In 960, the Northern Song Dynasty was established. In 962, the first official envoys of North Korea and South Korea "presented something" to the Northern Song Dynasty, which opened the trade between China and North Korea. (1) 1030, a North Korean envoy composed of 293 people went to the Northern Song Dynasty to pay tribute, silver swords, saddles, horses, sesame oil, ginseng, fine cloth, bronzes, sulfur, green rat skin and other things. I will give my resignation in February next year. " Since then, "China has been inaccessible for forty-three years". (2) China was blocked because the relationship between Korea and Song and Liao was complicated at that time, which led to the interruption of diplomatic exchanges between Song and Korea. It was not until A.D. 1073 that North Korea sent envoys to the Song Dynasty again, and the official envoys of the two countries exchanged more and more frequently until the 1930s. According to the preliminary statistics in History of Korea, from 107 1 to 136, Korean envoys made 26 missions to the Song Dynasty (including 15 from the central government and 7 from Mingzhou and other places).
The envoys of the two countries not only completed their political tasks, but also carried out corresponding trade activities. It was the most common form of trade between ancient China and neighboring countries that goods were exchanged through "tribute" from North Korea and "gift" from Song Dynasty.
First of all, the principle of commodity exchange plays an important role between "tribute" and "gift". In A.D. 1079, Emperor Wenzong of Korea fell ill, and the Song Dynasty "sent Wang Shun to send the doctor with him" and "gave all kinds of medicine". In response, Emperor Wenzong "sent Liu Hong to thank him" and presented him with "imperial clothes", "golden belts", "golden flowers and silverware", various high-grade fabrics, ink and horses. To show. " (3) Sometimes North Korean envoys come to the Song Dynasty to "offer things to the DPRK" and openly ask for things. According to the History of Song Dynasty, in A.D. 1092, "Korea sent Huang Zongxi to present the Needle Sutra of the Yellow Emperor, and invited many books from the city. "Due to the excessive demands of North Korean envoys, some officials of the Song government were very dissatisfied. Su Shi, then the minister of rites, warned:" North Korea's tribute has nothing to gain, but it has five evils. Please don't bring books and gold foil today. "(4) Therefore, only envoys are allowed to buy gold foil. At the same time, according to the "Song History" Yuanfeng two years (AD 1079), "the previous tribute arrived, and the company directly compensated 10,000 baht. At the very least, it was ordered not to revalue, and the quantity was undetermined at 10,000 baht. "(5) Since then, the system of pricing one by one has been abolished, and" ten thousand "is a fixed number.
Secondly, from the 20th century165438+ 70s to the first half of the 2nd century, Korea was particularly active in paying tribute to Song Dynasty. The main reason is that it can "get rich profits" economically, on the other hand, it also needs to absorb the advanced culture of the Song Dynasty. For example, the general examination documents contain: "According to the Minister of Korea, China and Korea (referring to the Song Dynasty) (6) According to the History of Korea, in A.D. 1058, the Korean literate Sect" Wang wants to worry about Luo and Lingyan, and logging to build a big ship must pass through the Song Dynasty ". In this regard, the "Civil History Ask the Province" objected that "the country has a good Northern Dynasty (referring to the Liao Dynasty), and the border is not urgent, and folk music is born from this. (7) The former explains the reasons for the traffic between North Korea and Song Dynasty, while the latter explains the reasons for the continued breaking off of diplomatic relations between North Korea and Song Dynasty; But what is certain is that the reason why South Korea actively "paid tribute" to the Song Dynasty is because it can gain huge economic and cultural benefits.
