"Liezi Yang Zhu" has "Yang Zhu said:" The loss of the ancients is slightly beneficial to the world and cannot be the same; Knowing that the world is full of clothes, I won't take them. Everyone does not lose a penny, everyone is not good for the world, and the world is ruled. " In this regard, Mr. He Lin thinks: "Doing nothing for the benefit of the world means neither harming oneself nor others, which is the opposite of altruism at the expense of others and self-interest, and the opposite of wicked people at the expense of others and self-interest, taking the road between the two ends. When evaluating Yang Zhu's "not conducive to the world, not taking the world", Mr. Lv Simian pointed out: "If a wife doesn't lose a penny, there will be no Yao and Shun. If everyone is not conducive to the world, there will be no ambition; If there is no rebellion, there will be no chaos at that time; Without Yao and Shun, there would be no disadvantage in the future. So the rule of the world. From a philosophical point of view, what Andy said to me is profound and subtle. Or for selfish purposes, it is shallow to test Andy. "Modern scholars' sympathetic understanding of Yang Zhu's rational egoism is in line with Wang Bi's theory of" serving the interests without losing, aiming at China "when explaining the lost divination, which also shows people's recognition of the moral value of rational egoism. Because real or reasonable egoism, in order to safeguard one's own life, interests or happiness, can be regarded as egoism, although it will not deliberately do altruistic things, but at least it will not endanger the happiness of others. "Self-protection and self-interest are natural instinctive requirements, but only with considerable intelligence and education can we safeguard our own interests; You must also have considerable self-cultivation and restraint in order not to harm the legitimate interests of others. Therefore, egoism has its moral value. " In the Warring States period, it was really unique, competing with Confucianism and Mohism. Monk, a master of Confucianism, once denied and criticized it. Sun Qing even condemned Tao Xingzhi, one of his later studies, and Mou Wei's schools as "indulgence, self-indulgence, and animal behavior, which is not enough to govern the whole country." Probably because of the influence of this criticism, later scholars stopped here; What's more, Qin Huang burned books, and Hanwu only respected Confucianism, so it disappeared during the Qin and Han Dynasties. However, this does not mean the demise of his theory and its influence, but only the seclusion of the people. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Zhang Zhan (referring to Liezi Yang Zhu) was reprinted. Zhang Zhan's Preface to Liezi said that Yang Zhu Pian is one of the "only survivors", not a fabricated word. Yang Zhu's theory has always been derived from Laozi (for example, Chapter 13 of Laozi says: "If you are the world, you can make it in the world. Love is the world, if you can trust it. " ), closer to Taoism, barely classified as Taoism; Or because it is not completely consistent with Laozi's thought, Laozi is soft and Yang Zhu is self-respecting, and he is rejected by Zhuang Zhou and does not belong to Taoism; Most of them started with Yang Zhu after Laozi, Confucianism and Mohism, which is really unique. To sum up Yang Zhu's remarks, his thoughts must be "valuing oneself" or "doing it for me". Later generations criticized Yang for being selfish, decadent and depraved. In fact, Yang Zhu's words are epochal. In the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early and middle Warring States Period, "Confucius advocated" the world; However, it would be hypocritical to say that feuds between princes and princes, mutual aggression, damage to the interests of death, and the king's well-being led to the death of his subjects. Yang Zhu is cynical and advocates the theory of "valuing oneself". "The ancient people, at the expense of the world, are not harmonious; Knowing that the world is full of clothes, I won't take them. Everyone doesn't lose a penny. If everyone is bad for the world, the world will be ruled. " He also said: "if you are good at others, things may not be cured; If you are good at managing insiders, things may not be chaotic. If it rules, its laws can be temporarily in a country, but it is not in line with the people's hearts; Under my rule, it can be pushed to the whole world. " Everyone values himself within the scope of rule by man, and does not infringe upon or harm each other. Everyone respects and loves himself. It's safe for everyone and the world is governed, isn't it? Starting from "attaching importance to oneself", Yang Zhu constructed his own theory: (1) On life and death: everyone is like this when he is alive. There are differences between the virtuous and the foolish, between the poor and the lowly, and all the dead are rotten bones. Wu Shun is no different from Jie Zhe. (2) Pay attention to yourself: the most precious person in you is life, and it is easy to die when you are born. This short life should be extremely precious. You should live happily. Everything is precious to save me. Don't hurt him. If you leave, you will never come back. (3) All-round fidelity: The so-called all-round, that is, conforming to nature, the existing lunch is comprehensive, things are easy to enjoy for health, but irreversible, envious of life, polymer tired. As long as they have "rich clothes, good taste and good looks", it is enough to meet life. Don't be greedy, don't hurt your life for foreign things. The so-called fidelity is to keep the authenticity of my body endowed by nature and not lose the joy of that year; Follow your heart and do not go against nature; Swim with your heart, not against everything; Do not pity the reputation of the moment, not greedy for the glory after death; Don't envy longevity, fame, position and goods, but you can be fearless of ghosts, people, rights and interests, keep and conform to nature and control your own destiny. Regarding Yang Zhu, the above materials include Yang Sheng, Andy, Yang Zhu, Yang Ziju and Yang Ziqu. According to the textual research of Zheng Bin in Biography of Yang Zhu compiled in the fourth volume of Ancient History, he is considered to be a Zhu native with the surname Yang (or Zuo Yang) and the word Zi Ju (or Zuo Ziqu). As for the year of birth and death of Yang Zhu, I thought it would be later than Mo Zhai, but earlier than Monk. A comparative study of Yang Zhu and Andy in the fourth volume of Ancient History Analysis holds that "his approximate date of birth and death should be between 450 BC and 370 BC (that is, from the 15th year of Zhou Zhending to the 6th year of Zhou Liewang)".