Ancient scholars in China attached great importance to the role of knowledge accumulation. Xunzi, a scholar in the Warring States Period, warned people in the book "Persuading to Learn": "If you don't accumulate steps, you won't reach a thousand miles, and if you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be a river." In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu said, "All of them are kept and used." (The Way of Learning). Su Shi in the Song Dynasty advocated: "Learn from others' strengths, and accumulate wealth without making progress." It can be seen how important accumulation is to Chinese learning. Judging from the practice of Chinese winners in the college entrance examination, accumulation is indeed important. Wei Yijia, the champion of the college entrance examination in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, scored 136. When talking about his Chinese learning experience, he said: "Chinese learning is slow, not overnight." It is a long-term accumulation process. Bit by bit of Chinese knowledge is like a grain of yellow sand. One grain today, one grain tomorrow, and the sand becomes a tower. " His high score comes from the accumulation of three years of hard work in high school. Accumulation is also the need of college entrance examination. A high school student must first accumulate knowledge.

There are four main ways to accumulate: one is to extract, the other is to recite, the third is to remember, and the fourth is to train.

There are three methods of accumulation: one is the unit accumulation method. That is, after learning a unit, summarize difficult words, easy mistakes, idioms and allusions, wonderful paragraphs, etc. I learned it in this unit in time, trying to be concise and practical. The second is the accumulation method of test sites. It is to summarize the language knowledge scattered in textbooks, materials and test papers according to the test sites specified in the college entrance examination instructions, and pay attention to highlighting the key points and difficulties. The third is the accumulation method of confusion points. It is to summarize the confusing knowledge points encountered in the usual training and the wrong knowledge points in the exam, and focus on distinguishing doubts. For example, when reviewing Chinese characters' glyphs, we can summarize the confusing points: for example, by reviewing the memorization of Chinese characters' glyphs, we can accumulate some words with similar glyphs that are easy to write wrong in this way. For example, the "boss" and "dropout" of a teahouse or restaurant; The "mystery" of chilling and the "noisy".

The accumulated contents mainly include the following aspects:

(1) Accumulate the meaning and usage of sounds, glyphs, words and idioms.

First, we should get into the habit of consulting the dictionary frequently. A high school student must have at least two dictionaries from the perspective of Chinese learning: one is Modern Chinese Dictionary by the Institute of Linguistics of China Academy of Social Sciences; Second, go to the Dictionary of Ancient Chinese Common Words in the commercial library. It is best to have both a synonym discrimination dictionary and a Chinese idiom dictionary. Check regularly to cultivate the ability to read, write and use Chinese characters correctly.

Second, he is good at collecting and sorting out easily confused words and idioms, including those mentioned in the notes of teaching materials; Words listed in the training materials of sub-test sites; Words appearing in the comprehensive training test paper, etc.

The third is to master the identification methods of synonyms such as word collocation, emotional color and stylistic color.

(B) the accumulation of content words in classical Chinese

The middle school Chinese syllabus requires you to master 120 classical Chinese content words. In fact, to meet the needs of the college entrance examination, the more the better. The accumulation of notional words in classical Chinese should pay attention to the following aspects:

1. Ancient and modern meanings are different. Focus on the changes in the ancient and modern meanings of words, some of which have expanded, some have shrunk and some have shifted. For example, in the sentence "Man-made disaster, thousands of people hunger strike" in item D of 1999 college entrance examination, the meaning of "hunger strike" is completely different from today's "hunger strike".

2. This word is ambiguous. Polysemy in classical Chinese is very common. A word often has several meanings, and many have more than a dozen meanings. When you study, you should always sum up and deepen.

For example, the word "hair":

(1) See its arrow nine times out of ten. (The Oil Man) Send: Launch

(2) It's late, but it's late. (Jing Ke stabbed the King of Qin) Fa: Let's go.

(3) Go to the northern army for more than two miles and get angry at the same time. (Battle of Red Cliffs) Method: Ignite.

(4) send a picture, and the picture shows the dagger. (Jing Ke stabbed the King of Qin) Method: Open it.

(5) Unusual ideas are hard to generate (Five Tombs): Launch.

(6) Throwing the wrist at the tomb to express the sorrow of others ("Tomb Inscription of Five People"): ideographic.

