Function words function words have no practical meaning, generally can't act as sentence components, and can't answer questions alone. (A few adverbs, such as "bu", "may" and "bu", can answer questions independently), and they can only make sentences with notional words to express various grammatical relations. Function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections. Function words in classical Chinese only account for a small part of the whole vocabulary in classical Chinese, but they have great grammatical functions.
1. An: 65438+ (written by predecessors, The Story of Yueyang Tower) 2. Yes. At one time, all the wonderful things were ready for "ventriloquism". Get ready. I have to prepare to do "Stone Gull" in the morning. Be: 1, influence (in the afterlife) 2. The same as "wearing", wearing (full embroidery) 5. Be contemptuous: 1, the border (there are two monks in Shu who are "learning") 2. Mean and short-sighted. (Twilight City Yueyang Tower) 2. Despise (Don't underestimate the "model") 3. Small thickness. As thin as a money lip "trap") 8. Strategy: 1, push. (Ma Shuo before Policy) 2. Whipping and driving away. (The policy is not based on its mode "Ma Shuo") 3. Record. (Biography of "Mulan Poetry" by Ce Xun) 4. Strategy. (idiom "helpless") 9. Length: cháng 1, length. The length of the ship is about eight minutes. The story of the nuclear ship) 2. As opposed to "short". (Beishi bought a whip "Mulan Poetry") 3. Long-term health I hope people live a long life. ) 4. forever. (The deceased has long been known as the "stone gull") 5. ZH ǐ ng, ranked the largest (Mulan has no eldest brother ("Mulan Poetry") 6. ZH ǐ ng, the team leader. (Guangwu, the first official, was named "Chen She Family") 10. He said: 1. He stood up and cooperated (he said he was too angry/couldn't say he had heard it before) 2. He praised (the ancient emperor called it energy) 1 1. Cheng: 65438. Then hegemony can be achieved and the Han Dynasty can flourish) 12. Punishment: 1. Suffering (punishing the northern part of the mountain "Yugong Mountain") 2. Punishment: 13. Pool: 1. Riding a horse (willing to gallop thousands of miles) 2. Drive (catch up) (the public will gallop) to arrive (mute the Zhejiang Pavilion to teach sailors every year) 4. Generate (planned out) 15. Remarks: 1. Decline (I was told to do a lot of things in the army) 2. Language (never slightly degraded) 16. Times: 1. Guangwu always goes to Chen She's house. Stop during a trip or March. (in the middle of the temple next to Wu) 17. Yi: 65438+
2. What are the real words and function words in classical Chinese in senior high school? Cn/wyd 0 15 College Entrance Examination 120 Word Meaning and Text Examples (Pinyin Sorting) May 2008 1 1 Love your son, choose a teacher to teach him (love) 2 Qin loves luxury. Spare) 4 Make the three countries cherish their land (cherish, spare) 5 Give the only love lotus the mud without dyeing (cherish, appreciate) 6 Love the ancient heritage (benefit) 7 Love without seeing, stumble (hide, hide) 1 Take it easy? (Stability) Why put a person in a quiet place.
(Safe) 3 Then rest for one night (Comfortable) 4. It is best to be peaceful and make a good alliance (comfort) 5. Wang Ping camped ten miles from the mountain. The general greeted him, and he wanted to be safe. Adequate food and clothing (health) 8. When he came 1 make-safe. (Wear it on your body or wear it on your body) 4. Be released to praise Zepan (put it on and spread it out) 5. Fall to the ground (quilt) 6. Snow on the mountain covered several states in South Vietnam (65,438+0). I hope Bo won't dare to be virtuous twice (through "return", betrayal and violation) 2. Basic) 3 This is called losing the original heart (original, original) 4 Today, it is impossible to save the original heart, and it is not difficult to record it by hand (version, draft) 5. It's not difficult to divide chapters (courtiers write letters to memorials or emperors write letters) 6 If you stop printing three or two volumes (quantifiers, books of measuring units) 7 This is called losing your original heart (natural kindness) 8 volumes don't fall down (root) 4 Confucius despises his petty (contemptuous) soldiers 1, and gathers in Xianyang (weapons, ordnance) 2 Zhao Yisheng sets troops for Qin, and Qin dare not move (soldiers) Military certificate has 1 disease on the skin. If you don't treat it, you will benefit (disease) II. If you don't serve us, you will be ill for a long time (hardship and fatigue). Not as good as Shun, not as good as Duke Zhou, my illness is also (shortcomings and deficiencies) 4. Fan is in power, the wealth of governors is heavy, and the illness of Zheng people (worry, anxiety) 5. Then there are caves at the foot of the mountain (watch carefully) 2. Look at your opinions, just want to miss the general (consideration) 3. Although you can't see it, you must understand (understand and discover) with emotion. Who can look at it with his own body (look, look at white) 5. When it is bright enough to see the end of autumn (clearly), six people will find that there is no fish (smart) to look at Zhao. Worship) 4 So I went to the imperial court to see Wang Wei (Imperial Court) 5 and gave my heart to him for two generations. I didn't listen to the imperial court (Imperial Court) 7 and sat south to north (right, direction). Cn/wyd 0 16 [and, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what.
