Looking at the Ming Dynasty again, the ability of individual soldiers is self-evident. To tell the truth, the soldiers who grew up farming in the Central Plains were not as physical as the soldiers who rode horses since childhood. During Du Shi's stay in Liaodong, Yuan Chonghuan believed that Liaodong was fierce after years of war, so he insisted on staying in Liaodong and training an army with Liaodong's children, which became the "Ning Guan fighters". This army won the victories of Ningyuan, Ningjin and Beijing, and saved the decline of the Ming imperial army. However, we know that field operations can best reflect the combat effectiveness of an army, which is why * * * was named after the field army in the early days of the liberation war. The victory of the Ming army was either guarding the city or last stand, because Yuan Chonghuan was trying to avoid fighting with the Eight Banners Army on the battlefield. He was worried that Guan Ningjun was no match for the Eight Banners Army on the battlefield. Yuan Chonghuan's general Zhao Lvjiao's 4000 Ning Guan fighters met the Eight Banners Army in the wild when they entered Beijing, which proved that Yuan Chonghuan's worry was right. Not to mention the peasant uprising army, which is a group of homeless and hungry people. 1636, Sun Chuanting and Hong Chengchou allied forces defeated the main force of the peasant army, Gao Yingxiang the conqueror was beheaded, Li Zicheng escaped, Zhang surrendered, and the sea was almost settled. Look at the generals. Most of the Ming army generals in Liaodong battlefield are either gluttonous or warriors. Until Yuan Chonghuan Du Shi Liao Dong was not bad, they could hold on to it, but it was difficult to "level Liao within five years". Look at the performance of the war. Throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties, it is generally acknowledged that the Ming army lost more and won less. Although Yuan Du's poems won the Eight Banners Army in the battles between Ningyuan and Ningjin, they did not do much harm to the Qing army at all, because the Eight Banners Army was less than 200,000 when it entered the customs. If the Ming army can do great harm to the Eight Banners Army, the Manchu dynasty will not be a climate at all. After all, the population is there. However, the conquest of the Eight Banners Army for many years did great harm to the Ming Dynasty. In order to win over the Manchu Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty increased the "three salaries", which was one of the important reasons for the peasant uprising. Moreover, the elite troops of the Ming Dynasty were also wiped out by the Eight Banners Army, which many people may not like to hear, but please see 1636, when Sun Chuanting and Hong Chengchou basically put down the peasant army. 1639, the Ming court transferred Hong Chengchou as the governor of Hebei and Liao, and led Wang Pu, Yang, Tang Tong, Bai Guangen, Cao Bianjiao, Kyle, Wang and Wu Sangui. The Ming army130,000 troops not only included the elite "Ning Guan fighters" in Liaodong, but also were transferred from nine towns in the Ming Dynasty to participate in suppressing the elite division of the peasant army. As a result, the Ming army was almost wiped out in the battle of Jinsong, and the coach Hong Chengchou was captured. "Records of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty" records that "this was a battle, with 53,783 enemies killed, 7,440 horses won and 9,346 armour." The Ming army went to sea from Xingshan to Tashan in the south, many people died and abandoned tens of thousands of military forces and armor. There are many floating bodies in the sea, like geese. "Previous battles, including Salhu, can be lost in the Ming Dynasty, because a great country has sufficient national strength to fight, but the battles in Jin Song and Jin Song are different. By this time, the Ming dynasty was already very weak and could not afford to lose. The adherents of the Ming Dynasty and historians in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties talked about accommodating and evaluating the "Battle of Jinsong", saying that "the elite of Jiusai, the grain of China is meager, the imperial power cannot be continued, but the temple society is destroyed! "When the battle was defeated, the Central Plains peasant army took the opportunity to revive, but the Ming Dynasty was unable to suppress it, which eventually led to its demise. Many people say that the Manchu entered the customs by borrowing the light of the peasant army, but think about whether the peasant army also borrowed the light of the Manchu dynasty, otherwise the elites of the nine towns would be there and Li Zicheng would not enter Beijing. And guns. Firearms were widely used in the Ming Dynasty, but there were only two points. First, who is better to use, a bird spear that can only shoot a few shots a minute or a bow that can shoot more than a dozen arrows a minute? Secondly, regarding artillery, it is no exaggeration to say that in the middle and late period of the Ming and Qing Wars, the Eight Banners Army owned by the Ming Army was basically indispensable. Therefore, on the whole, the overall combat effectiveness of the Eight Banners at that time should be very strong, at least stronger than that of the Ming Army and the Peasant Army at the same time. Some people say that their decline and incompetence in the later period of the Eight Banners is unfounded. After all, there has never been an army that has been enduring in a peaceful environment. My home is in Liaoning, and I am an armed police soldier, so I am very interested in the Ming and Qing wars and have expressed many feelings. It's just my personal opinion. I hope it will help you. What are the advantages of the Eight Banners Army in Manchu? Why is the Eight Banners Army so effective? The Eight Banners Army has a good physical quality, a large number of soldiers, a clear division of labor, initiative and courage, and more importantly, it has caught up with a good opportunity.