(7) A person, continue to send a lot of people, carrying more resources to support you ("Battle of Red Cliffs"): send.

(8) Send 900 people to defend Yuyang (Chen She Family): Send and receive.

(9) That is to say, the meaning of Tao is in things, and there is no unscathed coolness ("promoting weaving"): a very short unit of length, with a dime as a hair.

(10) Yexiang "(Zuiweng Pavilion) hair: open.

These are all seen in class. Usually, when the meanings of content words in specific contexts are accumulated and mastered more and more, the ability of analogy will be formed and the reading ability will naturally be improved.

3. Flexible use of parts of speech. In a specific language environment, some notional words in ancient Chinese temporarily had some grammatical functions, temporarily changed their parts of speech, and some even changed their pronunciation. This is a special usage of notional words in classical Chinese. For example:

(1) is an official and a citizen, and is sealed in the national treasury. ("The Hongmen Banquet")

Book, noun as verb, register.

(2) The pawn made Doctor Shangguan shorter than Qu Yuan and helped the king. (Biography of Qu Yuan)

Short and flexible adjectives are used as verbs to slander.

(3) The general is strong and sharp. (The Chen She Family)

Strong, adjectives used as verbs, strong armor.

(4) changing the name and surname, sneaking around and camping. (Preface to the Southern Guide)

Grass, noun adverbial, in the grass.

(5) Today, Zhong Xin was put in the water, although the storm could not make a sound. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan)

Make a sound.

(6) Put national urgency first, and then personal enmity first. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)

First, the usage of conation, preposition.

4. Partial compound words

A compound word with partial meaning means that a word consists of two morphemes with similar, relative or opposite meanings, of which only one morpheme indicates meaning, and the other morpheme does not indicate meaning, but only serves as a foil. For example, "Today, a man walked into the garden and stole his peaches and plums." (Mozi) "Garden" is a place to plant trees; Nursery is a place to grow vegetables. In this sentence, only the morpheme "garden" is meaningful, but there is no morpheme "garden", which is a compound word with partial meaning.

For example, the word "work and rest" in Peacock Flying Southeast is a compound word with partial meaning. The words in brackets in the following sentences belong to compound words with partial meanings.

A, there is no taboo for [rape]. B, every [banquet] costs thousands of dollars.

C, stab counties [length] D, must repeatedly [disease]

This topic examines the compound words with partial meanings, which are put forward from the structural characteristics of words. The "treachery" in item A is seeking, which constitutes a verb-object relationship with "profit", not a compound word with a partial right. The "banquet" in item B means banquet and is a synonym compound. The "beneficial disease" in item D is "beneficial harm", and both morphemes have semantic functions, which are not compound words. Only the "thorn" in item C is short and long, and "thorn" is an accusation. Its object can only be short, not long, and "short and long" is a compound word with partial meaning.

5. Common words

A generic word refers to a word that should be used, but it is replaced by a word B that has nothing to do with its meaning but has the same or similar pronunciation. The word b is the common name of the word a.

Example: Words in brackets in explanatory sentences

Zhuang was forced by the patrol [tomb].

This question examines the meaning of common words and content words. "Ling" means "bullying" through "Ling". For example, "the shame of Yan Jianling" ("Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin").

There are about 100 interchangeable words in middle school Chinese textbooks. Candidates should use their hands and brains to organize their memories.

Different meanings in ancient and modern times, polysemy, flexible use of parts of speech, compound words with partial meanings and interchangeable words are the main examination points of classical Chinese content words in college entrance examination. When preparing for the exam, candidates should constantly accumulate knowledge, strengthen training, and cultivate their ability to understand the content words in classical Chinese in context.

(3) Accumulate famous ancient poems.

