On Taoist thought of inaction 1
Abstract:? Doing nothing? It is one of the most basic spirits of Taoism and a spiritual realm. What is the essence of inaction? Do nothing. Do nothing? .
Keywords: Taoism; Do nothing
? Doing nothing? It is one of the most basic spirits of Taoism and a spiritual realm. Taoism is natural? The value orientation is completely consistent. ? Doing nothing? What is the spiritual realm? Taoism is natural? The direct embodiment of value orientation. The essence of inaction is to conform to the changes of nature, so that things can maintain their natural nature and achieve? Do nothing. Do nothing? .
? More and more knowledge is a daily loss to the Tao, and it is also a loss, so that nothing can be done? (Chapter 48 of Laozi), Laozi believes that learning should increase knowledge every day, while physical morality should reduce selfish desires every day, so as to achieve inaction. If you do nothing, you can't do anything.
? People everywhere, the land follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature? (Chapter 25 of Laozi), this is the main problem that Laozi talked about in five thousand words. Everything in the world is created by Tao, so Tao should obey the highest standards according to law? Natural? People should abide by the law, heaven and law. Tao often does nothing and does everything. This? Do nothing. Do nothing? , is it? Natural? Incarnation
Lao Tzu advocates nature in personal cultivation? Doing nothing? . ? Is it because saints are selfless that they come first and then come, and live outside? So it can be private? (Chapter 7 of Laozi) What does Laozi think? Doing nothing? Is selfless, not eager for success, stay out of it, because selfless, in order to achieve their ideal purpose. ? If you were born with nothing, you wouldn't depend on it. If you succeed, you will live in it. If you lived in it, you wouldn't go. (Chapter 2 of Lao Zi)? Doing nothing? That is, after the job is done, you don't own it, you don't rely on yourself, you don't take credit, because if you don't take credit, your credit will not be lost. ? Retire after success, heaven? (Chapter 9 of Laozi),? Doing nothing? Retirement after success is heaven. ? Heaven, don't fight for victory? ("Lao Zi" Chapter 73),? Husband is not noisy, so there is nothing to worry about? (Chapter 8 of Laozi), inaction means no dispute, and no dispute can win without harm. ? Contentment is not shameful, contentment is not dangerous, can it last long? ("Lao Zi" Chapter 44)? So the content is always enough? ("Lao Zi" Chapter 46), inaction? It's contentment, Zhi Zhi, so contentment can last forever. ? Sages are fickle and take people's hearts as their heart? ("Lao Zi" Chapter 49), inaction? That is, there is no self-interest and people's hearts are at heart.
What does Lao Tzu use in governing the country and keeping the country safe? Doing nothing? Thought to interpret his political philosophy. ? People's hunger, plus its food tax, is hunger. The people are difficult to treat because their political achievements are difficult to treat. Do people die lightly because they live on it, or die lightly? (Chapter 75 of Laozi) Laozi said that in order to satisfy selfish desires, the rulers have done acts that harm the people and violate the heavens, resulting in people's hardship and the country's intractable treatment. ? The world's artifacts can't be done, and the loser will fail. (Chapter 29 of Laozi), does it mean that the ruler adopted it? Have a future? Principle to rule the world, so it will only fail. ? Doing nothing? It refers to the principle of getting rid of selfish desires, following the will of the people and following the principles of justice. ? Tao is often nameless and simple. Small as it is, nothing is impossible in the world. If the princes can keep it, everything will be self-contained. (Chapter 32 of Laozi) If the people who govern the world can abide by the inaction of heaven, everything will be self-contained and self-educated. ? I do nothing and the people are self-motivated, I am quiet and the people are self-righteous, I do nothing and the people are rich, I have no desire and the people are simple? ("Lao Zi" Chapter 57), inaction? Is quiet, nothing, no desire, people will be hue, pure, rich, pure. ? Often take the world with nothing, and having it is not enough to take the world? ("Lao Zi" Chapter 48)? Doing nothing? That is, there is nothing. If you don't create something, it will go against people's hearts and heaven, and you can't take the world. ? Is it because saints do nothing that they are not defeated, stubborn and lost? To help the nature of everything and not dare to do it? ("Lao Zi" Chapter 64), inaction? Is to obey and assist the development of nature, and dare not interfere.
