A little girl, sitting in the middle of the water, dressed in red, sat in a green boat.

lotus

Lotus: It belongs to Nymphaeaceae, which is the general name of two kinds of lotus. Also known as lotus, water hibiscus and so on. It is a perennial aquatic herb flower of lotus. Underground stems are long and thick, with long nodes and round leaves. Flowering from June to September, it is solitary at the top of the pedicel. There are many petals embedded in the receptacle hole, which are red, pink, white and purple, or have colored lines and edges. Nuts are oval and seeds are oval.

There are many kinds of lotus flowers, which are divided into ornamental and edible categories. China is native to tropical and temperate Asia and was planted as early as the Zhou Dynasty. Lotus is precious all over the body, lotus root and lotus seed are edible, and the germ of lotus seed, rhizome, lotus node, lotus leaf, flower and seed can be used as medicine. Its character of emerging from the mud without staining has always been praised by the world. "The next day, the lotus leaves are infinitely colorful, and the lotus flowers reflect different colors in the sun" is a true portrayal of the beauty of lotus flowers. The noble character of lotus flower "straight through the outside, not crawling, not stained with mud, clear but not demon" has always been one of the themes of poets' painting.

1985 in may, lotus was rated as one of the top ten flowers in China. Lotus is the national flower of India and Vietnam.

Chinese lotus, Latin scientific lotus? Species are also known as lotus, hibiscus, lotus root, lotus, water, water bloom, Zezhi, primitive perianth of Dicotyledonous subclass, angiosperms, China, Ranunculaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Nelumbo, and American lotus. Nomenclature and date Gaertn. Fructose. Etsemin. 1438。

catalogue

1 botanical history

name

origin

2 morphological characteristics

3 origin

4 growth habits

5 groups classification

China Lianhua Line

American Lotus System

Sino-American hybrid lotus line

Complete collection of 6 varieties

7 breeding model

Seed seedling raising

Separate lotus planting

Space breeding

8 cultivation techniques

water quality

Fertilize soil or land

live through the winter

9 pest control

black spot

poultry rearing

prodenia litura

aphid

10 primary value

eat

officinal

enjoy

1 1 plant culture

meaning

folk custom

poetic sentiment

One legend is that ...

Arima

Botanical history editor

name

Lotus (50 pieces)

Lotus, Hibiscus, Fantuo Pear, Shuizhi, Yunshui, Shui Mu, Zezhi, Huashui and Handan were called Handan by the ancients, namely, bud, hydrangea, hibiscus, Yuhuan, June Spring, China Lotus, June Flower God and so on.

First, named after the appearance: Lotus: Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica explains: "Lotus stems carry leaves, leaves carry flowers, hence the name." Hibiscus: Also known as Hibiscus. The Chinese dictionary Erya explains: "Lotus contains Pupu." Another book, Shuo Wen Jie Zi, said, "It's not lotus, it's hibiscus." Li Shizhen also said that the hibiscus flower means "to dress up brilliantly", so it is no wonder that Sima Xiangru, a writer in the Han Dynasty, compared his wife Zhuo Wenjun to the hibiscus flower of water.

2. Named after their growth habits: Shuizhi, Huashui, Yunshui, Shuidan, Shui Mu and Zezhi: Because lotus is a perennial aquatic plant, the ancients classified it as a kind of aquatic plant, and most of them were named after the word "water". Cao Zhi, a litterateur of the Three Kingdoms, praised "a hundred flowers blossom, and there is no flower soul" in the Lotus Fu, and compared the lotus to Ganoderma lucidum in the water.

Third, named after the holy and elegant temperament of lotus: Junzihua, Ling Boxian, Shuigongxian, Yuhuan, etc. According to "The Tale of the North Dream", Su Changyuan lived in Wuzhong (present-day Suzhou) during Tang Chaoyuan and his reign (806-820), met a pink-faced girl from plain clothes and gave him a jade ring. Soon, he found that there was a blooming lotus flower in the pool of his yard, and there was also a Yuhuan in the stamen, but it was "broken" and later generations called it Yuhuan.