Many people learn classical Chinese just to clear the obstacles of writing, thinking that the teacher has made it clear, and I understand that this is enough. Teachers speak one by one and students learn one by one. When you ask him how many articles he will always review and remember next semester, he will shake his head blankly and say that he doesn't remember any. This learning method is extremely undesirable. Therefore, the most important thing in learning classical Chinese is accumulation. The best way to accumulate is to recite and memorize some important chapters of classical Chinese, including the meaning of content words, the use of function words and the changes of various sentence patterns in classical Chinese. More importantly, by reciting, we can learn the essence of the conception, layout and rhetoric of ancient famous articles and improve our cultural accomplishment. wine

In Song Dynasty, Su Shi said that "there is a poetic soul in the belly to flatter oneself". Where did the poetry book come from? Kan Kan is an extraordinary talker, eloquent and eloquent; Learn from the past, learn from the East and the West, and learn from the wisdom of great men; Gentle, modest and respectful, gentle temperament; Where did it come from? From reciting. Recitation is an indispensable aspect in the process of cultivating a person's talent, wisdom and character. Many famous scholars have made great efforts in reciting. While studying in Tsinghua, Mr. Qian Zhongshu, a scholar, writer and translator, vowed to "sweep the Tsinghua Library". He not only recited a large number of ancient literary masterpieces, but also mastered English, French, German, Spanish, Italian and ancient Indian. Historical allusions in his articles can be seen everywhere, with subtle metaphors everywhere; His speech was brilliant, witty and humorous. Ba Jin, a famous novelist, was able to recite China's view of ancient literature at the age of twelve, and Mao Dun, an outstanding literary critic, was able to recite A Dream of Red Mansions backwards when he was a child. What have we learned from admiration? Without recitation and cultural accumulation, it is impossible to become a person with language literacy and cultural connotation.

So, how many chapters does a high school student need to recite? The newly revised middle school Chinese syllabus has clearly stipulated that "read classical poems and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of works, and recite a certain number of famous articles." This "certain amount" is defined in the syllabus as 50 poems such as Difficult Road to Shu, Slow Voice and Farewell to Changting, and 20 ancient poems (paragraphs) of China such as Encouraging Learning, Preface to Lanting Collection and Red Cliff Fu. This is the minimum requirement for every high school student. With the increase of reading articles, your language perception of classical Chinese will become stronger and stronger, and your reading level of classical Chinese will become higher and higher. It's like laying a foundation before building a house. The stronger the foundation, the higher the house can be built. Recitation is the basis of learning classical Chinese and the fundamental way to improve the reading level of classical Chinese. Besides, there is no better way. If you don't spend time in this area, asking what to do during the exam is like leaving the earth by pulling your hair. Really helpless.

(4) Accumulate famous sayings, epigrams, allusions, stories and wonderful paragraphs.

Accumulating famous sayings, allusions, stories and wonderful paragraphs is an important means to improve the level of language cultivation and composition. Every year, I conduct a survey of students who have achieved good grades in Chinese in Grade Three, and find that they all have a common feature, that is, they pay attention to extracting some famous sayings, wonderful paragraphs and even articles; Pay attention to collecting historical allusions and vivid stories with ideological connotations. Use it to browse as soon as you have time, and it will be infected over time. These epigrams, allusions, stories, etc. Will become their own things, active in their own articles, unconsciously improve their language level, increase the language literary talent, enrich the content of the article.

It should be noted that there is also the idea of "applying what you have learned". Before, a classmate asked me, I have copied two big books this semester, why do I still feel speechless when writing my composition? There are two reasons: first, there is no need for "soldiers" when there are "soldiers", and "training for a thousand days, using soldiers for a while". The most direct purpose of our accumulation of materials is to use them when writing articles. When the time comes, you should think of these materials and learn to use them. The students who ask questions just copy it, which is useless. Second, there is no sense of use when copying. Our study time is very precious. When we copy something, we must consider whether it is useful or not. If this material is useless, I would rather rest than extract it. Last year, I held a briefing on my Chinese learning experience in my class. Hu Sen said that he copied a story and added a comment below to remind himself of his point of view. I think this practice is worth learning from. It can be said that Hu Sen's method is a more economical and efficient extraction method. You can try.

(10) answering skills. The skill of answering questions is an important topic. Some students lose points, not because of knowledge and ability, but because of lack of skills. Mastering good problem-solving methods and skills can make review more effective. For example, when reviewing typos, we should master the characteristics of six typos and some ways to distinguish them:

(1) reading method. Reading review is to find out the faults of sentences through careful reading. Generally speaking, it is awkward to read, and what sounds ambiguous may be a problem. Find the disease, then carefully analyze and judge, find out the cause of the language disease, and then modify it. For example, "In view of the rising international crude oil prices, the United States, India and other countries have established or increased their oil reserves, and China must also establish a national strategic oil reserve system as soon as possible." Reading the first article "In view of the rising international crude oil price", you will find it unreasonable. It will be smoother to add words like "situation" or "conditions" at the end.

