I. Origin:

The origin of the Cold Food Festival is Mianshan, Jiexiu, Shanxi, with a history of 2640 years (358 years earlier than the Dragon Boat Festival). According to the definition of "Cold Food Festival" in Ci Yuan and Ci Hai, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Jie Zhitui went through hardships, assisted Zhong Er, the son of Jin Dynasty, to restore the country and lived in seclusion in Mianshan, Jiexiu. Burning the mountain forced him out, but Zitui and his mother disappeared and burned us. In order to mourn him, Jin Wengong ordered that fire and cold food should be banned on the anniversary of his death (after the winter of November 150), thus forming a cold food festival. The Cold Food Festival originated from the record of the burning agent in Mianshan, Jiexiu. It was first seen in Huan Tan's new volume XI Li Xi Shi, and then in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, the Biography of Zhou Ju, the Criminal Order of Cao Caoming, the Book of Jin, the Biography of Xerox and the Notes of Li Daoyuan's Water Mirror Fen. In history, the Cold Food Festival and the Qingming Festival are similar, and over time, they merged into one festival. "Tang Yao Hui Volume 82 Vacation" clearly records: "(Kaiyuan) February 11: Cold food is bright, and the fourth day is a holiday. February 15th, 13th year of Dali: From now on, the cold food will be clear and there will be a five-day holiday. To March 9, the sixth year of Zhenyuan: the cold food is clear, and it is appropriate to celebrate the Yuan Day, and it will be given for three days before and after. " Therefore, "The Grand View of China Traditional Culture" contains: "Roughly in the Tang Dynasty, the Cold Food Festival and Tomb-Sweeping Day became one."

2. In the long development process, the Cold Food Festival has formed rich cultural and activity contents:

1, No Smoking and Cold Food: Cold Food Festival was also called "No Smoking Festival" in ancient times. Every family is forbidden to make a fire and eat cold food. However, due to the persistent pursuit of sages by Chinese people, it was repeatedly banned from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it was not until the Tang Dynasty that it was recognized and participated by the royal family.

2. ancestor worship: the cold food festival was regarded as a "wild sacrifice" from the southern and northern dynasties to the Tang dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, it was included in Volume 87 of "Opening Ethan", which was worshipped by princes (cold food worship) and became one of the auspicious gifts officially recognized and advocated. Later, it evolved into a royal mausoleum; Official sacrifices to Confucius Temple and sages; People go to sweep graves and so on. At that time, a family or clan went to the ancestral grave to sacrifice, add soil and hang paper money. Then spread swallows and snakes and rabbits on the top of the grave, roll them down, put them on with willow branches or needles, and put them in the high place in the house to show their virtue.

3, cold food diet: cold food includes cold porridge, cold noodles, cold food pulp, green rice, glutinous rice; Cold food offerings include noodles, snakes and rabbits, jujube cakes, refined rye, immortals, etc. There are dozens of drinks, such as spring wine, fresh tea, clear spring and sweet water. Most of them have profound implications, such as offering sacrifices to snakes and rabbits, which means that "snakes and rabbits will be rich", meaning that people are expected to be rich and the country is strong; Zituiyan, take the word "nian" in Jiexiu dialect, and don't forget to introduce and promote honesty.

4. Cold food willow: the symbol of vitamin cold food festival, originally intended to miss Jie Zhitui's pursuit of political clarity. As early as the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there was a record in the Chronicle of Jingchu that "every family broke willow during the cold food between Jianghuai and Suzhou", and it is still popular to wear mustard flowers and wheat leaves instead of willow branches in Anhui, Suzhou and other places. According to historical records in various places, there are some sayings, such as "willow branches are inserted into graves", "willow branches are folded into households", "willow branches are inserted into the eaves of sleeping stoves", "wearing a head or a tie", "offering Buddha gods in bottles" and "willow branches are inserted into doors", so there is a saying among the people that "Qingming (cold food) does not wear willow, and the beauty becomes bald".