At that time, the Song Dynasty formed an alliance with Korea to cope with the pressure from Liao and Jin Dynasties. Therefore, the Song government gave considerable courtesy to the North Korean envoys. According to the History of Song Dynasty, in A.D. 1070, Han "sent hundreds of people, such as ... Jin Juan, as envoys" and "Zheng He (11~165438) however, For example, Su Shi once said, "Since Xining (1068 ~ 1077), Koreans have paid tribute to Yuanfeng (65447) many times. The cost of the exhibition hall is countless. Zhejiang-Jiangxi, Huainan-JD.COM Road, built cities and built ships, built pavilions, and sent agricultural workers to invade fishing merchants. The court didn't benefit at all, but the barbarians got nothing. ..... Since Ersheng succeeded to the throne, North Korea has not been here for several years, and Huai, Zhejiang and officials are all happy ... If the court is heavier, it will be insatiable and have endless tributes. " (9)
In addition, both the Song Dynasty government and the North Korean government openly encouraged the trade activities of diplomatic envoys and gave them convenient conditions in all aspects. According to the "Koryo Map Classic", "The story of Koryo will converge into a big market everywhere. List department stores, paint and paint silk, which serve China well. And the gold and silver utensils are used. Everything in the palace is known and arranged in time. " (10) It can be seen that South Korea used the exchange of foreign envoys to open up markets and "list department stores" for trade activities, and even the royal family participated in such trade activities. This trade activity is a supplement to ethnic trade in the form of "tribute" and "gift".
Second, non-governmental trade and business activities in Song Dynasty
From 1 1 to 12, the folk trade between Song and North Korea has also developed greatly.
First of all, the government of the Northern Song Dynasty attached great importance to the development of foreign trade to increase national income. "In the year of foundation, the first commercial tax regulations were formulated, which was a family law from the beginning." (1 1) The Northern Song Dynasty attached great importance to foreign trade from the beginning, which effectively promoted the trade between the Song Dynasty and North Korea.
Secondly, from the end of 10 to the beginning of10/0/0, North Korea repelled the large-scale invasion of the Khitan army three times, and then it lasted for a long time in a peaceful environment, ensuring the independence and security of the country. At the same time, North Korea often takes a cautious and neutral attitude towards the relationship between Song Dynasty and Liao and Jin Dynasties. But on the whole, North Korea always maintained a friendly attitude towards the Song Dynasty, which created favorable conditions for the spontaneous development of trade activities between the two peoples. Merchants in the Song Dynasty were particularly active in Korea. They crossed the sea to engage in trade activities, and even lived in North Korea for a long time, which made great contributions to the economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries. According to the Korean History, from 10 12 to10/92, the number of visits by Song businessmen to Korea was 1 17, among which there were specific figures. It is worth noting that even during the period when the diplomatic relations between the two countries were interrupted (A.D.1031~1071), Song businessmen went to the DPRK one after another, with more times than before, and reached an unprecedented climax in the middle of12nd century.
Usually, there are also many Song businessmen living in Korea. According to the History of Song Dynasty, there are hundreds of Chinese in Korea, many of whom are from Fujian. Because of the arrival of Jia Bo, they tried their best to lure them to work or stay for life. At the same time, in order to receive foreign envoys and businessmen, North Korea has set up "guest houses" in the capital Beijing, some of which are called "Qingzhou, Zhongzhou, Sidian and Libin". So stay in China on business ". In addition, the "Yinen Pavilion" and "Renen Pavilion" for the reception of the Khitan envoys, and the "Yingxian Pavilion" and "Lingyin Pavilion" for the reception of Rendi and Nvzhen; A fun pavilion specially designed for receiving medical officers and so on. (12) 1055 February "Cold Food Festival", the Korean government "hosted 87 Song Ye Dechong and others in the hotel, 48 Huang Shu in Huang Zheng and Qinghe Pavilion", (13) hosted more than 200 Song merchants at one time. At that time, the formal diplomatic relations between Song and North Korea had been interrupted, but a large number of Song businessmen went to North Korea for trade. The South Korean government not only allowed these businessmen to communicate with each other, but also hosted banquets in the name of the country and even sealed them with official titles. This shows that during the period of breaking diplomatic relations and establishing diplomatic relations, the trade between Song and Korean people continued to develop, and Song businessmen also received great attention in South Korea.