Fourthly, in ancient Jiangnan customs, the 24th of June in the lunar calendar is the birthday of the lotus, so the lotus is nicknamed "June Flower God".

5. In order to express appreciation of the noble and pure form of lotus, Jin Furong and grass hibiscus are used to compare the rare nature of lotus.

Sixthly, Xike and Jingke emphasize the growth environment of lotus and the quiet and refined realm. Cui Qian is another name for Xinlian, Red is another name for Lotus Petals, Gonglian is another name for Lotus Petals, and Buddha must be another name for Lianrui. [ 1]?

origin

Lotus is called "living fossil" and is one of the earliest plants in angiosperms. Before the appearance of human beings, about 10 million years ago, most of the earth was covered by oceans, lakes and swamps. At that time, the climate was warm and humid, and ferns as high as tens of meters were all over the earth. Most seed plants can't survive, and only a few seed plants with strong vitality grow on this earth dominated by dinosaurs and ferns. Among them, there is an aquatic plant called "Lotus" today, which has withstood the test of nature and tenaciously survived in amur river (now Heilongjiang), Yellow River, Yangtze River basin in China and swamp lakes in the northern hemisphere. About 100 million years later, primitive humans began to appear. In order to survive, human beings collect wild fruits to satisfy their hunger, and soon find that the wild fruits and root nodes of this "lotus" (namely lotus seeds and lotus roots) are not only edible, but also sweet and delicious. Gradually, "lotus", the food source on which human beings depend for survival, was deeply imprinted in the hearts of people's ancestors, primitive humans, and became a symbol of human survival. [2]?

Until the Neolithic Age in 56000 BC, with the emergence of farming culture, human beings began to learn more about lotus. At that time, in order to meet the water demand of life, human beings generally settled in river banks and lakes or swamps with natural springs, and these areas were the main distribution areas of wild lotus. From the unearthed cultural relics, it is found that there are carbonized wheat grains and two lotus seeds on the indoor table in the site of Yangshao Culture excavated in Beidahe Village, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, which has a history of 5000 years. In the continuous productive labor, human beings have accumulated rich perceptual knowledge about the growth habits and living environment of lotus, which laid a good foundation for the emergence and development of ancient lotus culture in China. [2]?

Professor Ren Xu, a paleobotanist, discovered lotus leaf fossils in Qaidam Basin in 1970s, at least 654.38 million years ago. 1973, the pollen fossil of lotus was found in the cultural relics unearthed from Hemudu cultural site 7000 years ago in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province. In the same year, two carbonized lotus seeds were found in Yangshao cultural site in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province more than 5,000 years ago. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty (2nd century BC), the ancients ate about 40 kinds of vegetables, and lotus root was one of them. There is a saying in The Valley Classic, "Iowa in the gills", which means that as long as there are marshes on the land of China, there are lotus flowers growing. China is one of the countries that grow the most lotus flowers in the world. [3]?

From 1 1 century BC, China entered the feudal era-the Western Zhou Dynasty from a long slave society. Lotus also entered people's field ponds from the wild state of lakes and swamps during this period. "Zhou Shu" contains "Qi Ze has been exhausted, and the lotus root has been dug." It can be seen that the wild lotus at that time had begun to be used as an edible vegetable. During the Spring and Autumn Period, people gave proper nouns to various organs of lotus. Erya, the earliest dictionary in China in the early Han Dynasty, records: "Lotus, lotus, its stem eggplant, its leaves, its original density, its painting Han, actually lotus, its root lotus, of which Yi Yi." The understanding of lotus has a certain concept. [3]?

Lotus has entered people's work and life with its practicality, and at the same time it has penetrated into people's spiritual world with its gorgeous colors and elegant charm. The earliest collection of poems in China, The Book of Songs, described lotus flowers as "flowers in the mountains, Ji and Lian" and "flowers in the opposite direction". Lotus was introduced as an ornamental plant and planted in the garden pond. It was first built in 473 BC, and was built by Fu Cha, the king of Wu, in his detached palace (namely Lingyan Mountain in Suzhou) for his beloved concubine to enjoy the lotus. The bronze craft treasure "Lotus Crane Square Pot" in the Spring and Autumn Period (Gao 1 18 cm in the Palace Museum) reflects the important role of lotus in the spirit of the times from the artistic aspect. This craft treasure is based on the real nature, and the lotus pattern summarizes the images of dragons and flies. It can be seen that the lotus flower, like the deified dragon, mantis and crane, has become a symbol of lofty holiness in people's minds. [3]?

Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the feudal regime was divided, wars were frequent, and the working people were in dire straits. Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, ending the melee. In this unified empire, lotus culture has been fully developed and gradually penetrated into agriculture, economy, medicine, religion, art and other fields. [3]?

The Han Dynasty was an unprecedented period of agricultural development in China, which also played an important role in the cultivation and development of lotus. Before the Han Dynasty, all lotus varieties in China were single-petaled red lotus. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the double petal lotus appeared. [3]?

Since the Western Han Dynasty, China's official and private businesses have developed rapidly, enriching the types of goods in various regions, which is of great significance to the spread and distribution of lotus flowers. Lotus root, a specialty of Jiangling, Hefei, Chengdu and other places, entered the north through these central markets, which fundamentally expanded the distribution area of lotus, made the people in the north know more about lotus, and thus greatly improved the cultivation technology of lotus. In the Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty, there is a "method of planting lotus roots": "In the early spring, lotus roots are dug and planted in the mud of fish ponds, and then there are lotus flowers." ; There is also a method of "planting lotus seeds": "On August 9th, if the lotus seeds are hard and black, grind the shower heads on the tiles to make the skin thin, and seal them with cooked mud, such as three fingers long and two inches long, so that the shower heads are sharpened, and the mud is dried and thrown under the heavy mud in the pool. The skin is naturally thin and easy to grow, and it will come out soon. If you don't grind, the skin will be hard and thick. It can be seen that the cultivation techniques of lotus on both sides of the Central Plains were quite superb at that time. [3]?

China's medicine started a new development from the Qin and Han Dynasties. After tasting all kinds of herbs, Shennong in Han Dynasty summed up a set of good prescriptions for treating diseases, namely "Herbal Classic", also known as "Shennong Herbal Classic", which described the medicinal and health-care functions of lotus root. Hua Tuo, a native of Qiaoxian County in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a famous imperial doctor in the medical history of China. Before the operation, he first gave the patient Mafeisan to make him unconscious, cut his abdomen and back, and sewed up the wound. Finally, he applied a plaster made of lotus root skin and recovered in four or five days. Lotus has become a wonderful flower in China's medical treasure house. [3]?

During the Western Han Dynasty, Yuefu songs gradually became popular, resulting in many beautiful lotus picking songs. Among them, "Lotus Picking Song" (also known as "Lotus Picker" and "Lotus Picker by the Lake") is one of the most popular traditional folk songs and dances in China, with dancers dressed in red and faint skirts, taking a lotus boat and holding lotus flowers, singing and dancing.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were thousands of lotus petals. [3]?

After Sui and Tang Dynasties, the cultivation techniques of lotus were further improved, and the cultural contents of lotus such as poetry, painting, sculpture and handicrafts were more colorful. In food culture, lotus has further become a valuable tonic for people's health care. At the same time, lotus has entered private gardens with its colorful and elegant appearance. For example, in the southeast corner outside Chang 'an, there was Yichun Garden in Qin and Han Dynasties, and it was renamed Furong Garden after the Sui Dynasty established Chang 'an as its capital. The Wind and Lotus in the Qu Yuan of Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. Especially after the rule of Zhenguan, the application of lotus became more and more extensive and became the source of inspiration for arts and crafts artists. For example, porcelain and bronze mirrors in the Sui and Tang Dynasties were decorated with lotus patterns. Gold and silver vessels, especially the rim, are decorated with rich lotus petals, and the overall style is gorgeous and true. The dyeing and weaving industry in Song Dynasty has a higher development than that in Tang Dynasty. The lotus silk pattern "quaint" created by Kerou Zhu, a famous female painter and silk worker, is a masterpiece. Woodblock New Year pictures in the Ming and Qing Dynasties often use auspicious lotus patterns such as "Lotus (your son)" and "Lotus (fish) over many years old" to express people's thoughts and wishes. In China's flower culture, lotus is the most interesting object of flower-chanting poems and the subject of flower-and-bird painting. It is the most beautiful and colorful dance material; It is also the most commonly used and beautiful pattern and shape in various architectural decoration, sculpture techniques and daily necessities. Lotus is a famous traditional flower in China. [3]?