Lao tze? Tao? What is the difference? Heaven? And then what? The human way? , which includes the comparison of natural laws and human laws. Lao Tzu said:? Heaven, the damage is more than enough, but the strength is insufficient. People's way, otherwise, the damage is not enough to convince the public. Who can serve the world, only the Tao. ? So, Lao Tzu advocates? The human way? Should follow suit? Heaven? , return? Do not dispute? Not talking? ,? Selfless? Doing nothing? The natural properties of.
Zhuangzi inherited Laozi's thought, and thought that Tao has? Heaven? With what? Humane? Did he clearly point out: What is Tao? There is heaven and human nature. Those who do nothing and respect, heaven also; It is human nature to be tired of doing one thing. ? Here? Doing nothing? It also means nature, and? Have a future? It means artificial. Zhuangzi often uses fables and metaphors to illustrate nature and man-made. In his view, cattle and horses have four feet, which is called nature; And putting the rope on the horse's head and tying it to the cow's nose is called artificial. So he said:? No one can destroy the sky, no life can be destroyed by reason and no name can be sacrificed. Is it true that you can keep it? ("Zhuangzi? Autumn water), that is to say, don't destroy nature by man, don't destroy life by man, and don't die in the name of infinite gain. Being so careful not to make mistakes is called returning to nature. Zhuangzi? There is a fable in "The Emperor": According to legend, the emperor is called Pei, the emperor in Beihai is called Hu, and the emperor in the center is called Chaos. Kan and Hu often meet in the land of chaos, and chaos receives them very kindly. Kan and Hu, in order to repay Hundun's kindness, saw that he didn't have seven tricks, so he chiseled seven tricks for him. So, they dig a hole every day. After seven days, there were seven cuts, and it was a mess. Fables emphasize the natural inaction of heaven and oppose the imposition of human will on everything in the world through harmony and sudden kindness.
In Zhuangzi's view, people and everything in the world have their natural nature. However, people often go against their natural nature, insist on affectation, show off their cleverness, persist in red tape and pursue impetuous vanity, which not only makes things lose their authenticity, but also completely loses people's inherent natural nature. In this regard, Zhuangzi? Horseshoe is the most detailed article. The article "horseshoe" comes straight to the point, starting from the natural nature of horses. Horseshoe can step on frost and snow, hair can keep out the cold, eat grass and drink water, and jump on tiptoe. This is the truth of horses. There was a Bole who threatened: I am good at managing horses. ? So they branded the horses, combed their manes, cut their hooves, wrapped their heads, tied them together with ropes and braided them with fences. In this way, the horse died 23 times. Coupled with the hunger for it, it was quickly driven away and endlessly treated. In front of it, there are yokes, chews and reins to contain it, and behind it, there are threats from whips. After this rectification, more than half of the horses died. Bole takes care of horses, potters take care of soil and carpenters take care of wood. They manage different things, but the results of their manual labor with wisdom and skills are the same, which makes the things they manage lose their natural nature. In Zhuangzi's view, saints, bole and craftsmen all have different wisdom and talents, and it is these wisdom and talents that cause the loss of natural nature of people and things. Therefore, Zhuangzi believes that the sin of artisans lies in that they destroy the simple nature of things with clever craftsmanship and turn things into utensils; Bole's sin is that he obliterated the authenticity of the horse with his skillful equestrian. The sin of a saint is that he destroys human nature. It can be realized that Taoism has always advocated? Abandon wisdom? Kindness.
Zhuangzi? The fable in the Lord of Health Preservation? Do you know how to solve cows? In the kitchen, Liang is the chef who slaughters cattle. His hands are full of knives and strokes, just like dancing to the beat of music, comfortable and clean. Liang praised him again and again, wondering why his skill was so superb. The chef told a long story. There are only eight words to know the secret of cattle. According to heaven? ,? Because it is? That is, follow the inherent laws of things. Visible, Taoism? Doing nothing? The essence of thought lies in: opposing willfulness that violates human nature and natural laws. Its purpose is to eliminate the opposition between man and nature and realize the harmonious unity between man and nature.