According to Korean historical statistics, during the period from 1 1 to10/kloc-0 ~1138, Song merchants came to Korea. Among them, Nanchu 1 train, Quanzhou 9 train, Jiangnan 2 train, Fuzhou 2 train, Guangnan 2 train, Taizhou 3 train and Mingzhou 5 train all come from the southeast coastal areas of China, including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong, among which Fujian accounts for the largest proportion, followed by Zhejiang. This is basically consistent with the South Korean saying in the history of the Song Dynasty that "there are hundreds of Han in the king city and many people in Fujian". This also shows that in the trade between the Song Dynasty and North Korea, the southeast coastal area of China occupies a very important position, and its ties with North Korea are particularly close. There are two main reasons for this. First, the northern route between Song and North Korea (Dengzhou-Licheng Estuary) was often threatened by the Liao State, and after 1074, the route between the two countries, from north to south, mainly used the southern route (Mingzhou-Licheng Estuary). Since then, the southeast coastal area of China has become the center of foreign trade in the Song Dynasty, and it has become increasingly prosperous. In Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Quanzhou, Mingzhou and other major places, the "city shipping companies" have been set up to manage trade, and the trade between these areas and Asian countries has developed greatly. In this case, a large number of businessmen from China's southeast coastal areas, especially Quanzhou and Mingzhou, which are close to North Korea, often trade with North Korea. In addition, many Korean businessmen also came to Mingzhou and other places to engage in trade activities.
At that time, the commodities exported to North Korea in Song Dynasty mainly included silk, brocade, white silk, gold and silver wares, clothing, porcelain, jade, horses, saddles, turtles, medicinal materials, tea, wine, books, musical instruments, candles, coins, peacocks, parrots and so on. These goods flowed into North Korea in large quantities with the exchanges between businessmen of the two countries (including official envoys). For example, the very developed porcelain industry in China at that time had a great influence on the development of Korean porcelain. At that time, Mingzhou was one of the main ports in the Song Dynasty and a senior one in South Korea. Due to the frequent trade between the two countries, Yuhang Yuezhou Kiln, not far from Mingzhou, first influenced North Korea, and in the middle and late1kloc-0 century, North Korea produced celadon similar to Yuezhou Kiln. At the same time, the introduction of China northern porcelain made this celadon influenced by Ru kiln in its shape and pattern. In this way, on the basis of the development of domestic ceramic industry since Silla, Korean celadon has absorbed the influence of Yueyao and Ruyao in China and developed rapidly. By the beginning of 12 century, the so-called crimson celadon era appeared.
In addition, all kinds of books, paintings, musical instruments, etc. Song dynasty was also introduced into Korea in large quantities, which greatly affected the development of Korean culture and art. From 1 1 to12nd century, the development of Korean woodblock printing was also influenced by the Song Dynasty. Many of the Korean engraving handed down from generation to generation are directly carved from the wood of the Song Dynasty.
The goods exported by Song merchants to North Korea include incense, agarwood, rhinoceros horn, ivory and other specialties of South Asia and West Asia. Due to the frequent trade activities between the Song Dynasty and these countries, a large number of businessmen from countries such as "Big Food" and "Three Buddhas" often traveled with Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Mingzhou, and brought a large number of specialties. Song merchants then shipped them to North Korea for sale and engaged in re-export trade. In this case, businessmen from big grain countries also went directly to North Korea for trade. According to the historical records of North Korea, in the first half of the 20th century, hundreds of big eaters came to North Korea for three times, bringing with them specialties such as "mercury, dragon teeth, incense of Zhancheng, myrrh and sappan" in exchange for things like "gold foil" of North Korea. ( 13)
North Korea's exports to the Song Dynasty included gold, silver, copper, ginseng, poria cocos, pine nuts, fur, yellow paint, sulfur, silk, ramie cloth, flax, horses, saddles, robes, mattresses, sesame oil, paper mats, fans, white paper, brushes and ink. Shanxi, pens, ink and other cultural commodities were very popular at that time. Xu Jing once said, "The white folding fan ... is hidden in the sleeve. Its use is very convenient, "Su Shi also praised:" Korean white pine fan, more than a foot wide, stops at two fingers. " (14) Until later, Shen Lu of the Ming Dynasty also wrote: "The folding fan used in this world, my hometown Mr. Zhang Donghai thought, was dedicated to North Korea. I have seen many poems since the Southern Song Dynasty." (15) Han Mo is also famous. Han Mo is made of old pine smoke and elk glue, but Li Tinggui and Mo Sushi in the Southern Tang Dynasty can't say much. At that time, Pangu, a famous ink maker in the Song Dynasty, absorbed the experience of ink making in North Korea and mixed the ink imported from North Korea when making ink. According to Li Yiguang's Yi Feng Theory, "When I went to Beijing (referring to Beijing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty), Annan and Ryukyu envoys said that your pen and ink was the best in the world, and I was willing to get it." (16) shows that Korean pen and ink enjoys a high reputation not only in China, but also in Annan, Ryukyu and other countries.