Since Zhou Dunyi wrote a famous sentence, "The lotus has become a" gentleman's flower ". According to historical records, more than 2,500 years ago, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, left his palace in Lingyan Mountain (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province) on the coast of Taihu Lake to enjoy the lotus flowers for his beloved concubine, so he specially built a "flower pond" and transplanted wild red lotus. It can be said that it is the earliest record of artificial pond planting. Today, lotus ponds abound in the north and south. Hunan is the largest lotus production base in China. Every midsummer, men and women who pick lotus swim among the lotus plants in canoes. What a wonderful scene "no one is seen in the pool until you hear the song". There are more places to visit and enjoy the lotus. For example, Daming Lake in Jinan, West Lake in Hangzhou and Qixingyan in Zhaoqing can all see the beautiful scenery of contiguous lotus flowers. [3]?

Morphological feature editing

Lotus is a perennial aquatic herb; Rhizomes are transverse, hypertrophy, swollen internodes, with many longitudinal airways inside, constricted internodes, black scales at the top and hairy adventitious roots at the bottom.

The leaves are round and shield-shaped, with a diameter of 25-90 cm. The surface is dark green, covered with wax white powder, the back is gray-green, the whole edge is slightly wavy, the upper surface is smooth and white powder, and the lower vein is ejected from the center, with 1-2 branches. Petiole is stout, cylindrical, 1-2 meters long, hollow, with scattered thorns outside. Pedicels and petioles are the same length or slightly longer, and there are also scattered spines; Petiole cylindrical, densely barbed.

The flower is solitary at the top of the pedicel, above the water surface, with a diameter of 10-20 cm, beautiful and fragrant; There are single petal, compound petal, double petal and double terrace patterns; Colors are white, pink, crimson, lavender, yellow or intermediate colors; Lotus leaves are oblong-ovoid to obovate, 5- 10 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, gradually decreasing from outside to inside, sometimes becoming stamens, with blunt or slightly pointed apex and many stamens; The pistil is free and buried in the inverted cone sponge receptacle, and there are many scattered honeycomb holes on the receptacle surface. After fertilization, it gradually expands, called lotus, and a small nut (lotus seed) is born in each hole. Anthers are long, filaments are slender and inserted under receptacle; The style is very short, and the top of the column is born; The receptacle (lotus house) is 5- 10 cm in diameter.

Nuts are oval or ovoid, long 1.8-2.5 cm, and the fruits are leathery and hard, and dark brown when ripe; The seed (lotus seed) is ovoid or ovoid, with a length of 1.2- 1.7 cm and a red or white seed coat. The flowering period is from June to September, and it opens and closes every morning. Fruit-bearing period: August -65438+ 10. There are many cultivated varieties of lotus, which can be divided into three systems according to different uses: lotus root, lotus seed and Hualien. [4]?

Lotus is one of the oldest dicotyledonous plants, and also has some characteristics of monocotyledonous plants. The embryo of lotus is wrapped in scales, similar to monocotyledonous plants. From the flower structure, the lotus has three or four layers of perianth, sepal outer wheel, petal inner wheel, many stamens, free pistil and single channel boat-shaped pollen grains. Lotus stems have obvious segmentation phenomenon, and the underground stems are covered with fibrous roots. These are the characteristics of monocots. Lotus buds are mixed buds, and the lotus buds people see are the top buds of lotus root and the positions of axillary buds of each node. Roots are divided into seed roots and adventitious roots. The main root formed by seed radicle is underdeveloped, and the adventitious root plays a functional role. Lotus root, the stem of lotus, is the underground rhizome of lotus, which is an organ for storing nutrients and reproducing. Lotus is a solitary bisexual flower, which consists of calyx, corolla, stamen group, pistil group, receptacle and pedicel. Variety and rich colors. [5]?

