First, in the14th century, Zhang Sanfeng, a Taoist priest of Wudang Mountain, traveled around in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.
Zhang Sanfeng, a native of Yizhou (now Zhijiang County, Hunan Province), was born in Ajunbao. He was a Taoist leader in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. He traveled all over the country and built a house in Taihe Mountain (Wudang Mountain) in Hubei Province. According to Ming History and Records of Taihe Mountain, there is no mention of Zhang Sanfeng's boxing. Even the manuscript of Sanfeng Quanshu compiled by Taoist priests living in Shaanxi in 1723 and the Sanfeng Quanshu edited and published by Li, a native of Changyi in 1844 claimed to have seen Zhang Sanfeng in14th century, but they never fabricated that Zhang Sanfeng could fight boxing or create Tai Ji Chuan. The fact that Zhang Sanfeng founded Tai Ji Chuan Society appeared at the end of1the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century when Tai Ji Chuan enjoyed a high reputation in Beijing can be confirmed. So it is not true that Tai Ji Chuan was founded by Zhang Sanfeng. But why did Zhang Sanfeng become famous in China in the early Ming Dynasty? If we study the deeds of Zhang Sanfeng in Biography, Biography of Zheng He, Biography of Yao and Biography of Ming Dynasty, and refer to relevant historical materials, we can clearly see that Zhang Sanfeng, a mythical figure that people talked about at that time, was originally a by-product of the Ming Dynasty's struggle for the throne after death.
The historical truth is that after the death of Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yunwen, the grandson of the emperor, inherited the throne and changed it to Yuan. However, Judy, the younger brother of the Crown Prince, killed Nanjing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, from Yanjing (Beijing) in the name of "Jingnan" in the fourth year of Wen Jian, seized the throne and renamed it Yuan Yongle. Because it is said that Emperor Wenjian did not die in battle, Emperor Yongle was not at ease, so he sent his close friend Hu Ying and his attendant Zhu Xiang, who knew the face of Emperor Wen Jian, to visit all the states, counties, townships and cities by land in the name of Zhang Sanfeng (unkempt appearance) and visited the whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian for four years. In the second year of Yongle, it was widely rumored that Wen Jian fled overseas, and Ming Chengzu sent Zheng He (known as the eunuch of Sanbao) and others to sail across the ocean, and the whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian were unknown. In the seventeenth year of Yongle, Hu Ying was sent to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi, and he investigated the whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian for four years. After a secret visit in 2 1 year, Wen Jian's whereabouts at home and abroad before and after Ming Chengzu, he put down his worries. However, the news that the emperor sent Hu Shangshu () to visit Zhang slovenly Taoist priest spread all over the people. In order to cover up the truth of disturbing the people and deceive the people, Emperor Yongle ordered Guo Lian, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, and others to lead 300,000 Dingfu people to carry out large-scale construction projects in Wudang Mountain, costing millions of dollars. Since then, Zhang Sanfeng of Wudang Mountain has become a fashionable figure in people's legends. Five hundred years later, he was attached as the founder of Tai Ji Chuan by feudal literati.
Zhang Sanfeng's theory of compiling Tai Ji Chuan was first found in 192 1 Beijing edition of Xu Yusheng's book "The Situation of Tai Ji Chuan". Xu Yusheng advocates martial arts and spares no effort. I also practiced Yang's moves and Chen's Tai Ji Chuan, but I forgot to recite the certificate. There is a note at the end of the Classic of Taiji recorded in the book: "This was written by Wang Junzong, a disciple of Mr. Sanfeng." Gai assumed that Zhang Sanfeng founded Taiji Biography, and re-speculated that Wang Zongyue was a disciple of Zhang Sanfeng in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. Since Zhang Sanfeng was attached to the Continued Book, every other book of Taiji Biography has been cited and attached with benefits. Zhang Sanfeng was a native of the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, and Wang Zongyue was a native of the early Qing Dynasty, with a difference of 400 years. This statement is obviously implicated and is not worth refuting.
Second, the 12th century Song Huizong era (11-11126) Wudang Stan Zhang Sanfeng.