Cold food outing: also known as spring outing, Sheng Xing in Tang and Song Dynasties. Song Lizhi's words "What I saw in the East Valley" say: "I swept things, and then I went home happily with my brother, wife, relatives and deeds." In the Ming Dynasty, a brief introduction to the scenery of emperors recorded the scene of walking in Beijing: "During the Qingming Festival, people were walking, and there were thousands of tourists, passengers and pedestrians." Can be said to be extremely prosperous.

6. Cold food swing: The swing was originally a palace women's amusement project of the ancient cold food festival. Wang Renyu's "Kaiyuan Tianbao Legacy" in the Five Dynasties recorded that "the Tianbao Palace Mid-solstice Cold Food Festival actually erected a swing, which made the wives and concubines in the palace laugh and thought it was a feast. The emperor called it a semi-fairy play, so the scholars in the capital called it. " Wen Yanbo, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, wrote the poem "Cold Food Day Crossing the Dragon Gate", which is described as "the willow on the bridge hangs on a line and hangs more colorful ropes."

7, cold food Cuju: popular in the Tang Dynasty, Song's "Literature General Examination" contains: "Cuju, Gai began in the Tang Dynasty. Plant two bamboos, several feet high, and wrap the net on the net to measure the ball for the door. The ball is divided into friends and friends, and the game is divided into corners. " History: Tang Dezong, Xian Zong, Mu Zong and Jing Zong all like to play cuju, and Yuan Gui, the state capital, wrote: "In the twelfth year of Zhenyuan, Tang Dezong, the Cold Food Festival was held in February, and the Imperial Palace East Pavilion was used to watch Wu Dachen and Wu's children, and a banquet was held for the ministers to be slaughtered." In the Song Dynasty, there was "Taizu Cuju Map".

8. Poems of Cold Food Festival: During the Cold Food Festival, the literati homesick for their relatives, or made love through the scenery, with many feelings, sudden inspiration, great poetry and many chanters. According to the survey, there are more than 300 poems by Xuanzong, Zhang Shuo, Du Fu, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty, and there are more than 100 poems by Song Jinyuan, which has become a wonderful work in China's poetry art. In addition, there are many activities during the Cold Food Festival, such as banquets, flower viewing, cockfighting, egg carving, tug-of-war, drilling wood for fire, flying kites, shooting herbs, throwing pottery, etc. These activities greatly enriched the social life in ancient China.

3. The Cold Food Festival has the following characteristics:

1, the festival formed early. Originated in the Spring and Autumn Period, Jiezhi burned in Mianshan, Jiexiu. Jin Wengong ordered a ban on fire and cold food on the anniversary of the child's death, and sent grief with cold food. By the Tang Dynasty, a national statutory festival had been formed, which was the earliest of the traditional festivals in China.

2. It has a long history. Two thousand six hundred and forty years ago, there were five days, one hundred and five days, one month, three days, two days, five days and seven days in different historical periods, and finally it became one day.

3. The cultural connotation is profound. Respect for the media and dedication, carry forward the political ambition of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, retiring after success, being honest and clean, do not violate the filial piety of relatives, and develop into an important festival that unites people's hearts, embodies the Chinese soul and reflects the ancestral culture of the Chinese nation. And form a series of cold foods such as glutinous rice and green rice.

There are many festivals. Sweeping graves, smoking bans, ancestor worship, cold food, willow planting, outing, cuju, swinging, flower viewing, chicken fighting, banquet feeding, poetry reading, etc. 5. Spread widely. From Jiexiu and Taiyuan County to all parts of the country and even overseas (for example, Gao Changguo has designated March 9 as the Cold Food Festival since the Tang Dynasty).

Looking back at the historical development, the Cold Food Festival has become one of the venation of ancient social civilization in China. Therefore, from the perspective of historical research, social research, tourism and other social activities, the unique value of the Cold Food Festival deserves people's attention.