We can see that Taoism advocates inaction and has been trying to eliminate two kinds of opposites in real life: one is the opposition between the laws that violate human nature in real society, and the other is the opposition between arrogant people who rely on limited knowledge and the nature that is at ease and inaction. Zhuangzi advocated? Don't donate to the Tao with your heart, don't help heaven with people? ("Zhuangzi? Master) means don't use your mind to go against the way of nature, and don't use artificial things to help or even destroy nature. But in the real society, people often think they are the masters of the world with a little limited one-sided knowledge and modern technology that they can hardly control. In order to pursue their own development and meet the growing demand for fame and fortune, people plunder nature unscrupulously and arrogantly threaten to conquer nature, thus destroying the ecological balance of nature, causing serious environmental pollution and even directly threatening human survival. This is the inevitable result of violating the way of nature and not acting according to the laws of nature. What's the difference between it and Taoism? Natural inaction? Just the opposite idea.
References:
Chen Guying. Comments on Laozi by Zhonghua Book Company, 1984 edition.
[2] Chen Guying. Notes and Translation of Zhuangzi, Zhonghua Book Company, 1984.
Taoist thought of inaction paper 2: "On Laozi? Doing nothing? Thought "
Abstract? Times are changing, don't you think? ,? Doing nothing? As the core content of Laozi's thought, it is created by special historical circumstances and personal life experiences. ? Doing nothing? It doesn't seem feasible in itself, but when will it be upgraded? All in vain? When the kingdom. Doing nothing? But it plays an immeasurable practical significance everywhere all the time.
Keywords Laozi; Inaction; Do everything.
? Doing nothing? I made Laozi and supported Taoism. ? If you do nothing, will you die? 、? Knowing Starr, can you do nothing? 、? Tao often does nothing but do everything. 、? Does virtue think by doing nothing, and does virtue think by doing nothing? .
First,? Times are changing, don't you think?
? Doing nothing? Thought originated from a special historical background. Times make heroes? Times can also create great ideas. Laozi lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period, this period? Well site system? The public land system gradually disintegrated, followed by private land with private nature, which broke the original economic order. This is the economic basis of Laozi's thought.
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was no real business, and land became the only guarantee for production and life. So what? Private sphere? What do you mean by distribution? Just to compete for land and launch frequent wars endlessly, what can this do? Doing nothing? The social basis of thought.
This is the era of slave owners, and class nature allows rulers to plunder the people's fat paste to satisfy their luxurious life and make the people miserable. What is this? Doing nothing? The political environment in which ideas arise.
In addition, personal life experience also plays an important role in the formation of his thoughts. On the one hand, Lao Tzu lives at the bottom of society and is the most severely squeezed. ? Do not resist, do not expect, accept? His bad habits have been exposed most directly, and his life situation has contributed to his thoughts; On the other hand, Laozi's rich knowledge reserve and extraordinary life experience also gave birth to his thoughts.
Second,? Doing nothing? Explore the feasibility of ideas
? Doing nothing? :? Nothing? Negative adverbs, no, no; ? For what? Verb, do, do, the interpretation of the two words after the merger is objectively static and motionless, let it develop freely. This is our understanding, but what about Laozi? Doing nothing? What is it like? Is it feasible?
From a sociological point of view, it is not feasible. ? People are people in society, and society is made up of people? As a social animal, many needs in life can be realized through exchange, which is the embodiment of social efficiency. It is impossible and unnecessary for us to demand self-sufficiency. In this way, we will naturally deal with other people, things and things, which is what we now think of as communication, that is? For what? . So what? Doing nothing? As an ideal, it is not feasible.
From the anthropological point of view, this is also without any argument basis. ? Existence is reasonable? The existence of mankind has its inevitability and rationality. Since birth, he has played a certain role in society and assumed the responsibility of people living in this world, namely? For what? . From this perspective, it is not difficult for us to understand its infeasibility.