(2) austerity method. The contraction method is to remove the decorative elements of the sentence and check the grammatical errors in the main part. For example, "He immediately called the Standing Committee to conduct research, and arranged the content, time and participants of the on-site meeting in a unified way, as well as the problems that should be paid attention to in the meeting." After tightening, it means "he arranged the content, time, personnel and problems." Obviously, "arrangement" and "problem" are not properly matched.

(3) analogy method. It can also be called "imitation", which is to imitate a sentence according to the format of the sentence you suspect to be wrong. If the imitated sentence is wrong, so is the original sentence. For example, "During the Spring Festival this year, 2 10 fire engines and more than 3,000 fire officers and soldiers in this city gave up their vacations and always stuck to their posts." This sentence is meaningless. It can be tested by analogy: "There are dozens of machines in this factory, and hundreds of workers give up their vacations." "Dozens of classrooms and teachers in this school have given up their vacations." Obviously, "machines", "classrooms" and "fire engines" will not give up their vacations.

(4) Comparative method. When choosing items with poor language, two of the four options are often easy to rule out, while the other two are more difficult. The choice of large interference factor also gives a specious impression, which needs careful comparison. If it is confirmed that there are problems with both items, choose the item with bigger and more obvious problems.

For another example, modern reading questions:

First, we should have a sense of words.

We should learn the ability to "deduce" the answer from the original text, instead of asking you to take it for granted and answer it according to your own point of view. We should be able to grasp the author's ideological point of view, but this ideological point of view is not necessarily correct. Students often write the correct point of view when doing problems, rather than screening the author's point of view.

For example, the following passage,

Second, we should have a sense of context.

Observing the context and improving the ability to understand sentences in a specific context is the key to improve the overall level of modern reading. Specifically, it includes the following aspects;

(1) Understand the meaning of related statements in the context. In a paragraph, sentences express certain meanings and ellipsis implies certain meanings, which complement each other. Some come down one after another, some complement each other, some define the scope before explaining, some express, some omit ... If you turn a blind eye to the sentence, reading comprehension will inevitably be taken out of context.

For example, when we read Lu Xun's The True Story of Ah Q, we wrote at the beginning that an awning boat "gave Wei Zhuang great anxiety, and the whole village's heart was shaken before noon", but at the beginning of the next chapter, we used a narrative description that "Wei Zhuang's heart was getting calmer and calmer", and later wrote a braid, which made it impossible to write about the revolution. When we wrote Ah Q, the Zhao family was robbed and finally didn't come forward, there was another sentence.

Answering skills is a big topic, and it is also very important for high school students facing the college entrance examination. More specifically later. Put the questions out first, and ask the students to sum them up and accumulate their own answering skills.

The ancients said: "The river flows out of Minshan, and its source can be traced back to its source." The more knowledge you accumulate, the easier it is to bring your intelligence into play, which is conducive to the formation of your ability.

Second, reading habits.

(1) reading. Reading aloud is reading aloud. The ancients called going to school "reading", which shows that China's traditional education thought attached importance to "reading". The fundamental reason why many students' Chinese literacy is poor today is that from junior high school to senior high school, they only pay attention to doing various simulated test questions without serious "reading" training. The formation of a person's language ability is precisely completed in the process of reading. Therefore, we should carefully read the excellent works selected in the textbook, especially the articles that need to be recited. In addition, we should find some articles with strong literariness and sentiment to read repeatedly, so as to improve our Chinese literacy in a subtle way.

Some students may think that reading is not required in the college entrance examination, and reading articles is meaningless to the exam. In fact, many questions in Chinese test papers are not based on rational analysis, but on high language sensitivity. You did some multiple-choice questions correctly, but you were asked why you might not be able to answer them. That doesn't mean you did it by luck. In fact, you did it by your sense of language. Where does the correct sense of language come from? From reading.

For the college entrance examination, there is a topic about reading.

