids in the small intestine. Fat is first emulsified by bile in the small intestine and finally digested into glycerol and fatty acids.
7. The main organ for digestion and absorption is the small intestine, which is suitable for digestion and absorption. Structural features: 1) The longest section of the digestive tract, the circular folds and villi of the small intestine can increase the area of digestion and absorption. 2) The villus wall and capillary wall are only composed of a layer of epithelial cells, which is beneficial to the absorption of nutrients. 3) It contains digestive juice, intestinal juice, pancreatic juice and bile, and can digest sugar and bile.
Digestive gland, salivary gland, stomach gland, intestinal gland, pancreas and liver.
Digestive juice saliva gastric juice intestinal juice pancreatic juice bile
Organs from which digestive juice is discharged: mouth, stomach and small intestine.
Digestive Enzymes Saliva amylase protease contained in digestive juice digests sugar, protein and fat without digestive enzymes.
8, the absorption function of each part of the digestive tract
Oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus: functional stomach that does not absorb nutrition: part of water and alcohol.
Small intestine: most nutrients: large intestine: a small amount of water, inorganic salts and some vitamins.
9. Malnutrition and overnutrition belong to malnutrition, and the main reasons for malnutrition are bad eating habits and unreasonable diet structure.
10. Teenagers should eat more foods rich in protein and calcium.
Chapter IX Material Transportation in Human Body
1, blood with anticoagulant (sodium citrate) will be stratified. Blood can be divided into plasma and blood cells. The most abundant component in plasma is water (90%). The main function of plasma is to transport blood cells, nutrients and wastes. Blood cells can be divided into red cells, white cells and platelets.
Quantitative function-related diseases
Erythrocyte male: 5.0 x 10 12 /L (hemoglobin 120- 160 g/L)
Female: 4.2 x 10 12 /L (hemoglobin110-150g/l) is used to transport oxygen and oxygen.
Partial low carbon dioxide: anemia
White blood cells (4- 10) ⅹ 109/L phagocytosis, too much defense and protection: inflammation.
Platelets (1-3) ⅹ101/l stop bleeding too little, blood coagulation accelerates: bleeding does not stop.
2. Hemoglobin is a kind of ferritin, which is red and determines the color of blood. Its characteristics are: it is easy to combine with oxygen in places with high oxygen content, and it is easy to separate from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.
3, anemia refers to the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin content is less, the former is due to malnutrition, the latter is due to iron deficiency, should eat more food rich in iron and protein.
4, arterial blood: rich in oxygen, bright red color. Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to various parts of the body.
Venous blood: low oxygen content, dark red color. Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood from various parts of the body back to the heart.
5, plasma: add anticoagulant, blood cells at the bottom, plasma at the top, light yellow translucent liquid, containing fibrinogen.
Serum: a yellow transparent liquid that appears around blood clots after blood coagulation without anticoagulants, and does not contain fibrinogen.
6. Function of blood: 1) Function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes.
2) defense and protection 3) thermoregulation
7.ABO blood group system includes four blood groups: A, B, AB and O. The principle of blood transfusion is: transfusion of the same blood.
8. Compare the wall, elasticity, blood flow velocity, function, distribution and bleeding care of three kinds of blood vessels?
Function distribution of elastic blood flow velocity in wall hemostasis under bleeding state
The artery is thick, and the centrifugal blood transfusion is large and fast, with deep distribution and jet shape.
(bright red) stop bleeding near the heart
The veins are thin and small, and the slow-moving blood transfusion is shallow, and some of them are accompanied by arteries to stop bleeding at the far end of the heart.
Capillary is the thinnest (only composed of a layer of flat cells), the smallest, the slowest to exchange substances, the widest distribution, and the whole body is slowly oozing out.
(red) After disinfection and bandaging.
9. The five capillaries with the most: 1) the thinnest wall 2) the slowest blood flow 3) the widest distribution 4) the largest number 5) the smallest lumen.