A large number of Song Dynasty businessmen went to North Korea to engage in diplomatic activities other than trade. It also played an important role in promoting the diplomatic relations between the Song Dynasty and the Koryo Dynasty. For example, according to the History of Korea, in July of A.D. 1068, "Huang Shen from the Song Dynasty came to see the words: The emperor (referring to Song Shenzong-leader's note) called ... Luo Zheng said that North Korea was called the country of gentlemen in ancient times, and it has been very diligent since its ancestors lost their doubts. Now, I heard that its king is also the king of this country, so I can send someone to tell him. " (17) 1070, Fujian transshipment made Luo Zheng "sent back to Huang Shen" and went to North Korea to negotiate the resumption of diplomatic relations. According to the Records of the History of Song Dynasty, in A.D. 1069, North Korea "sent Luo to Fujian from the Ministry of Rites: the businessman of this dynasty, Hong (referring to the Northern Song Dynasty-the leader's note) said that the transshipment made him pass by secret order". (18) It can be seen that "Huang Shen of Song Dynasty" in History of Korea is "Huang Zhen, a businessman of this dynasty" in History of Song Dynasty; It can be seen that although he was only a businessman, he still played an important media role in the process of resuming diplomatic relations between Song and Han Dynasties in 107 1. Except this time, according to the Korean History, in the year of 1 128, "Song Gang was the first Cai, and Gao Zong ascended the throne"; 1 13 1 year "Song Gang's First Zhuo Rong came to play the cloud: He sent a yellow hag to cross the river to break the Jin people ... and rebuilt Yan for five years as the first year of Shaoxing"; 1 138 "Sixty-three people, including Emperor Shangwu of Song Dynasty, came to report that Emperor Zheng of Ningde collapsed in Jin", 1 162 "Forty-three people, including Song Dynasty, came to report that Song Dynasty fought with Jin Jubing and won Yuan this spring. (19) It can be seen that the status of businessmen was highly valued in both Song and North Korea, and their social status was quite high. They not only engaged in the trade between Song and North Korea, but also played a certain role in the diplomacy between the two countries, and their contribution was indelible.
Third, the route between Song and North Korea.
The routes between Song and North Korea are quite developed, and there are many routes. According to the Korean Map Classic, "If you go by sea, you can go to Hebei, JD.COM, Huainan, Zhejiang, Guangnan and Fujian." (20) Among them, there are two main roads, north and south.
North Road, set sail from Dengzhou, Shandong Province, crossed the Yellow Sea to the mouth of Datong River in North Korea, and then went south to the mouth of Licheng River near Jing Kai. South Road, starting from Mingzhou, Zhejiang Province, sails northeast, reaches Heishan Island, then sails north, passes through the islands on the southwest coast of the Korean Peninsula, and finally reaches the mouth of Licheng River.