In the eighth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (AD 1669), Huang Lizhou wrote "Epitaph of Wang Zhengnan": "Shaolin is famous for its bravery in boxing, but it mainly fights with others, and people can also take advantage of it; If something happens at home, use static braking, and if you commit a crime, be a servant. So, don't take the forest outside as your home, and build it on Zhang Sanfeng in the Song Dynasty. These three peaks belong to Wudang Stan, who was called by Hui Zong, so they are not allowed to enter. At night, I dreamed that Yuan Di taught them boxing. They shined brilliantly and killed more than 100 thieves with Dante. " Li Zhou's inscription is based on Wang Zhengnan's words and deeds, but it doesn't make a textual research on the absurdity of Zhang Sanfeng's martial arts in the Song Dynasty and "Yuan Di gave boxing at night". In the 15th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, Baijiali wrote "Boxing within the Family" for his teacher Wang Zhengnan, while Zhang Sanfeng said: "At least from the outside, his skills are excellent; Since Zhang Sanfeng is good at Shaolin, he is a famous family. " The Annals of Ningbo adopted Huang's theory. In the Republic of China, the history of Zhang Sanfeng or Zhang Sanfeng Boxing was even more controversial. However, because Zhang Sanfeng, a Taoist priest in the Song Dynasty, has been painted as the ancestor of Neijia Boxing, and Huang and his son clearly stated that Zhang Sanfeng created it as Neijia Boxing, so some Tai Ji Chuan books abandoned the theory that Zhang Sanfeng created Tai Ji Chuan in the Song Dynasty and created man for Tai Ji Chuan at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty.
Xu Xuanping of the Tang Dynasty in the 3rd and 8th centuries.
Some people think that Tai Ji Chuan was created by Xu Xuanping in the Tang Dynasty, and his works include Eight-character Song, Theory of Heart Meeting, Theory of Whole Body's Great Use, Theory of Sixteen Points, Function Song and so on. Judging from the style of these articles, it is certain that they are by no means literary characters of the Tang Dynasty. Referring to Xu Xuanping's deeds in the Chronicle of Tang Poems by Song people, it is only recorded that Xu Xuanping "went through the valley without eating, galloped, and sold the city for every loss of salary in Tang Dynasty." The great poet Li Bai once visited the Wang Xian Bridge and wrote poems. Therefore, this kind of pretence that the older the grandfathers are, the better, is precisely the mystery created by feudal literati in the late Qing Dynasty.
Fourthly, during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, Wang Zongyue lived, describing Wang Zong, a famous boxer in Guanzhong.
Wang Zong is a descendant of the family boxing in the early Ming Dynasty, but he is from Guanzhong (Shaanxi). And Wang Zongyue is from Shanxi. Obviously, Zhang Guan Dai Li tried to prove that Tai Ji Chuan was a kind of family boxing, and he began to learn Tai Ji Chuan in the early Ming Dynasty. Others think that The Biography of Chen Taiji came from Jiang Fa, while Chiang Kai-shek came from Wang Zongyue.
This theory originated from the Introduction to Taiji written by Li Yishe (1832- 1892) in Yongnian, Hebei Province: "I don't know who started the introduction of Taiji, but it is exquisite and ingenious, and Wang Zongyue has exhausted his iconology." Later, it spread to Chen's surname in Chenjiagou, Henan. Smart doesn't count. "This paper examines the life of Wang Zongyue (see the anonymous preface to The Gun Spectrum of Wang Zongyue). 179 1 year in Luoyang, 1795 in Kaifeng, set up a library to teach. This period was the heyday of Taiji Chuan family before Chen Changxing (177 1- 1853) in Chenjiagou, Wenxian County. Wenxian County is separated from Luoyang and Kaifeng only by a river, which is enough to infer that Wang Zongyue's Taiji Zhuan was written by Chen. It's Chen's good friend Wu Juhe's people. It happened that troops were sent in front of Shaolin Temple in Songshan Mountain, Dengfeng County to resist the Ming Dynasty's forced collection of grain and taxes (see Jing Richang's biography of Shuo Song He and the biography of Southern Xinjiang, Volume II, Biography of Chen Qianfu). After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, he defected to Chen as a servant on the pretext of being killed. There is a portrait of Chen in the Chenjiaci Hall, and the man standing next to him with a broadsword is (see Chen's Biography of Chen Shi). Jiang Fa was in Wang Zongyue a hundred years ago, and the so-called biography of Jiang Fazhi by Wang Zongyue was obviously untrue.
There is a biography of Wang Laixian (Southern Expedition) in the Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty, which mistakenly regards Wang Zong in Guanzhong as Wang Zongyue on the right side of the mountain, while Wang Zong in Guanzhong is from Shaanxi and Wang Zongyue on the right side of the mountain is from Shanxi. The author of this biography is obviously taken from Mr. Xu Yusheng's Illustration of Taiji Biography and Mr. Chen Weiming's Taiji Biography (edited by Qing History Museum). In these two books, Wang Zongyue was mistaken for Wang Zong, a member of the Boxer Rebellion in Ming Dynasty. Most of the adherents of the Qing dynasty knew nothing about the textual research of the Ganjia school (the fine school that paid attention to ancient textual research during the reign of Qianlong Jiaqing), so there was this mistake. Therefore, some people later thought that Taiji Biography was founded in Ming Dynasty on the basis of "Biography of Wang Laixian" in the Draft of Qing History.
Fifth, Gan Fengchi, a native of Nanjing, was trapped by the Governor of Zhejiang Province in the seventh year of Yongzheng in the early Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1709) and was regarded as the boxer in China and the handed down family of Southern Taiji.