1. indicates a coordinate relationship. Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you".
(1) The crab kneels six times and pinches twice, but no one is sent to the cave where the eel is not a snake ("Persuade") (2) Although the steeple pass is firm and severe, one person can't defend it, but ten thousand people can't force it ("It's difficult to get through the Shu Road") (3) Save Zhao in the north, save Qin in the west, and attack the five tyrants ("Xinlingjun steals symbols to save Zhao") (2) It can be translated as "and" or "and".
This gentleman learned to save himself with Japanese ginseng. (Persuade) ② Chu Huaiwang was greedy for Zhang Yi, so he was completely out of order (Biography of Qu Yuan) ③ Looking back at the scenery of the sun, whether it was Xifeng, the sky, crimson or refuting color, it was all rolling (the record of climbing Mount Tai) ④ It was all in the depths of his mind (the record of traveling to the treasure toad mountain) 3. It shows the relationship of inheritance.
It can be translated into "Jiu" and "Then" or not. (1) Therefore, I let you eat the capital in order to win the position of welcoming guests ("Chen Qingbiao") (2), and I drew my sword and broke it.
("The Hongmen Banquet") 3 If you are born without knowing, who can be confused ("Teacher Shuo") 4. Represents a turning point. It can be translated into "but" and "indeed".
(1) green, which is taken from blue, is blue ("Persuade to Learn") (2) There is such a trend, and it was robbed by the power accumulated by the Qin people ("Six Kingdoms") (3) The letter, my brother is strong, and his children are dead ("Chen Qingbiao") (5) represents a hypothetical relationship. It can be translated as "if" and "if".
(1) If you are interested, you can also expect horses. ("Feng Wanzhen") (2) Death is known, and its geometric points ("Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen") (6). Represents a modifier, that is, an adverbial of connection.
There is no translation. After tasting and expecting, you might as well learn from it ("exhortation"), fill it up, leave your armor behind and go ("I am in the country"). King Xiang pressed his sword and said, "Who is the guest?" ("Hongmen Banquet") 7. I'm sorry that I can't enjoy the trip with my husband (to Baochan Mountain). I don't need it to express my evil ability (Battle of Red Cliffs). Is for purpose, ① looking far, but looking auspicious (Epang Palace Fu) ② I am an official, I am a shopkeeper, but I am waiting for the general. Occasionally it is also the subject, translated as "you".
(1) Weng Gui, I will recalculate with you (Promotion of Weaving) (2) Every time I say Yu Yue: "Somewhere, but my mother is here" (Ji Xiang Xuanzhi) (3) After "Ru": Like, like. (1) The army was surprised and bad.
(The Book of Tea) A modal particle just placed at the end of a sentence, which indicates restriction, is equivalent to "just right". (1) Those who shake their heads and stamp their feet in a short time will only get dozens of people (Tiger Hill Story). (2) I have heard that those who specialize in art are just so (Master). (3) I decided to fly, the gun stopped, but it didn't arrive, and it was controlled by the ground (carefree tour).
1) I try my best to die. (2) After March.
And the situation is "how much more", with rhetorical questions.
3. High school students need to master function words and content words. What content words are meaningful words? They can act as sentence components independently and generally can answer questions independently. Each notional word can explain its meaning in detail. Content words in modern Chinese can be divided into six categories: general nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. Some people think that pronouns belong to function words, but most scholars agree that pronouns are real words, because pronouns are difficult to explain independent semantics, but after all, their meanings are clear. Whether in modern Chinese or classical Chinese, notional words occupy an absolute large number, because the basic function of language is to express meaning, and it is difficult to do this without meaningful notional words.
(1) Noun: a word that indicates the name of a person, thing or abstract concept. Such as: books, desks, children, Lei Feng, thinking, politics, etc.
(2) Verb: a word that expresses the action, existence and development trend of people or things. Such as: walking, running, thinking, learning, having, having, having, having, having and so on.
(3) Adjectives: words that express the nature and state of people or things. Adjectives in Chinese can modify nouns and verbs, which is different from English. Such as: old, kind, beautiful, clean, clean and fast.
(4) Numerals: words that represent numbers. Such as: one, ten, eight, and so on.
(5) Quantifier: a word that represents the unit of measurement of people or things and actions. Quantifiers are generally used with numerals to form quantitative phrases. Such as: a, a, a building, a, a trip, etc.
(6) Pronouns: words used to refer to people, things, states and processes. Such as: you, them, this and that.