10. The heart can be divided into four ventricles. The relationship between the four chambers is that the ipsilateral atrium and ventricle are connected, while the contralateral atrium and ventricle are not connected. The heart is made up of myocardium. When the heart muscle contracts, blood is transported to the whole body. When the myocardium relaxes, blood returns to the heart, and the heart is at rest.
1 1. Four chambers of the heart and connected blood vessels: see the picture on page 38.
Left ventricle-aortic right ventricle-pulmonary artery left atrium-pulmonary vein right atrium-superior and inferior vena cava
12. Compare the position, opening direction and guaranteed blood flow direction of atrioventricular valve, arterial valve and venous valve?
The open position ensures the direction of blood flow.
The atrioventricular valve opens atrium to ventricle between atrium and ventricle → ventricle.
Between the aortic valve ventricle and artery, the ventricle is open to artery → artery.
The venous valve opens the vein leading to the heart → the atrium of the limb vein.
When the ventricle contracts, the atrioventricular valve closes and the arterial valve opens. When the ventricle relaxes, the arterial valve closes and the atrioventricular valve opens. There's no valve in the artery.
13, output per minute = output per stroke χ heart rate.
The output per minute, also called cardiac output, is an index to measure the working energy of the heart. Athletes mainly improve their cardiac output by increasing their stroke output.
Cardiac cycle =60 seconds (one minute) ÷ Heart rate Every contraction and relaxation of the heart is a cardiac cycle.
14 In a cardiac cycle, the advantages of longer diastolic period than systolic period are as follows:
1) is beneficial to blood return to the heart; 2) Give the myocardium enough time to rest.
15, blood circulation includes systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.
histocyte
Waste such as oxygen and nutrient carbon dioxide.
Left ventricle aorta systemic circulation artery capillary network vein superior and inferior vena cava right atrium
Left atrial pulmonary vein pulmonary capillary network pulmonary artery right ventricle
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
pulmonary alveolus
Summary: 1) Each cycle begins in the ventricle and ends in the atrium.
2) Arterial blood flows out of systemic circulation and venous blood returns; Venous blood flows out of the pulmonary circulation and arterial blood flows back.
3) Two circulations are carried out at the same time, and finally meet in the heart to form a complete circulatory pathway.
4) At the capillaries of tissues and cells in the whole body: blood changes from arterial blood to venous blood.
At the capillaries of the lungs: blood changes from venous blood to arterial blood.
5) Arterial blood flows on the left side of the heart and venous blood flows on the right side.
16, blood pressure: the lateral pressure on the blood vessel wall when blood flows forward in the blood vessel.
What we usually call blood pressure is the arterial blood pressure of systemic circulation. The expression is: Systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure can be measured at brachial artery of upper arm with sphygmomanometer. Its value is usually expressed in kilopascals (kilopascals).
When the heart contracts, the highest value of arterial blood pressure is called systolic pressure. The lowest diastolic arterial blood pressure is called diastolic blood pressure. The normal systolic blood pressure of healthy adults is 12 ~ 18.7 kPa, and the diastolic blood pressure is 8 ~ 12 kPa.
17, the blood circulation system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The "blue veins" on the hand refer to veins.
18, the blood volume of adults is about 7%-8% of body weight, and if the blood loss exceeds 1200ML, it will be life-threatening. Blood loss less than 400ML at a time will not affect health. Advocate blood donation without compensation. Donate 200-300ML at a time.
19, pulse refers to the pulse of the artery, the number is the same as the heart rate, but the meaning is different. Measured in the radial artery.
Chapter 10 Energy Supply of Human Body
1, the heat price of food refers to the energy released by each gram of food when it is fully burned in vitro, and the unit is kj/g. The energy stored by each component in food is 38KJ/g for fat, 23 KJ/g for protein and 7kj/g for sugar.