According to the research of Tang Hao, a martial arts scholar, as early as 1930s, Chen, a military commander in wen county, Henan Province, founded Tai Ji Chuan. The argument is:
1, Qi Jiguang's "Thirty-two Potential of Boxing Classics" absorbed sixteen kinds of folk boxing, but it never spread to Tai Ji Chuan.
2. Wenxian Chen made up five paths of Taiji Chuan, and took twenty-nine of the thirty-two paths of Qi Quan Jing with a long fist with the potential of 108 and a cannon hammer all the way.
3. The Thirty-two Potentials of Boxing Classics begins with two potentials of "lazy rubbing" and "single whip". Tai Chi spread five ways, and the seven sets of long fists and artillery hammers were also these two trends.
4. There is a footnote beside the name of Chen, the ninth ancestor of Chen Jiapu in Chenjiagou, wen county: "Wang Ting, also known as Zou Ting, was born in Wu Yao in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. Wushu is a famous athlete in Shandong. Sweep away thousands of bandits. Chen Yihetuan, the founder of the sword and gun. A born hero has a big sword to test. " (See Chen Family Tree, page 12. The original family tree is in Beijing. )
5. Chen's Boxing Score absorbed the essence of Qi's Boxing Score. Qi's boxing classics include: how to take advantage of my unprepared, how to fall from the top, how to ride a dragon upside down, how to cut with a whip, how to force me to lift the cage step by step, and how to combine attack and retreat. Chen Quan Jing's general songs are: "If you are surprised, you will know who is clever", "If you pretend to lose and cheat, you will know who is defeated", "It is even weirder to cut straight", "You must remember in the cage" and "If you advance, you can attack and retreat without delay". After comparison, it is not difficult to see that Chen absorbed the essence of predecessors' summary in boxing theory. However, Chen made a series of creative performances on the basis of mastery through a comprehensive study.
6. Chen's Song of Boxing begins with two sentences: "I don't know the melody, it depends on pestering me." This is the technical feature of Taiji Chuan tuishou. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, such martial arts works as Yu, Qi Jiguang, Cheng Zhongdou did not have this feature.
7. Chen Jiagou Chen handed down the gloves and clippers created by Chen from generation to generation. After the Five Dynasties, it was introduced to Chen Changxing (1771-kloc-0/853) and taught by Yang Luchan, a native of Yongnian, Hebei (1799- 1872), which evolved into Yang style and later evolved into Wu style. Yongnian Wu Yuxiang (18 12- 1880) got Chen's old stall in Yang Luchan, and the story of Chen's stall in Chen Qingping evolved into Wu style, which was later derived into Sun style. This is a famous five-style traditional Tai Ji Chuan routine. Yang, Wu, Wu and Sun all originated directly or indirectly from Tai Ji Chuan, the first road of Chen. They come down in one continuous line with a long history.
8. Qi Jiguang was born in 1528 and died in 1587. Tai Ji Chuan can only be a new kind of boxing based on the 32 potential of Qi Quan Jing.
At that time, Tang Hao concluded that Taiji Chuan was founded in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties by Chen in Chenjiagou, wen county, Henan.
By the 1960s, due to the continuous discovery of historical materials, the correct time for Chen to create Taiji Zhuan should be 1644, about 20 years after the demise of the Ming Dynasty, that is, the early 1960s and the Qing Dynasty. The argument is that according to records in Wenxian County Records, Huaiqing Prefecture Records and Pingan County Records, in the first three years of the Ming Dynasty (164 1), Chen was a military commander with a small official position, who led Zhai soldiers to repel the siege together with county magistrate Wu Conghui. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, Chen lived in seclusion and was influenced by Taoism ideologically. His last words were: "Alas, he persevered, swept the atmosphere and stumbled several times!" " Blessed in vain, I am still breathing when I am old. In the end, there was only a roll of Huang Ting as a companion, who used to punch in his spare time, plow in his busy time, and teach some disciples' children and grandchildren in his spare time to make Jackie Chan a tiger. If you owe official grain early, you should pay off your private debt, but don't flatter with arrogance and flattery, be patient first. People treat me like a fool, they treat me like an asshole, and they often wash their ears without playing the crown. Laugh and kill princes, be conscientious, be inferior to Shu Tai in heart, and never be greedy for fame and fortune. Understand the organs, know each other, like fishing, travel around, do nothing, and waste. If you get a healthy world, calm as usual, no regrets, it doesn't matter if his world is cold, success has nothing to do, and failure has nothing to do. Who is the immortal? I am a fairy! "
According to the above historical data, Chen was in his prime in the first three years of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1644). After the death of Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty, Wang Ting lived in seclusion and was influenced by Taoism ideologically. He can train himself to "make boxing" and "teach some children and grandchildren" in his spare time, so it can be concluded that the fabrication of Taiji Zhuan was in the early Qing Dynasty in the1660s.