Since? Doing nothing? It's not feasible. What about Lao Tzu? Doing nothing? How to define it? Read through the original text to find a good example, Lao Tzu's? Doing nothing? What is it? All in vain? 、? Have a future? Meaning of.
? Doing nothing? Is the core idea of Laozi, but it has nothing to do with it? All in vain? There is dialectical relationship. On the one hand, doing nothing? For what? All in vain? Provides a good spiritual foundation. ? Doing nothing? Not doing nothing, but maintaining a? No desire? 、? Nothing? 、? Do not dispute? Peace of mind? Without Shang Xian, the people will not dispute; Expensive and rare goods, so that people do not steal; If you can't see what you want, you won't be chaotic. ? ,? It often makes people ignorant and have no desire, so that the virtuous dare not do it. If you do nothing, will you die? Only by maintaining this mentality can we live a happy life subjectively and objectively? No death? Subjective appeal can be described as killing two birds with one stone; On the other hand, Lao Tzu is in his traditional age? All in vain? When it is set as the ultimate goal, it is inevitable to put? Doing nothing? As a prerequisite and a restrictive condition.
? Doing nothing? Understand as? All in vain? Can be interpreted from three aspects, they are? Doing nothing? The original intention, process and effect of thought.
From where? Doing nothing? Judging from the process of thought generation, I still can't get rid of it. Have a future? The bondage of. It was first put forward in the second chapter of Laozi? Doing nothing? . ? Doing nothing? Namely. Doing nothing? ,? Teach without words, do everything without hesitation, live without doing, do without relying, and live a good life after success? . This is Lao Tzu, right? Doing nothing? Preliminary explanation. ? Do you want to stay where you are? : only, only, as long as; Fu, a negative adverb, means no; Life, possession and control; Yes, pronoun, this,? Have a future? Pronouns of; So, therefore; No, negative adverbs; Let's go. Leave. The whole sentence can be understood as: just don't possess, don't hold, don't take credit, this? For what? It will last forever. With what? Doing nothing? At first, but with? Have a future? Conclusion: Never do anything, never do anything.
From where? Doing nothing? Judging from the effect of thought, Lao Tzu's thought didn't play much role at that time, but it played a positive role in later generations. Emperor gaozu was well aware of the people's fear of being displaced and their yearning for a stable life, so a vast China appeared in history? Doing nothing? The first real practice of thought. Since then, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty and later emperors of the Tang and Qing Dynasties have made a good interpretation of this idea.
Third,? Doing nothing? Modern Interpretation and Application of Thinking
Pay attention to our country. Is it not hard to see? Doing nothing? The thought promotes the national plan, especially in the policy and education of benefiting the people.
In the policy of benefiting the people, the reform and opening up in the late 1970s and early 1980s opened the door, and the reform of state-owned enterprises in the 1990s opened the chain of free development of enterprises. The reform of taxes and fees, direct subsidies to farmers, the minimum living guarantee for urban residents and the implementation of employment policies are also aimed at ensuring people's basic livelihood. Many people will think that this kind of intervention is a violation? Doing nothing? The spirit of non-interference, non-participation, non-possession and non-control. Is this right? Doing nothing? Misinterpretation, really? Doing nothing? Do not deny intervention, but emphasize that such intervention should conform to public opinion and protect people's livelihood. ? Do nothing while doing sth? Is it? For what? The highest realm.
The same is true of education, which is aimed at people. A good way of education is to respect the psychological demands of the educated, rather than blindly processing so-called talents with a fixed model. As described in a novel called Oliver Twist, what is the importance of children's growth? Let nature take its course. Is this what Lao Tzu wants? Doing nothing? . Modern society pays more and more attention to the cultivation of personality. From specific families to national policies and regulations, they are planning a more humane and demand-oriented future for children's education, and they are all following the trend? Natural? Nature did it. This is the proof of Laozi's thought in the field of education.