Lotus is an aquatic flower that steals roots. Lotus root is the underground big stem of lotus, which grows horizontally in the mud. There are many holes of different sizes in the cross section of lotus root, which is the air cavity formed by lotus to adapt to life in water. This kind of air cavity can also be seen in petioles and pedicels. There are also many small ducts for transporting water on the stem, and the walls of the ducts are attached with thickened mucilage lignocellulose. It has a certain elasticity, and many white lotus roots appear when it is broken and stretched. Old lotus root has more silk than micro lotus root. The terminal bud of seed lotus root is called "lotus root", and it is covered with scales. After germination, white slender underground stems are drawn out, which is called "lotus root band". Lotus root band is segmented, and adventitious roots are surrounded by nodes. During festivals, leaves and flowers are drained. The new lotus root formed at the top of the lotus root belt is called the main lotus root. The vigorous lotus root has 4-7 lotus root tubes, each with a length of10-25cm and a diameter of about 6-12cm. The branch of the main lotus root is called the secondary lotus root; The young onion that grows again from the sub-lotus root is called Sun Lotus Root, which is often only 1 node. The size, shape, color, morning and evening, depth of mud, quality and flavor of lotus root vary from variety to variety, and are also affected by cultivation and conditions. [6]?

The lotus leaf is large, with a diameter of 70 cm, and the whole line is shield-shaped, 14-2 1 radial veins. The leaves are dark green and rough, covered with short and blunt thorns. There is a layer of waxy white powder between thorns, so rain can condense into rolling water drops. The back of the leaves is green, smooth and hairless, the veins are raised, and there is a cylindrical petiole in the center to clean and jerk the lotus leaves. There are dense spines on the stalk, the joint between the petiole and the underground stem is white, and the water and water are divided into green. There are three kinds of leaves: Mr. Ding Ya's leaves, small in shape and thin in handle, float on the water, called money leaves, or money leaves; The first leaves that grow from the lotus root are slightly larger and also float on the water, which is called floating leaves; Later, the leaves protruding from the lotus root were called vertical leaves. Whether it is money leaves, floating leaves or vertical leaves, they are all relatively rolled into tendons before they come out. The size, height and sequence of vertical leaves show obvious ascending and descending steps with the growth time. When the new lotus root is formed, the pulled upright leaves are larger than the previous one and have shorter spines, which are called "back leaves". A small leaf with a short stem and reddish back appears in front of it, which is called "terminal leaf". As long as people can identify the terminal leaves, they can find the location of new lotus roots in the mud. [6]?

Original habitat editing

Lotus is generally distributed in subtropical and temperate regions such as Central Asia, West Asia, North America, Indian, China and Japanese. Lotus starts from Hainan Island in the south of China (about 19 degrees north latitude), reaches Fujin City in Heilongjiang Province in the north (47.3 degrees north latitude), borders Shanghai and Taiwan Province Province in the east, and reaches the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain in the west. Except Xizang Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province, it is distributed in most parts of the country. Vertical distribution can reach 2000 meters above sea level, and it can also be seen in the deep mountains and deep ponds of Qinling Mountains and Shennongjia. [6]?

China has a cultivation history of more than 3,000 years, and carbonized ancient lotus seeds have been found in Liaoning, Zhejiang and other places, which shows its long history. Taiwan Province Province was introduced from Japan only 65,438+000 years ago. In Baihe Town and Chiayi District of Tainan, the planting area has reached nearly 350 hectares, making it one of the most important tourist areas in Taiwan Province Province. There are still wild lotus flowers in some remote places in Asia, but most of them are planted artificially. [5]?