2. Comparison between exhaled gas and inhaled gas (air): the oxygen content decreases and the carbon dioxide content increases.
3. Respiration: the process of oxidative decomposition and energy release of organic substances such as glucose in living cells. Its significance lies in: providing power for life activities.
4. The respiratory system includes respiratory tract and lungs. The respiratory tract can also include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus and other organs. The function of the respiratory tract is: 1) the passage of gas in and out of the lungs 2) It can warm, moisten and clean the inhaled gas.
The role of the lungs is: a place for gas exchange. Phlegm is formed in trachea and bronchus.
5. The lung is located in the chest cavity, one on the left and one on the right, and is composed of dendritic branches of bronchioles and alveoli. It is the main respiratory organ. It has the following characteristics: ① there are many alveoli with a large total area; ② There are abundant capillaries and elastic fibers around alveoli; ③ Alveolar and capillary walls are thin and only composed of monolayer cells, which are very suitable for gas exchange.
6. The organ for digestion and breathing is the pharynx. The pharynx is the passage through which food and air enter the body. Breathing will make cartilage look like an open lid, so that the air is unimpeded; When swallowing, cover your throat like a lid to prevent food from entering the trachea. For this reason, you can't laugh loudly when eating, otherwise you will be tired to the cartilage and have no time to cover your throat entrance. Food will enter the trachea, which will easily cause severe cough.
7. Respiratory movement is the expansion and contraction of the chest.
The thorax consists of spine, ribs, sternum and intercostal muscles, and the bottom is closed by diaphragm.
8. External intercostal muscle contraction → rib lifting abduction, sternum moving up → thoracic transverse diameter increasing.
Diaphragm contracts, diaphragm descends, longitudinal diameter of thorax extends → thoracic volume expands → lung volume expands → fresh air enters the lungs from respiratory tract, that is, inhalation.
Relaxation of external intercostal muscle and diaphragm → decrease of chest volume → decrease of lung volume → partial gas discharge from alveoli, that is, exhalation.
So, it is the change of chest that causes inhalation and exhalation. The ventilation of the lungs is realized by breathing movement.
9. The gas exchange process of human body mainly includes lung ventilation, lung ventilation and tissue gas exchange. Their differences are as follows:
Conceptual realization means representation means result.
The process of gas exchange between the outside world and alveoli: breathing, exercise, exhalation and inhalation.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood, and the gas diffuses oxygen.
Alveolar blood
Carbon dioxide venous blood becomes arterial blood.
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue cells. This gas diffuses oxygen.
Blood tissue cells
Carbon dioxide arterial blood becomes venous blood.
10. Transport of gas in blood: oxygen in human blood is combined with hemoglobin and transported in blood in the form of oxygenated hemoglobin, and most of carbon dioxide is transported in plasma.
Chapter II XI Discharge of Metabolic Wastes from Human Body
1. Excretion is a process in which the human body excretes metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide, urea, excess water and inorganic salts.
2. Metabolic wastes of human body include urea, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts. Feces are not metabolic wastes.
3, the way of human excretion:
1) Sweating (skin): a part of water and a small amount of inorganic salts and urea.
2) Exhale (respiratory system): carbon dioxide and a small amount of water.
3) Urination (urinary system): most water, inorganic salts and urea (the most important way of excretion).
4. Significance of excretion: 1) Excretion of metabolic wastes in vivo 2) Regulation of the balance of water and inorganic salts in vivo 3) Maintaining the stability of the living environment of cells. Excretion is food residue, not excretion.
5. Composition of urinary system: ① Kidney: It has the function of urine production; ② Ureter: transporting urine; ③ Bladder: temporarily store urine; ④ Urethra: Excretion of urine.
