During the Warring States Period, from 475 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin Shihuang destroyed six countries and unified the whole country, which lasted for 254 years. After more than 200 years of annexation war, during the Spring and Autumn Period, 100 many vassal states left seven heroes of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and Qin, in addition to more than a dozen small countries such as Song and Wei. Most of the territories of the Seven Heroes, China, South Korea and Wei are in Henan, and part of the territory of the State of Chu is in the south of Henan.
After winning the power struggle, the landlord class in the seven countries competed for political reform in order to expand the interests of the landlord class and strengthen the rule over farmers. Wei Wenhou's political reform in Li Kui was one of the great events in Henan at that time. He abolished the old system of hereditary titles of slave owners and selected officials according to their merits and abilities; He promulgated legal classics and established feudal laws and regulations. He carried out the policy of "making the best use of everything", tapped the land potential and developed agricultural production. After the reform, Wei quickly embarked on the road to prosperity.
In Qin State, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang, a native of Henan Province, to carry out political reform, which made Qin State "unify the whole country" and rose rapidly on the Qin Jin Plateau. After Qin ascended the throne, he appointed people from Yangzhai (Yuxian, Henan Province) to attract guests from all over the world, vigorously expanded his power, and actively prepared to attack and destroy the six countries. Ying Zheng, the late King of Qin, adopted the suggestion of Li Si, a Shangcai man, and launched a large-scale annexation war against six Shandong countries. In the first 230 years, Qin destroyed Korea and took it as Yingchuan County; In the first 225 years, Qin decided to use the Yellow River to irrigate the girders (opened in Henan) and destroy Wei. Before 22 1 year, the Qin dynasty was eliminated and unified.
During the Warring States period, the further application and popularization of iron farm tools and Niu Geng technology greatly promoted the development of acoustic energy in the old society. In the tombs of the Warring States period in Huixian, Zhengzhou and Xindu, Henan Province, a large number of farm tools such as plows, hoes and sickles and hand tools such as axes and chisels were unearthed. The extensive use of ironware provides conditions for large-scale farmland reclamation, water conservancy construction and improvement of farming technology. It is on this basis that Ximen Bao can build water conservancy projects on both sides of the Zhanghe River for the benefit of the people. Zheng Guoneng, a native of Henan Province, established the Zheng Guoqu in the State of Qin, which led to the entry of water mirrors into Romania and made Guanzhong a fertile place. Wei Huiwang can draw the Yellow River water from Xingyang, make it flow through Zhongmou and Kaifeng, turn to XuTaikang in the south, enter Huaiyang, and connect the rivers of Hebei, Pu, Bian, Sui and Ying, forming a waterway transportation network on the Huanghuai Plain, which has greatly promoted the economic and cultural exchanges in various places.
Qin dynasty is a short-lived dynasty, which has existed for more than ten years in history. In July 209 BC, Chen Sheng of Yangcheng (now Dengfeng, Henan Province) and Guangwu of Yang Xia (now Taikang, Henan Province) led 900 adult soldiers to hold the first large-scale peasant uprising in China history. Soon, they captured Chen (now Huaiyang, Henan Province), and Chen Sheng was promoted as king, where the "Zhang Chu" regime was established. Although the uprising in Daze Township failed in less than half a year, it laid the foundation for overthrowing the rule of the Qin Dynasty. Later, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu finally captured Xianyang in 207 BC and overthrew the Qin Dynasty. After the death of Qin, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought the Chu-Han War, which lasted for four years. In order to compete for the world, Liu Hexiang fought a long war in Xingyang. There are still relics left by the war at the foot of Guangwu Mountain in Xingyang, which is called "the two kings of Hanba".
In 202 BC, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu, established the Han Dynasty, and made Chang 'an its capital, which was called the "Western Han Dynasty" in history. Although the political and economic center of the Western Han Dynasty was not in Henan, there was a scene of prosperity in Henan after the "rule of culture and scenery". At that time, iron farm tools had been extended to areas outside the Central Plains, and the technology of plowing cattle and horses was further popularized. The emergence of field substitution method and the use of plough have increased grain output. With the development of agriculture and handicraft industry, iron smelting plays an important role in handicraft industry. Among the iron smelting sites of the Western Han Dynasty excavated in China, Wafangdian in Beiguan, Nanyang and Tieshenggou Village in Gongxian County are the largest. The excavation shows that these two workshops have concentrated smelting technology, complete equipment and exquisite skills. A steel-making furnace was also found in Zhu Tie ditch, Gongxian county, which showed that craftsmen in Henan had mastered the steel-making technology in the Western Han Dynasty. More importantly, raw coal and briquette were also found in Tieshenggou, which is the earliest relic of using coal in China and rare in the world history. The development of agriculture and handicrafts has brought prosperity to commerce. In addition to the capital Chang 'an, Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan (now Nanyang) and Chengdu are also famous commercial cities, which were called "five capitals" at that time. With the development of commerce, there have been many wealthy businessmen, such as Nanyang Confucius, "Drum Casting, Renovation of Pit Pond", and wealthy princes; Luoyang's teacher history specializes in transportation and has also made a windfall.
