The so-called imperial edicts are "imperial edicts" and "imperial edicts" used by feudal emperors when conferring or conferring officials. For thousands of years, the official documents of the feudal dynasty have always used the language of "system, governance, patent, patent", and this is still the case in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. "Imperial edict" and "Imperial edict" are two downward official documents.
Patent documents are ancient official documents, so the writing format is different from modern ones. It uses vertical traditional Chinese characters as the title, and the text part "Feng Tian Yun" uses the top case to write "Tian". The emperor thinks he is the son of heaven and respects God's will. "Heaven" is supreme. The emperor is lower than heaven, but he surpasses any other line (official line). In the text of the imperial edict and the imperial edict, generally, the emperor's will is briefly described first, and the people who have been awarded the imperial edict and the imperial edict are praised, then the title is conferred, sealed and given, and finally the imperial seal is signed.
In feudal society, the consciousness of "official standard" is very heavy, and "rank" is the most important. The so-called "officials oppress the people" is the product of this consciousness. "Grade" is grade. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the official ranks were basically the same. In addition to living outdoors, officials in Wen and Wu Zhi are arrogant, ranging from one to nine. All grades are subordinate, * * *18th grade. Those who are not as good as the ninth grade are "dirty" The titles of nobility are "Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong". Among them, "Gong, Hou, Bo and Zi" are regarded as one product, while "Gong" is regarded as two products.
Every major celebration, in recognition of meritorious service, the emperor honors officials themselves, their wives, parents and ancestors, which is called "sealing" or "giving". This system began in the Jin Dynasty, with different dynasties. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, officials who were given more than five titles were awarded by "imperial decree", which was called "imperial seal"; Officials below grade six are granted by "imperial edict", which is called "imperial edict".
The usage of "gift", "seal" and "gift" in written language is different. The seal official itself is called "conferring", such as "conferring". Sealing great-grandparents, grandparents, parents and wives, those who survive are called "sealing", such as "sealing your name as ×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××
There are strict regulations on the scope of patents and seals:
Ming system: one product official seals three generations and makes four axes. Two products, three products, official seal, second generation, three axes. Four levels and five levels of officials seal a generation, so that two axes, six levels and seven levels of officials seal a generation, so that two axes, below eight levels flow to internal officials, seal themselves, and make one axis.
Qing dynasty system: first-class officials, great-grandparents and below have seals; Second, the third product is given to the grandparents below; Four to seven products, for the following parents; Eighty-nine products are only for yourself. It is recorded in the "Hundred Manuscripts of Qing History" that in the third year of Yongzheng, it was decided: "Those who have four or seven products are willing to seal their wives and grandparents; Eight or nine products are willing to seal their parents, all of which are allowed. "
The "titles" in writing are different, but they are also strictly customized. The emperor gave corresponding titles according to his rank. In the Ming Dynasty, the titles of officials were called "three officials" (officials without fixed positions), Wensan had 42 ranks and Wusan had 30 ranks. In the Qing dynasty, the "scattered officials" were basically abolished and renamed as civil and military titles. The official rank of civil servants in Qing Dynasty changed from generation to generation. According to the official appointment table of past dynasties, the official ranks of civil servants in Qing Dynasty are: Dr. Guanglu (from the first level), Dr. Rong Lu (from the second level), Dr. Tong Feng (from the second level), Dr. Yi Tong (from the third level), Dr. Zhong Yi (from the third level) and Dr. Zhong Xian. Rulinlang (from the sixth grade), Wenlinlang (from the seventh grade), Zhengshilang (from the seventh grade), Xiulang (from 8th grade), Xiulang (from 8th grade) and Dengshilang (from the ninth grade). Above the official rank, if he is an official, his six products and seven products are all Xuande Lang.
The ranks of military attache are: General Jianwei (level 1), General Wei Zhen (level 1), General Wuxian (level 2), General Martial Arts (level 2), Dutchman Wuyi (level 3), Dutchman Zhaowu (level 4), Dutchman Xuanwu (level 4) and Dutchman Wude.
The title of a married woman depends on the rank of her husband or son.
First-class officials who are literate, martial, upright and obedient to their ancestors or wives are entitled to "Mrs. Yipin", second-class officials who are upright and obedient to "Mrs.", third-class officials who are upright and obedient to "Shu Ren", fourth-class officials who are upright and obedient to "public benevolence" and fifth-class officials who are upright and obedient to "Mrs."
The official's father and ancestors have the same titles as me.
In addition, there are "push seal", "donation seal" and "application seal after upgrading" in the clearing system, all of which have detailed and specific special provisions, so I won't repeat them here.
Among the imperial documents that we know and see, the earliest are the imperial edict of Zhu Houzhao, the emperor of Wuzong in the second year of Zheng De (A.D. 1507), the imperial edict of Zhu Yi in the forty-first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 16 13) and the imperial edict of Yongzheng in the thirteenth year of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1735)
Weihai Archives has the Imperial edict of Zhu Houzhao in the second year of Zheng De in Ming Dynasty and the Imperial edict of Zhu Yi in the forty-first year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty. The imperial edict reads: the attacker Ruanda, his great-grandfathers Ruan and Bu, were promoted to command and rule together (from the third class) because of their repeated military exploits. In the thirty-first year of Hongxi (AD 1425), he was transferred to Ahava, Shandong. Ruanda's stepfather Ruan Xiang was in Hongzhi for six years, and Zheng De was conferred as "General Huaiyuan" by Emperor Wuzong in two years. At the same time, his grandfather was awarded the titles of "General Huaiyuan" and "Commander-in-Chief", and his grandmother Wu was awarded the title of "". Father Ruanxiang was named "General Huaiyuan" and "General Knowing General", and mother Wang was named "General". His wife was named, and his stepwife Huang was named.
Ming Shenzong named Qi Yanling, the magistrate of Suzhou Pingtai County, Shuntianfu, Zhili, as "Lin Wenlang", his wife as "Confucianism" and Shi Li as "Confucianism". The date of the 13th year of Yongzheng (AD 1735) preserved in Rongcheng Archives is the same as that of this county. In this case, Yong Zhengdi gave Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Qihe County, Jinan, Shandong Province to Song Tao's father Song Sigong, who was an adult, as "Xiuzhilang" and named his mother Xu as "Eight-product Confucianism".