One of the most important organs is the kidney, and the basic unit of the kidney is the nephron. Each kidney consists of more than 654.38+0 million nephrons. Kidney can be divided into cortex, medulla and renal pelvis. Nephron includes renal corpuscles and renal tubules. Renal corpuscles are composed of glomerulus and renal capsule, which are mainly distributed in cortex. Glomerules are mainly distributed in medulla. Book 6 1, page 62
6, the formation of urine
Glomerular filtration: When blood flows through the glomerulus, except for blood cells and macromolecular protein, some water, inorganic salts, glucose and urea in plasma are filtered from the glomerulus to the renal capsule, forming protourine.
Renal tubular reabsorption: When the original urine flows through the renal tubular, the useful substances in the original urine, such as most water, some inorganic salts and all glucose, are reabsorbed into the blood by the renal tubular, and the remaining substances form urine.
7. The initial urine is formed in the renal capsule through glomerular filtration.
Urine is formed by reabsorption of renal tubules.
8. When blood flows through the kidney, it needs to pass through capillaries twice, around the glomerulus and renal tubules respectively. In the former, the oxygen content of blood has not changed, while in the latter, the oxygen content has changed: from arterial blood to venous blood.
9. The glomerulus is a capillary ball with two ends connected with arteries. Both ends of efferent arterioles are capillary networks.
10, plasma, urine and urine composition differences:
Only there are blood cells and macromolecular protein in plasma; There is no macromolecular substance in raw urine, only glucose; There is no glucose in urine.
1 1. Urine excretion route: kidney → ureter → bladder → urethra → in vitro.
12, abnormal urine and kidney with corresponding structure may have pathological changes:
Red blood cells and protein in urine → glucose in glomerular urine → excessive urine in renal tubules → renal tubules.
13, urine formation is continuous and excretion is intermittent.
14, the skin includes epidermis and dermis.
Position constitutes the thickness structure and function.
Extraepidermal epithelial tissue is thin and vascular-free. The stratum corneum-the protective mucosa-divides to produce new cells.
Elastic fibers and collagen fibers with thick connective tissue in dermis-elasticity and toughness
Rich capillaries-transport and regulate body temperature
Nerve endings-feel external stimuli
Accessory structures: hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails, etc.
15, a classmate accidentally cut his finger while sharpening a pencil, and it bled, at least hurting the dermis of the skin.
16, perspiration not only plays the role of excretion, but also regulates body temperature. Sweat glands include secretory parts and ducts.
Chapter XII Self-regulation of Human Body
1. There are two main types of human self-regulation: neuroregulation and hormonal regulation. Among them, neuromodulation plays a leading role.
2. The nervous system consists of brain, spinal cord and its nerves.
It can be divided into: central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial nerve 12 pair, spinal nerve 3 1 pair).
3. Neurons are the basic units of the structure and function of the nervous system, which are composed of cell bodies (metabolic centers) and processes.
Protrusions include dendrites and axons. Dendrites: short dendritic branches; Axon: long and few branches.
Function of neuron: It has the functions of receiving stimulation, generating impulse and conducting impulse.
4. Reflex is a routine response to stimulation through the nervous system. The basic way of nerve regulation is reflection, and the structure that completes the reflection process is reflex arc.
5. The structure of reflex arc: including ① sensor: sensing stimulus and generating impulse ② afferent neuron: conducting impulse to nerve center ③ nerve center: receiving incoming impulse and generating new nerve impulse ④ efferent neuron: transmitting new nerve impulse from nerve center to effector ⑤ effector: receiving impulse and causing corresponding muscle and gland activity.
The direction of nerve impulse conduction on reflex arc: receptor → afferent neuron → nerve center → efferent neuron → effector.
6. nerve center: located in the gray matter, it is formed by the convergence of neuronal cells with the same function.
7. Types of reflection:
Unconditional reflex: it is an innate reflex that has been established since birth.
Conditioned reflex: it is an acquired reflex gradually formed in individual life after birth.
Conditional reflection is more advanced than unconditional reflection, which is based on unconditional reflection.
The comparison between the two is as follows.