1, social and historical value

The Cold Food Festival was established in the Spring and Autumn Period to commemorate Jie's ascension to heaven, and has a history of 2640 years. Throughout the ages, it has never stopped. Although it was repeatedly banned by Zhou Ju in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao in the Three Kingdoms, Xerox in the Later Zhao Dynasty and Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was repeatedly banned and revived, and the custom of cold food spread all over the country and was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. In response to public opinion, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty issued an imperial edict, which included the Tomb-Sweeping Day of the Cold Food Festival in the Kaiyuan Ceremony and made it a national statutory holiday. Colorful cold food activities enrich social life, enhance social interpersonal harmony, and play an important role in alleviating social contradictions and promoting social progress. Especially in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, the recognition and participation of brothers' national rulers in the cold food festival customs played a subtle role in promoting national unity and consolidating political power through the exchange and integration of cold food festival culture.

The Cold Food Festival contains the political ambition of worrying about the country and the people, being loyal to the monarch and patriotism, being honest and clean, and the dedication spirit of "not seeking merit, but seeking merit, and retiring after success". It is an ancient social ethical norm and a link between social stability and national unity, and it still has important practical significance.

The cultural connotation of cold food with loyalty and filial piety as the core and honesty extended from loyalty and filial piety are the essence of meson spirit, the core of Chinese traditional morality, the foundation of national ancestral culture and the moral force to maintain national and family unity. In today's society, it is an important way of activity and spiritual concept to unite people's hearts, unite the soul of China, realize the peaceful reunification of the motherland and build a harmonious society.

The pursuit of political clarity is the unanimous wish of the broad masses of the people for thousands of years, which has far-reaching practical significance for the construction of contemporary democratic politics.

In addition, from the seven-day spring outing of the Tang Dynasty palace cold food festival, it has evolved into today's "golden week of tourism"; From cold food to fire ban, it has evolved into today's forest protection and fire prevention; From cold food to willow, it has evolved into today's national afforestation; From cuju to football, which is now popular all over the world, it has far-reaching significance and cannot be underestimated.

At the same time, the evolution of the Cold Food Festival in 2640 is a reflection of the ideology of many social strata in ancient China, and it is one of the important clues for the contemporary study of ancient sociology in China.

2. Cultural values

Historically, the activities of the Cold Food Festival were mainly promoted by memorial institutions to ban smoking and fasting, and gradually evolved into ancestor worship. The concept of loyalty, filial piety and honesty contained in it fully conforms to the traditional moral core of China's ancient countries' need for loyalty and filial piety, and has become an important carrier of family harmony and social stability. In modern times, the Cold Food Festival has become an important form of remembering revolutionary martyrs and educating young people. At the same time, during the Cold Food Festival, compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese returned to their hometowns to pay homage to their ancestors, which became an important festival to inherit the Chinese nation's ancestral culture and reflect national identity and cohesion.

The ancient ancestors insisted on banning smoking and fasting at the Cold Food Festival, expressing their immortal memory of the ancient sages. There are dozens of cold drinks, most of which are meaningful. For example, there is a saying in Jiexiu custom that "snakes and rabbits will be rich", which means that the country is expected to enrich the people and strengthen the country; At the expense of eating noodles, Jiexiu dialect is to educate future generations to "miss" and not forget to introduce the public and the virtuous. The Cold Food Festival symbolizes the pursuit of political clarity. ...

In Yuan Zaju, modern Peking Opera, Jin Opera, modern Jin Opera and novels of Ming Dynasty, there are many special songs and chapters of Jietui and Cold Food Festival. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, legends, stories and inscriptions about Jie Zhitui have also become important historical materials for the study of folk literature and epigraphy in Sanjin.

3. Artistic value

During its development, the Cold Food Festival produced many literary works: Twenty-four Years of Zuo Zhuan Gong, which was quoted many times by historical masterpieces such as Historical Records and Zi Jian, and was incorporated into the enlightenment book of ancient prose in Qing Dynasty. The first essay on China's prose appreciation was Introduction to Lu. Among the poems of past dynasties, the poems dedicated to the Cold Food Festival have never stopped, from Qu Yuan in the Warring States, Sun Chu in the Western Jin Dynasty to modern times. There are nearly 300 poems of the whole Tang Dynasty, and more than 0/00 poems of the Song Dynasty and Yuanqu/kloc, involving historical celebrities such as Tang Xuanzong and Zhang Shuo, and representatives of various factions such as Du Fu, Bai Juyi and the Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties, which have become important materials for studying the history of China's poetry development.

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