During the Western Han Dynasty, several famous politicians appeared in Henan. Jia Yi, a native of Luoyang, was once a consultant to Wendi and a teacher in Changsha. He put forward the idea of reducing the number of governors and strengthening centralization, and the policy of "forgetting the body, the country, the family, the public, the private, the profit, the harm and the righteousness", which required the rulers to be righteous and in line with the interests and wishes of the people. Chao Cuo, a native of Yingchuan (now Yuxian), further suggested that Jingdi "cut the vassal" to consolidate centralization; The people of Duyang, Nanyang (now Fangcheng, Henan) insisted on abiding by the law and not enforcing the law strictly during their time as doctors of Wendi, corps commanders and Tingwei, making "the law is believed by the people" a much-told story. Sang Hongyang, a well-known financial reformer and Luoyang native, promoted the monopoly of salt, iron and wine during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, set up leveling or even loss-making institutions, adjusted traffic, stabilized prices, and made great efforts to settle accounts and seek marriage, which dealt a blow to wealthy businessmen, increased government revenue and strengthened centralization.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, consort Wang Mang usurped power. In 8 AD, he changed his name to "Xin" and began to rule the whole country, and carried out some reforms under the banner of extension and domineering reform. But the result was a series of social chaos, which led to the outbreak of the Red Eyebrow Uprising in Greenwood. Born in the imperial clan of the Western Han Dynasty, Nanyang gentry Liu Bin and Liu Xiu also took the opportunity to join the uprising. In 23 A.D., the hero of the Greenwood, Wang Won, was buried in Kunyang (now Ye County, Henan Province). Soon, greenwood hero and the Red Eyebrow Army invaded Luoyang and Chang 'an successively and overthrew Wang Mang's rule. Liu Xiu, a powerful landlord in Nanyang, stole the victory of the peasant revolution and rebuilt the Han Dynasty in AD 25, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty in history.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu and Ming Di Liu Zhuang pursued the policy of restoring production and stabilizing social order, which made the social economy bankrupt due to the war recover rapidly, and the production level of agriculture and handicrafts surpassed that of the Western Han Dynasty. During this period, Wang Jing and Wu Wang dredged the Yellow River and its tributaries, which promoted the recovery and development of agriculture in the Central Plains. Chen Dengxiu, the magistrate of Ru 'nan, and Du Guantang, the magistrate of Nanyang, greatly facilitated agricultural irrigation. In handicraft industry, the single-hole laminated casting clay model unearthed in Wenxian County was the earliest and most advanced technology in the world metallurgical history at that time. Du summed up the production experience of iron smelting craftsmen in Nanyang area and made a hydraulic blower, which is a great invention in the history of iron smelting in the world. However, due to the annexation of land by the ruling group with the royal family as the core, farmers were displaced and their lives were still very painful. Some big families control local political and economic power, while local officials exist in name only. For example, Nanyang people's ancestral home is Runan Taishou, and they were entrusted to Fan Pang in this county; Hongnong (now Lingbao, Henan Province) became the prefect of Nanyang and entrusted the government to Li Cen County. At that time, there was a song that said: "The prefect of Runan (Gu) and the founder of Nanyang painted Nuo; At this time, the wind of "talking clearly" to evaluate characters began to form. Some celebrities, who are violent and honest, judge people and manipulate public opinion to a considerable extent. For example, celebrities such as Xu Shao and Xu Jing in Runan like to talk about township people, so they are called Yuedan Comments in Runan. Later, imperial academy became the center of the Qing Dynasty. The leaders of imperial academy are Chen Fan, a Pingyuan man, and Mars, a great man. They hate evil, are upright and upright, suppress evil and promote good, and illegally picket, which is deeply loved by the people. At that time, people praised "Li Yuanli (fake) world model, and Chen Zhongju (model) was not afraid of rape". Mars and Chen Fan severely punished the illegal eunuchs, which caused the envy of eunuchs. Eunuchs urged Emperor Huan to marry Mars and arrested more than 200 party member. This is the famous "disaster of partisan struggle" in history. Because consorts and eunuchs alternated in autocratic power, it led to political darkness, official corruption and people's poverty in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. /kloc-in the spring of 0/84, the Yellow Scarf Army uprising broke out. The Yellow Scarf Army led by Cai Bo in Yingchuan (now Yuxian County, Henan Province) and the Yellow Scarf Army led by Zhang Mancheng became two important forces in the uprising. Although the Yellow Scarf Army uprising was brutally suppressed by the Eastern Han government, it shook and disintegrated the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty and existed in name only.
During the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, due to the rapid development of feudal economy in the Central Plains, science and culture also experienced unprecedented prosperity. During the climax of the Warring States Period, Mo Zhai, the founder of Mohism, Zhuang Zhou, the representative of Taoism, and Han Fei, the master of Legalism, were all from Henan. They either wrote books or gathered people to speak, which injected strong sound into the symphony of "a hundred schools of thought contend". Zhang Heng, a native of Nanyang in Han Dynasty, invented the armillary sphere and the seismograph, which set up a monument in the history of natural science in China. Zhang Zhongjing, a medical scientist, wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which laid the foundation of TCM therapeutics in China and was later called "medical sage". Zhang Cang, a native of Wu Yang (now Yuanyang, Henan Province), served as a counselor and prime minister for a long time during the reign of Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Wendi. He is very proficient in calendar and arithmetic, and has made outstanding contributions to the development of natural science in China. Huan Kuan, a native of Runan in the Western Han Dynasty, wrote On Salt and Iron, which was praised by later generations as "a dialogic historical novel dealing with economic themes". Shuowen Jiezi, written by Xu Shen, a native of Runan, is the first dictionary in China that analyzes radicals, expounds ancient sounds and summarizes semantics. It is a bright pearl in the history of China philology. Cai Yong, a famous scholar of Chen (now Qixian), is proficient in learning, temperament and poetry. There are *** 104 poems handed down from generation to generation. Her daughter, Cai Yan (Wen Xi), is an outstanding poetess in the history of China literature. Her masterpiece is grief and indignation poems.