Growth habit editor

Lotus is an aquatic plant, which likes relatively stable and calm shallow water, lakes, swamps and ponds, and is its suitable habitat. The water demand of lotus depends on its variety. The relative water level of large plant-shaped varieties such as Gulian and Chiba is deep, but it cannot exceed 1.7 meters. Small and medium-sized plant varieties are only suitable for water depth of 20-60 cm. Meanwhile, lotus is very sensitive to water loss. As long as you don't irrigate for three hours in summer, the lotus leaves planted in the water tank will be sluggish. If the water is stopped for one day, the lotus leaves will be burnt and the buds will wither. Lotus is also very fond of light, and it needs a full light environment during its growing period. Lotus is extremely intolerant of shade, so it will show strong phototaxis when it grows in semi-shade. [5]?

Group classification editing

Double red lotus

China is rich in lotus variety resources, with more than 200 traditional varieties and new varieties emerging constantly. The classification of lotus varieties is based on the historical evolution of artificial cultivation of lotus, combined with practical cultivation and application. Species and types are the premise of variety classification, the size of plant type is the first-level classification standard, the double petals of flowers are the second-level classification standard, and the color is the third-level classification standard. Anyone who can bloom in pots (pots) with a diameter less than 26 cm, with an average flower diameter of less than 12 cm, an average vertical leaf diameter of less than 24 cm and an average height of less than 33 cm, is a small variety (bowl lotus); One of them exceeds the index and is included in large and medium-sized plant varieties. According to different uses, it can be divided into three systems: lotus root, lotus seed and Hualien. According to the classification standard of China Lotus Variety Atlas, it is divided into 3 rows, 5 groups, 23 categories and 28 groups. [7]?

China Lianhua Line

First, large and medium-sized flowers:

A. Single valve category: valve number 2-20.

1. Single-petalled red lotus stratum such as "Gulian".

2. "Donghu Honglian" and other single petal pink lotus groups.

3. Single-petal white lotus group, such as "East Lake White Lotus".

B. Compound valve type: valve number 2 1-590.

4. The compound pink lotus group is like "Tangwan".

C. Double petals: the number of petals is 60- 190.

5. Double petals red lotus group such as "Red Chiba".

6. Double pink lotus group, such as "falling clouds reflecting snow".

7. Double-petalled white lotus groups such as "Lian Bi".

8. Double Brocade Group

Only 1 species, that is, "big sprinkling brocade".

D. Heavy duty workstations:

9. Only the first group, 1 species of "Red Lotus", was found in the group of Red Lotus.

E. thousand petals:

10. There is only 1 species in the group of Lilium longipetalum, namely "Lilium longipetalum". [7]?

Thanks to the treasures in the "Thousand-petal Lotus", which have existed since ancient times. Its abnormal receptacle can be divided into two or more axes. When a flower opens, the outer petals become thinner layer by layer, and the broken petals (small petals) in the inner layer proliferate and rotate into two or more flower hearts. When the shape is double, it is called "Ice Lotus", when it is three, it is called "Pinzi Lotus", when it is four, it is called "Wuzi Lotus" and "Hydrangea Lotus" when it is multi-petal, and it does not bear lotus. In fact, these are all a kind of flower state variation phenomenon of "Thousand-petal Lotus" and cannot be a variety alone.

Another phenomenon is that the flower buds of lotus split into two meristematic centers in the process of differentiation under the influence of some external environmental conditions, and then developed into two flower buds like twins, so two flowers were arranged side by side on a flower stalk to form a pair of lotus flowers. This is an accidental phenomenon, not a variety characteristic, and cannot be inherited. [7]?

Second, the small flower group:

F. Single valve type: valve number 2-200.

1 1. Single-petal red bowl lotus group is like "Spark".

12. Single-petalled pink bowl lotus group, such as "children are shy".

13. Single-petaled white bowl lotus group, such as "doll lotus".

G. compound valve type: valve number 2 1-590.

14. Lotus group with compound petals and red bowls, such as "Desk Spring".

15. The compound-petalled pink bowl lotus group looks like "pink bowl lotus".

16. The compound-petaled white lotus group is like "starlight".

H double petals: the number of petals is 600~ 1300.

17. Double petal red bowl lotus group, such as "Yangcheng bowl lotus".

18. Double pink bowl lotus group, such as "Little Drunken Fairy".