Fill in the appropriate idioms on the lines.

Thousands of tons of ships will be tossed up and down in such a big storm-such a small ship. (except, except, except)

From a grammatical point of view, these three words all indicate progressive relations and are often used at the beginning of the second clause. We are really not sure which word to fill in. At the same time, as a high school student, it is impossible to master the usage and meaning of function words in modern Chinese. Even if you remember some of their basic usage, it is difficult to judge specific sentences. However, if you try to read it, you can come to the conclusion that the word you should choose is "except", and if you choose "except", it will not read smoothly. If we pay attention, we will find that the sentences after "besides" are generally longer, while the sentences after "except" are shorter. Many Chinese test questions are like this, and you can do it right by your sense of language. Therefore, it is a waste of time to do problems without reading books.

(2) intensive reading. Formally, compared with reading aloud, intensive reading is a kind of silent reading, that is, silent reading; In essence, he is a kind of research and creative reading accompanied by thinking, understanding, generalization, transformation and absorption, which is a higher level reading. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless". For intensive reading, the most important thing is to think in reading and question in thinking, that is, to find problems. In fact, effective reading is a process of finding and solving problems, and it is also a process of constantly improving reading level.

For example, after reading Water Margin, "Lin Xue Mountain Temple, Lu Caoyuan caught fire", when Lin Chong went to buy wine, the author wrote "It snowed heavily", and Jin Shengtan, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, couldn't help but admire "the word is tight and the realm is exhausted." Mr. Lu Xun also pointed out that "the word' tight' is full of charm". Why is this word highly appreciated? Can you use other words instead, such as "big, fierce and urgent"? If it is changed to "big", only write the size of snow; Changed to "fierce", only wrote the force and potential of snow; Change it to "urgent" and only write the speed of snow. The word "tight" not only contains the full meaning of "big, fierce and urgent", but also the snow is getting bigger and bigger, fiercer and fiercer, and it is not relaxing at all. More importantly, the word "tight" coincides with the development of the plot: in this cold and biting atmosphere, a plot to harm Lin Chong is brewing in full swing, and the black hand of Lu and his gang is reaching out to Lin Chong, making readers feel that Lin Chong's situation is getting more and more sinister like this snowy weather. This is the connotation of Jin Shengtan's "full realm".

(3) read more books. The ancients said, "You can only know the sound when you smell a thousand songs, and you can only know the instrument when you see a thousand swords." Therefore, the improvement of reading level depends on reading more famous books. Read more books, broaden your horizons, and naturally there will be comparison and analysis, and naturally there will be a deeper understanding. If someone reads the description of moonlight in Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, they will associate it with the obscurity of Du Mu's Moon with Cold Water, Sand and Smoke Cages (Bo Qinhuai) and the quietness of "I don't know first frost when I fly in the air, but I don't see the white sand on the pavilion" in Zhang's Spring River Flower and Moon Color (Zhang's Spring River Flower and Moon Color), and feel somewhat similar, from right to wrong, to the sad beauty shown in the picture.

Since we are required to read more books, we can understand what a high school student should read after class. I think it is necessary to choose some articles to read in China Reader. The second is to read some famous books. According to the requirements of the Chinese teaching syllabus for middle schools of the Ministry of Education, a high school student should read at least 20 famous books, which may be a little big for high school students facing the college entrance examination. But nowadays students don't read any books, which will lead to the lack of cultural background and literary accomplishment. To read as much as possible, you can also choose the works of one or two writers you like to read, especially those with great ideological capacity and strong artistic appeal, which are easy to resonate with young people's thoughts and feelings, such as Selected Essays of Bing Xin and Collection of Remaining Works. This year, the champion of the college entrance examination in Henan Province is from Sheqi County. He began to read Bing Xin's prose from the second year of high school, and his emotion and artistic interest had a great influence on him. This year's college entrance examination composition "The Choice of Soul" and his "The Choice of Philanthropy" are obviously influenced by Bing Xin's early essays on loving the motherland, nature and mother. In addition, the composition got full marks, and the Chinese test got 136. His reading method is also worth learning. He is not utilitarian in reading, but takes books as nourishment, absorbs its useful things, enriches his thoughts and improves his artistic interest. The third is to read American literature. For example, Zhihui, which is very popular with students, just reads some magazines with high taste. From the perspective of writing, we can read Reader's Digest, Youth Digest, Reading and Writing World, Composition and Examination, Composition Exchange, etc. From the reading point of view, we can read Learning Outside a Language, Selected Works of Chinese Loose-leaf, Reading for Middle School Students, Reading and Appreciation, etc.