Function words function words have no practical meaning, generally can't act as sentence components, and can't answer questions alone. (A few adverbs, such as "bu", "may" and "bu", can answer questions independently), and they can only make sentences with notional words to express various grammatical relations.
Function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections.
Function words in classical Chinese only account for a small part of the whole vocabulary in classical Chinese, but they have great grammatical functions. Many sentence patterns in classical Chinese are marked by function words, such as judgment sentences. Who? "Ye" and "Wei" in passive sentences. Institute. "Equivalence is frequently used in classical Chinese, and its interpretation is quite flexible.
The main commonly used function words are: knowledge, strangeness, Yu, Yi, Er, Ze, Nai, Ruo, Er, Zhe, Wei, Ran, Shi, Ben, Si, Bi, He, An, Who, Hu, Di, Although, Although, However, Nature and Ye. Yi, Hu, zai, Yan, ear, etc.
4. Do the function words and parts of speech in classical Chinese in senior high school use their backs flexibly? Classical Chinese occupies half of the Chinese reading part of the college entrance examination, which is equally divided with modern Chinese reading. With the comprehensive promotion and deepening of the second phase of curriculum reform, the investigation of classical Chinese will gradually increase. Classical Chinese reading is more difficult than modern Chinese, and it is also the part where students lose the most points, which is easy for students to widen the gap. Many high school students are confused about reviewing classical Chinese. In this regard, I suggest you be familiar with the test sites. The exam notes clearly state that they can explain common classical Chinese words, identify common classical Chinese sentences and translate classical Chinese sentences in modern Chinese. You can recite a certain number of famous sentences in classical Chinese. "Explaining common classical Chinese words is the classical Chinese words that often appear in our texts. The so-called" explaining common classical Chinese words "mainly refers to real words. At present, there are three versions of H, S and new textbooks in Shanghai, but no matter which version, traditional classic titles are always required, and there are common classical Chinese content words in traditional classic titles. To achieve migration, the so-called interpretation of the content words in classical Chinese in the college entrance examination paper is nothing more than the common content words in classical texts. According to statistics, there are 120 common notional words in classical Chinese: love, security, quilt, times, this, lightness, soldier, illness, inspection, Korea, Zeng, cheng, sincerity, division, words, obedience, danger, death, morality, degree, negation, repetition and cover. If, good, less, involved, win, know, make, is, appropriate, book, which, genus, number, rate, say, private, vegetarian, soup, tears, acts, death, king, hope, evil, micro, informed, phase, thank you, letter, xing, line, auspicious. Flexible and diverse, it is difficult to distinguish and grasp. There are 18 commonly used function words in classical Chinese, which are: knowing, starting, second, then, meaning, nai, Yu, zhe, cause, leaf, Hu, speech, harmony, behavior, if and so on. Identify common classical Chinese sentence patterns, including judgmental sentences and. The probability of being investigated is relatively high. Students can classify the sentences in the text according to the characteristics of various sentence patterns, so as to be familiar with the text (so-called dragnet review) and identify and master common classical Chinese sentences. Translating classical Chinese sentences in Chinese is actually to examine candidates' comprehensive ability to use classical Chinese, including both content words and function words. Not only the flexible use of parts of speech (nouns as verbs, verbs as nouns, adjectives as verbs, adjectives as nouns, causative usage, intentional usage, etc.). ), including the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese, and the ability of candidates to use modern Chinese to organize language. Translation of classical Chinese sentences generally depends on the setting of scores and how many points to give. Generally, one point is 65438+. Then judge which key notional words must be explained and which special grammatical phenomena the sentence contains, which must be reflected through translation. Otherwise, you won't win much. Can recite famous sentences in classical Chinese, usually four out of five sentences, 4 points. Attention should be paid to both in and out of class. Pay attention to the three versions of cross-reciting items in class. The cross-recited topics of the three versions are: Shi Shuo, Drinking, Pipa Journey (the second paragraph), Dream of Mount Tianmu, Ji Xiang Xuan Zhi (the first paragraph) and Six Kingdoms. After class, there are mainly well-known famous sentences. We must pay attention to the phenomenon of multiple words, missing words and changing words.
5. Find 120 notional words and 18 function words in classical Chinese in senior high school. Don't annotate the content words: love, security, quilt, inferiority, lightness, soldier, illness, inspection, Korea, Zeng, multiplication, sincerity, removal, rhetoric, obedience, danger, courtesy, morality, degree, negation, repetition, negation, cover, reason, solidity, consideration and return. Know, make, be right, be appropriate, write, belong to, count, rate, speak, be private, be plain, soup, cry, walk, die, be king, hope, evil, dive, know, be grateful, believe, walk, walk, enjoy, repair, Xu, Xu, Yang, Yao.
Function words: knowledge, qi, two, then, meaning, nai, Yu, zhe, cause, industry, Hu, Yan, harmony, micro, if, qi and element.