Life is full of Laozi, and life will always be Laozi. What is life about? Doing nothing? The psychological state of line? All in vain? Things? Those who have won in the past: the sky is high and the clouds are light, the ground is flat, the gods are full, and everything is spiritual. Does the Marquis think that the world is virtuous? .
refer to
[1] Historical progress. Lao tze? Doing nothing? A new exploration of the spirit. Journal of Anhui University [J]. 1997( 1)
[2] Chen Daixiang. Lao tze? Doing nothing? Another interpretation of thought. Journal of Xiangtan University [J] 1996( 1)
Taoism's inaction thought paper 3: "Try to talk about Taoism? Doing nothing? Thought "
Summary? Doing nothing? Thought is one of the most important categories in the whole Taoist academic system. Taking this as a starting point, Taoism constructed its own theoretical construction of outlook on life and social form, which had a far-reaching impact on that time and later generations.
Keywords inaction; Taoism; Laozi
As one of the most important schools of thought in ancient China, Taoism plays an important role in the overall construction of China traditional culture and its influence on later generations. Around? Tao? 、? Natural? 、? Doing nothing? These core categories of Taoist thoughts, such as Taoism, have exerted great influence on the cultural and social process of China and even the world through the continuous interpretation of their own theoretical systems in different historical periods. Among the many ideas and viewpoints contained in Taoism, inaction? It is also one of the most basic and important categories in its whole theoretical system. This article attempts to convey? Doing nothing? The analysis of its own significance and the elaboration of its outlook on life, social form and contemporary influence are of great significance to Taoism. Doing nothing? Give a brief explanation of the idea.
First,? Doing nothing? The specific meaning of
As one of the most important categories in Taoist thought, inaction? The concept of "* *" has been mentioned many times in related Taoist original works, among which "* * *" is mentioned at 12 in Laozi? Doing nothing? , as if in the third chapter? It is the rule of saints: hollowing out their hearts, strengthening their bellies, weakening their aspirations and strengthening their bones. It often makes people ignorant and have no desire, so that the virtuous dare not do it. If you do nothing, you will die. ? As you can see, this is a sentence. Doing nothing? Can the way and function of elaboration be followed reasonably and properly? Doing nothing? This specific law will reach the ideal state of the world, since it is in Taoist thought? Doing nothing? It plays such an important role, so what is its specific meaning?
Literally? Doing nothing? Right? For what? Negative, the superficial meaning it conveys seems to be aimed at asking people not to do something and nothing, but this is not the case. ? Doing nothing? It's not true? Doing nothing? Instead, it tells people to follow the laws of nature and the development of things more, respect the essence of things, and don't put personal will above the laws of nature, which leads to violation of the original will.
So you can see? Doing nothing? In fact, thinking mainly includes following the laws of nature and respecting the code of conduct, that is, advocating heaven and humanity. For advocating heaven, I already have it? Taoism is natural? ,? Everything in the world is born, but nothing is born. Do it without relying, grow without killing? Narrator, etc. It is important to ask people to respect the laws of nature and maintain the harmonious state between man and nature. And in advocating human nature, Taoism also put forward? Assist the nature of all things, but dare not violate it? This paper discusses that the interaction between people should also follow the code of conduct, such as heaven and nature. Only by following this principle and simplifying the complicated social system can we keep the folk customs simple and achieve the goal of maintaining social balance.
Second,? Doing nothing? Advocate outlook on life
Discuss? Doing nothing? The advocated outlook on life is actually to study the influence and significance of this thought on personal life in society. Chapter 25 of Laozi says:? Birds of a feather flock together and are born naturally. Lonely and restless, independent and unchanging, walking around without danger, can be the mother of the world. I don't know its name, but the word Dao is better than the name. Death is great, death is far away, and distance is relative. The old road is big, big, big, and the king is big. There are four in the domain, and Wang Juyi is one of them. Man's law is based on the earth, the earth is based on the sky, the sky is based on the Tao, and the Tao is natural. ? Lao Tzu thinks? People manage the land, and the land manages the sky? Human nature should be integrated with heaven. Since heaven is natural and does nothing, then human nature should also follow the original laws and development trends of things and avoid human interference and obstruction, so as to achieve human nature? Doing nothing? . This view undoubtedly has a far-reaching impact on people's attitude towards life, because? Doing nothing? Should conform to nature, so more metaphors show that people should conform to nature and be happy.