(4) write frequently. We should form the habit of not writing or reading. First, we should always write down useful knowledge, new words, vivid sentences and beautiful paragraphs, and combine reading with accumulation. The second is to comment on the reading materials, and make targeted and original comments on their content, structure, language, skills and even words and sentences. Commentary reading is a traditional reading method in China. In ancient times, Mao Zonggang commented on Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Jin Shengtan commented on Water Margin, and in modern times, Mao Zedong commented on Twenty-four History. The third is to write reading notes and experience. Combine reading with writing.

Third, the habit of writing.

(A) the accumulation of material. "A clever woman can't cook without rice", and materials are the basis of composition. The accumulation of materials should start from the following aspects: first, one's own personal experience and experience (including one's surrounding environment), which are extremely rich and active sources of materials; Second, the content of the learned text is also a considerable material library; The third is the typical materials, wonderful fragments and famous sayings and aphorisms that reflect social life found in extracurricular reading (books, newspapers, movies, etc.). Reader and Youth Digest are two magazines with strong stories. Many students like reading, but they can't "forget after reading". We should extract wonderful stories and paragraphs from them. Just now I talked about the need for useful consciousness when extracting, and the problem of how to use it. On September 16, the Chinese newspaper subscribed by our classmates published an article entitled "Feel free to go on the road". The author of this paper, He, is a third-year experimental class student of Northeastern University, and is now studying at Northeastern University. Let's take a look at this article and feel the important role of accumulation in writing.

Go on your way with confidence.

What is the experimental class of a high school in Taikang, Henan Province

At the helm of the river of life, it is not the surging waves, but the constant compass in your heart: self-confidence. -Inscription.

Edison said, "Self-confidence is the first secret of success." Yes, young people who dream of success can only sail and break the waves in the face of the sinister sea of life, from darkness to dawn, from dangerous beaches to clear water and blue sky.

Listen to the story of Pando and Seiji Ozawa, maybe you will gain some confidence.

The biting cold wind hit my face mercilessly with snowflakes and ice. The thin air is suffocating, and the rocks under my feet are slippery and steep. Pando slipped down from that boulder again. Almost to the top, all the teammates have climbed over the boulder, leaving Pando alone. As the only female player, she doesn't think she is weaker than others. She believes that she can reach the top of Mount Everest. Her teammates also encouraged her. She was blue and panting, but she climbed up the rock again, gritted her teeth and bit by bit-Pando climbed over the boulder, climbed the summit with her teammates and stood in the snow. She feels endless pride and pride.

Self-confidence gave Pando the strength and courage to overcome difficulties, which enabled her to break through obstacles with great perseverance, climb over boulders, climb the highest point in the world, realize her dreams and achieve that feat in history.

Seiji Ozawa, a famous musician, is also a model of self-confidence and success. In the final of an international music conducting competition, the first two players were briefly unhappy in the process of conducting, but they all conducted "seriously" and smiled apologetically at the referee's seat. Seiji Ozawa was the third and last person to get on the podium. The performance went very smoothly. Like the first two, he suddenly saw a little disharmony in the music. He tried to direct, but in the end he stopped to ask if the people on the referee's bench had made a mistake. The referee treated him coldly: "please continue the game, this is the most authoritative score!" " "Seiji Ozawa tried to conduct again, but finally stopped, saying that the score was wrong. The referee warned him not to look down on authority, but he shouted firmly, "No! This must be a mistake! " At this time, all the judges stood up and applauded warmly to congratulate Seiji Ozawa on winning the grand prize.

Didn't the first two conductors find any mistakes? However, success only depends on a confident person like Seiji Ozawa.

Facing Mount Everest, Pan climbed with confidence; Seiji Ozawa confidently questioned "authority". Let's follow in their footsteps, wear brilliant suits, embark on the road with sincerity and confidence, and embark on the road to light with strength!