Unconditional reflection of comparison items
The process of formation is born and gradually formed in the course of life after birth.
The cerebral cortex below the cerebral cortex of the nerve center.
Stimulation Unconditional stimulus Conditional stimulus can be transformed from any irrelevant stimulus that can be felt.
Neural connections are fixed, temporary and variable.
The scope of adaptation is small, and only the constant environment is large can we adapt to the changeable environment.
The most prominent feature of human conditioned reflex is that it can establish conditioned reflex to the stimulation of language and words.
8. The cerebral cortex is the highest center of the human body. It has centers of body sensation, body movement, language, vision and hearing, among which the language center is unique to human beings, and the body movement and body sensation centers are contralateral.
9, the structure of the eyeball book 8 1 page.
10, the formation of vision: the light reflected by the object → cornea → pupil → lens → vitreous body → retinal imaging → optic nerve → visual center of cerebral cortex, forming vision.
We can see different objects clearly because the ciliary body contracts and adjusts the curvature of the lens, so that different objects can be clearly imaged on the retina, so we can see different objects clearly.
1 1. Myopia is caused by too long anterior-posterior diameter of eyeball or too large curvature of lens, which makes the object image in front of retina and can be corrected by concave lens.
Hyperopia is caused by the fact that the anterior and posterior diameter of eyeball is too short or the curvature of lens is too small, so that the object is imaged behind retina and can be corrected by convex lens.
12, the formation of hearing: external sound waves → external auditory canal → tympanic membrane (vibration of tympanic membrane) → ossicular bone (hammer, drill, stirrup) → cochlea (cochlear inner receptors are stimulated by vibration and produce impulses) → auditory auditory auditory canal → auditory pathway of cerebral cortex to form hearing.
13. Visual receptors: retinal auditory receptors: cochlear head position receptors: vestibule and semicircular canal.
Olfactory receptors: olfactory mucosa taste receptors: taste buds
14. Four flavors and their most sensitive parts-acid: the outside of the tongue is sweet, the tip of the tongue is salty, the tip of the tongue is bitter, and the root of the tongue is bitter.
15, the most sensitive parts of human touch: lips, tip of tongue and tip of nose.
In addition, the ventral side of the limb is more sensitive to touch than the corresponding dorsal side.
16, cold receptor-cold stimulus receptor. Thermoreceptor-a receptor that senses temperature stimuli.
17, ear structure:
External ear: collecting sound waves
External auditory canal: transmitting sound waves
Tympanic membrane: produce vibration
Middle ear tympanum: The eustachian tube communicates with the pharynx.
Auditory ossicles: The ossicular chain consists of malleus, drill bone and stapes.
Cochlea: contains auditory receptors.
Inner ear vestibule: the receptor of head position change
Semicircular canal: the receptor of head position change
18, if the receptor is continuously stimulated, its ability to generate impulses will weaken with the extension of the stimulation duration, which is called receptor adaptation.
19: the difference between exocrine gland and endocrine gland; Gland type; An example of the direction of catheter secretion.
Exocrine glands have ducts that enter body cavities or secrete salivary glands, liver, intestinal glands, stomach glands, sebaceous glands and so on.
Endocrine glands enter glandular capillaries, such as pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, islet and gonad, without ducts.
19. Hormone: a substance secreted by endocrine glands in human body, which plays an important regulatory role.
Although they are small in the blood, they play a very important role, especially in regulating metabolism, growth and reproduction.
Main dysfunction of hormone production site
Growth hormone pituitary promotes growth: deficiency → dwarfism; Too much → gigantism;
Adults: excessive → acromegaly
Sex hormone gonads promote the growth and development of reproductive organs,
Stimulate and maintain secondary sexual characteristics
Thyroid hormone thyroid promotes metabolism, growth and development, and improves the excitability of nervous system: deficiency → dementia (mental retardation)
Adults: insufficient → hypothyroidism
Hypersecretion→ hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism for short)
Iodine deficiency leads to too little synthesis: endemic goiter (big neck disease)
Insulin islet reduces blood sugar concentration and secretion-diabetes
20. The similarities and differences between dwarfism and dwarfism:
Similarities: All patients have been ill since childhood and have short stature.