? Doing nothing? What is the advocated outlook on life? Are you soft and weak? One of them is. In ordinary people's way of thinking, when the strong and the weak collide, the former often wins the latter, while Taoist thought is just the opposite. Lao Tzu Chapter seventy-eight includes:? The water in the world is not weak, and it is not easy for the strong to win. The weak is better than the strong, and the soft is better than the strong. The world knows everything, can't say anything? Sum it up? Weak is better than strong? . In Laozi's view, weakness is the principle that best matches with heaven, and it is also the most favorable position that people can be in when doing things. Weaknesses are not only reflected in body and energy, but also applied to thinking and action. It is precisely because of the infinite vitality contained in weakness that people have more flexibility and flexibility in the process of thinking, and get rid of the dilemma of rigid thinking and brain bondage, thus achieving a more stable situation.
Third,? Doing nothing? Advocated social form
? Doing nothing? The most typical representative of the influence on social formation was advocated by Laozi? Small country and few people? An ideal kingdom. The related content of this social form is described in Chapter 80 of Laozi. A small country with few people. Use everything, let the people die again, and don't go far away. Although there is a boat, nothing is taken; Although there are soldiers, there is nothing to say; Let people use it again. Be willing to eat, wear, live and enjoy. When neighboring countries confront each other, the voices of chickens and dogs are endless, and the people die of old age. ?
As you can see, I did this for myself? Small country and few people? The ideal kingdom is described in detail. In this social form, people live and work in peace and contentment, with simple folk customs, and social development also conforms to the ideal of natural inaction. However, the idea of this model has been accompanied by a lot of controversy.
There is no denying that Taoism is like this? Small country and few people? Although the ideal social form has its unique value appeal, it is a closed, unrealistic utopian kingdom that combines reality. The foundation of establishing this ideal society is low productivity, poor material conditions and simple lifestyle. The extreme lack of material conditions will inevitably lead to the unbalanced flow and distribution of resources, resulting in a series of social phenomena such as plunder and hierarchical differentiation. From a realistic point of view, this social form has congenital defects. But that doesn't mean. Small country and few people? The form of social state has no guiding significance to the formation and evolution of our society. At the level of value orientation, it still puts forward an ideal social goal and leads people's value orientation. From this perspective, the emergence of this social form still has an important impact on the construction of our previous social form.
Fourth,? Doing nothing? The influence of thought on contemporary times
? Doing nothing? Although thought appeared in ancient books for people to learn more than two thousand years ago, its influence and connotation will still have a lot of positive significance to our present society today.
In the development of human history, especially in the past 200 years, with the completion of a series of far-reaching events affecting human survival, such as industrial revolution, electrical revolution and information revolution, our civilization has surpassed any same cycle in history. Today, we are surrounded by great material civilization. While life has become fast and efficient, there have also been some unexpected problems.
In the rapidly developing modern world, our material civilization has become highly developed as never before. But behind this crazy development, it is largely at the expense of violating the laws of nature. As the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature is gradually broken, the punishment and potential danger brought by nature are increasing day by day.
How to solve this contradiction that deviates from the objective development law of things. Like Taoism? Doing nothing? As thought emphasizes, if we can do it? Do not dispute? 、? Doing nothing? Being content with being humble like water can make Lao Tzu? Do nothing. Do nothing? Effect. What if? Are you soft and weak? 、? Modesty? Our thoughts can be deeply rooted in everyone's thoughts, so the sharp contradictions between people and between people and nature in modern society can be effectively alleviated, thus achieving the goal of maintaining social stability and harmonious development. So? Doing nothing? It has positive and far-reaching practical significance for the current social development.
refer to
[1] Zhao's theory of value of Chinese traditional philosophy [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2009.
[2] Chen Guying. Laozi's annotation and translation [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 2003.
[3] Fan Ceng. Understanding of Laozi and Zhuangzi [M]. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 2005.
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