The route between Song Dynasty and Korea was bounded by 1074, which changed significantly before and after. According to the History of Song Dynasty, "In the past, Koreans traveled back and forth from Dengzhou. In the seventh year (A.D. 1074), they sent their minister Jin to say: If you want to stay away from Qidan, you must seek a change and go from Mingzhou. " In this way, the main northern line between Song and North Korea before 1074 became the southern line dominated by Mingzhou. From then on, Mingzhou became the most important port in Song Dynasty on the route between the two countries. 1078, in the Song Dynasty, "Mingzhou built two ships, both of which were named Shenzhou". When the two countries first arrived in Korea after the resumption of diplomatic relations, "Chinese people cheered and greeted them". According to the statistics of Korean History, during the last hundred years from 1088 to 1 186, Korean refugees were repatriated * * * ten times in the Song Dynasty, with the number reaching 120. Among them, there are 5 times in Mingzhou alone, accounting for half of the total number of returns, and the number has reached more than 70 times, accounting for more than. On the other hand, the mouth of the Licheng River in North Korea is also quite prosperous. /kloc-Li Kui, a Korean writer in the 3rd century, wrote in a poem praising the mouth of Licheng River: "Tides come and go, and ships come and go end to end, heading for the bottom of this building, and not reaching Na Man in the afternoon." (2 1)
At that time, ships of both countries sailed by monsoon. Ships entering Licheng Port from Mingzhou "all wait for the south wind on the summer solstice, and the wind reaches the shore in less than five days." (22) This is actually the reason why most Song businessmen arrived in North Korea in July and August. When they returned home, they rode the north wind, which is what Xu Jing, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "Go to Japan to take the south wind. "Going Back to Japan by the North Wind" is a reflection of this situation. It can be seen that sailing at that time was largely limited by seasons.
Xu Jing gave a detailed description of North Korea's exchanges: the seagoing ship it took: "The newly invented country successfully set sail to the ocean on May 28th and arrived at Gunsan Island on June 6th." It can be seen that in the "downwind", it only takes about 8 ~ 9 days to start from Koryo Gunsan Island in Mingzhou Island. When I returned to China, I met with great difficulties because of the headwind, which cost him several times. On July 15 of the same year, Xu Jing "boarded a big ship" and left Korea's Licheng Port. "On the 24th, she crossed Yuheng Island, entered the Gunshanmen and anchored under the island. It will be cloudy on August 8th, Wuzi and 14th. After the application, the northeast wind became popular. Go abroad by the tide. ..... a sudden southeast storm. Meet the sea again. The ship leans to one side. People are afraid of fear. That is, beating gongs and drums and inviting ships back. 10 Gengyin, the wind is getting stronger. Return to Gunsan Island at noon. 16, Shen Bing, 6th. After the application is correct, it will be sent abroad. Stay in Zhudao at night. It won't work to resist the wind for another two days. By 19, I was already dead. Send Zhudao in the afternoon. ..... The north wind is blowing hard. The low canopy stifled its potential. 2 1 day, ugly and ugly. At noon, the second boat was broken three times. .................................................................................................................................................................................. has been traveling by sea for 42 days from South Korea to Mingzhou. " (23) It is not difficult to see that the maritime traffic between Song and North Korea was still very difficult at that time, which was largely restricted by the seasonal climate. However, despite this, the trade between Song and North Korea never stopped, and the merchant ships of the two countries still frequently traveled between Mingzhou and Licheng Port, so that there was a scene of "coming to the ship and going to the ship end to end".
Fourth, the decline of trade between Song and North Korea.
/kloc-In the 3rd century, Mongolia rose in the north and quickly unified the north of China. Due to the Southern Song government's military and political defeat in the south of the Yangtze River, the trade between Song and North Korea gradually declined. Apart from political and military reasons, the decline of trade between Song and North Korea is actually a reflection of the decline of southern air routes. Especially after 1270, the story about the Southern Song Dynasty merchants going to Korea only appeared once in Korean history, that is, in Volume 30 "Wang San", it was said: "In July of the 14th year of King Wu, Wu Shen, Song Shang and Lu Qing came to offer soil." However, during the Southern Song Dynasty 1 128 years, there were as many as 33 kinds of notes of Song Shang's eastward crossing to Korea. As for the examples of Korean businessmen's activities in the Southern Song Dynasty, few people have heard of them.