Difference: "dwarfism" is the slow growth caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone in patients' early years. The patient is short in stature, but generally of normal intelligence. "Dementia" is due to insufficient thyroid function and too little thyroid hormone secretion, which leads to growth retardation. The patient is not only short in stature, underdeveloped in reproductive organs and mentally retarded.
2 1, pregnant women lack iodine during pregnancy, and the baby born will suffer from dementia.
22. Measures to prevent endemic goiter: 1) Iodized salt 2) Eat iodine-rich seafood such as kelp.
Chapter 13 Infectious diseases and human immunity
1, pathogen-organisms that can cause human or animal diseases, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.
2. Infectious diseases-diseases caused by pathogens can spread between people or between people and animals.
3. Characteristics-infectivity and circulation
4, the basic link of the epidemic of infectious diseases
1), the source of infection-people or animals that can spread pathogens, but patients can also be carriers.
2) Transmission route-The route for pathogens to leave the source of infection and reach healthy people can be air transmission, food transmission, biological media transmission, etc.
3) Susceptible population: people who lack immunity to an infectious disease and are susceptible to infection. 4. Preventive measures for infectious diseases: If there is no one of the three basic links to control the epidemic of infectious diseases, infectious diseases will not be prevalent, so the preventive measures are as follows:
1) control the source of infection: the human body is most contagious when it shows symptoms of infectious diseases in the early stage of the disease. Early detection, early diagnosis, early reporting, early treatment and early isolation should be done for infectious patients as much as possible, and animals suffering from infectious diseases should also be dealt with in time.
2) Cut off the transmission route: mainly pay attention to personal hygiene and environmental hygiene. Eliminate vectors of various diseases, such as mosquitoes, flies and fleas, and carry out some necessary disinfection work.
3) Protect susceptible people: don't let susceptible people come into contact with the source of infection; Vaccinate susceptible people; Strengthening physical exercise and strengthening physical fitness can improve one's disease resistance.
5. From the three aspects of the epidemic of infectious diseases, when influenza is prevalent, influenza patients are the source of infection, droplets containing influenza virus are the route of transmission, and people who lack resistance to the disease around them are susceptible people.
6. The first line of defense-the barrier function of skin and mucosa
The second line of defense-phagocytosis of white blood cells and killing lysozyme
The third line of defense-composition: immune organs (spleen, lymph nodes) and immune cells (lymphocytes) function: produce antibodies and destroy pathogens (antigens)
An antibody can bind to an antigen, so that the antigen is eliminated or the pathogen loses its pathogenicity. After antigen removal, the body still maintains the ability to produce corresponding antibodies. When the same antigen invades the body again, the body will produce a lot of antibodies. So people who have suffered from chickenpox and smallpox will not suffer from it again.
Immune speciation function
nonspecific immunity
Hereditary, people are born with effects on all pathogens.
Specific immunity
Only after birth can those who have struggled with pathogens inherit and act on specific pathogens.
7, the function of immunity:
1) Destroy and destroy pathogenic microorganisms invading human body and safeguard human health.
2) Remove aging, dead or damaged cells in the body in time.
3) Identify and eliminate abnormal cells produced in the body at any time.
8. Antigen-A substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.
Antibody is a kind of protein produced by the immune system stimulated by antigen, which can specifically bind with the corresponding antigen and mainly exists in serum.
9. Planned immunization-Planned immunization in susceptible population. Before 1992, children under 12 need to be vaccinated with "four vaccines", and one vaccine will be added after 1992.
10, "pentavaccine": BCG-TB; DTP-pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus; Polio vaccine-polio; Measles vaccine-measles.