Then, why did China have such a situation of "prosperity in the north and decline in the south" after entering the Yuan Dynasty? I think there are two reasons:
First, the restoration and development of the Northern Line. To sum up, we know that there are three traditional routes between China and North Korea, one is land, namely Yanshan Liaodong Road; The second is the North Sea route, that is, from Dengzhou, Shandong Province to the Korean Peninsula; The third is the southern sea route, that is, from Mingzhou to the southwest coast of South Korea. The northern land route was abandoned due to ethnic problems in Liao and Song Dynasties, and the northern sea route was gradually replaced by the southern sea route after 1074. However, after entering the Yuan Dynasty, the northern land traffic also resumed, most of which passed through the Songliao Plain and went directly to North Korea through the post road. The voyage from Dengzhou has also been resumed, and these two roads are also "more convenient than Mingzhou" (24). It is natural for businessmen to choose the north instead of the south.
Secondly, before Yuan Shizu controlled Korea but did not unify China, he restricted the communication between Song and Korea for fear of collusion between North Korea and the Southern Song Dynasty. For example, in the seventh year of Zhiyuan (AD 1270), Yuan Shizu wrote in a letter to North Korea after learning that the merchant ships of the Southern Song Dynasty had arrived in North Korea:
"... like the year before last, it is said that South Korea has transportation with the Southern Song Dynasty and Japan. When I asked Qing, Qing was confused by the words of the villain, and there was no pair. But this year, the merchant ships of the Southern Song Dynasty came, which were delivered by you privately and sent to the province. "
Between words, there is quite a reproach to South Korea for not reporting to the province and sending back the merchant ships of the Southern Song Dynasty without permission. Under the strong military pressure of the Yuan Dynasty, North Korea had to submit, so the trade between Song and North Korea finally came to an end with the historical changes and was replaced by the overseas trade of the Yuan Dynasty. Throughout the Song Dynasty, China-DPRK trade was unprecedented in both form and influence. The trade between Song Li is of epoch-making significance in promoting economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries.
In the research field of Song Li's trade, there are many places worthy of attention and in-depth study, such as the nature of Song Li's merchant ships, trade patterns, the composition of Song Li merchants, trade commodities, and the influence of Song Li's trade on Chinese and Korean cultures. These are all topics that need our full attention.
Precautions:
(1) History of Korea Volume II Article 13 of Guangzong.
(2) The History of the Song Dynasty Volume 487 Han Chuan Volume 246 Han Chuan.
(3) History of the Song Dynasty (Volume 487) Biography of Korea, and History of Korea (Volume 9) Thirty-three or Thirty-four Years of Literati.
(4) The History of Song Dynasty (Volume 487) The Biography of Korea.
(5) same as above.
(6) "Literature General Examination" Volume 325, Dongyi Korean.
(7) The History of Korea, Volume VIII, Article 12 of the Literati Sect.
(8) History of the Song Dynasty (Volume 487) Biography of Korea.
(9) The Complete Works of Dongpo, Volume 32, Series 30.
(10) Korea Atlas Volume III Trade Articles.
(1 1) Literature General Examination Volume XIV: Overview.
(12) Koryo Tujingjuan No.27 Guest House.
(13) The History of Korea, Volume 5, articles written by Xian Zong in the second, fifteenth and sixteenth years; Volume six Jing Zong six years.
(14) The Book of Korea (Volume 29) is a white folding fan.
(15) The essay on Chunfengtang quoted the 20th Supplement Bureau of Shuolan and the Textual Research on the History of Oriental Cultural Exchange.
(16) Yi Feng Ban Lun, Volume XIX, with articles. Quoted from Textual Research on the History of Oriental Cultural Exchanges.
(17) The History of Korea, Volume 8, articles in the 2nd, 22nd and 24th years of Wenzong.
(18) History of Song Dynasty Volume 487 Biography of Korea. The history of the Song Dynasty quoted below all comes from this.
(19) History of Korea, Volume 15, Article 16 of Injong; Volume 16. Injong's articles in the second, ninth and sixteenth years; Article 26 of fileNo. 18.
(20) "Koryo Tujing" Volume II, mirror seal.
(2 1) Selected Works of Korean Classical Literature, Seventh Series, Selected Works of Li Kuibao.
(22) "Koryo Tujing" Volume 39 Island Liulicheng Port.
(23) same as above.
(24) The History of Continuing Education as a Mirror Volume 34 1.