There is a saying that "the members of the Eight Banners Army are civilians in peacetime and soldiers in wartime, so they have strong combat effectiveness". So what are the advantages of the Manchu Eight Banners Army and why are they so brave? Let's take a look.
1. Strict military discipline
Specifically, it is the stolen goods sharing system, which is actually brought about by the Nurhachi Eight Banners system. Nurhachi's Eight Banners system is to turn the Eight Banners soldiers into slaves of their families, and then use these slaves to try to obtain slaves. The purpose of the Eight Banners' previous wars was to rob property and slaves, but the Eight Banners never dared to share the general's property with soldiers. After the war, the finance was divided according to the meritorious military service, so the Eight Banners were brave and good at fighting.
2. All people are soldiers.
Manchu people have a small population and are all soldiers. A flag is ten thousand soldiers at most. These 10,000 people are old and young, and some of them have been soldiers for three generations. The Eight Banners only assembled in wartime and went home after the war, so there were only five or six thousand people in ten thousand banners.
3. Soldiers have good physical fitness.
Growing up in extremely cold mountainous areas, the Eight Banners are hard-working and physically stronger than * * *, and it is not easy to get sick after sleeping in the wind for many days. Every family has several horses. They often go hunting in the mountains and are good at riding and shooting. Moreover, each flag soldier has three horses, all of which are first-class war horses, well-developed, well-built and bright. At that time, the Eight Banners were first-class "individual combat" according to the current words. Collective operations have a clear division of labor and are positive and courageous. But also caught up with a good opportunity (Daming's internal troubles and foreign invasion), so he won the country in one fell swoop.
Which Eight Banners had the strongest fighting capacity in Qing Dynasty? Zhenghuangqi was the emperor's personal soldier, and was the strongest in the era of Huang Taiji. However, after the death of Huang Taiji, Dourgen came to power, and Dourgen led his own white flag all the way to lay the foundation of the Ming Dynasty, so that in fact, the Eight Banners and the Yellow Flag were more of an imperial army directly under the capital. Dourgen's Zhengbaiqi has become a real bloody field force, and the First Army of the Eight Banners should actually be regarded as Zhengbaiqi. Zhenghuangqi, because of its direct particularity, has gradually stopped going to the battlefield, and is more of a reserve army to support the scene.
The Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty were full of fighting capacity in the early stage. Why did the fighting capacity plummet in the later stage? The generals of the Eight Banners Army died one after another, and the army had no resistance. The soldiers were greedy for pleasure and lost their fighting spirit.
The Eight Banners Army of Manchu Dynasty has honed its great strength through constant fighting outside the customs. Because they have lived in poverty since childhood, war is their only way out. They want to get everything they want in this way, so they fight bravely. The Eight Banners of Manchu once dominated the battlefield, and their early fighting capacity was full. Why did it plummet later?
1. Commanders of the Eight Banners Army died one after another.
An army, no matter how strong its fighting capacity is, is just a headless fly without a good commander. Dodo and Haug are Dourgen's most capable assistants. But when Dourgen died, an army lost its soul without a good general, so the fighting capacity of the Eight Banners army dropped sharply.
2. Born in sorrow and died in happiness
The strength of the Eight Banners Army is that he was born in a difficult environment, and he has been tempered all his life and finally turned into steel. However, after defeating the Ming Dynasty and stabilizing the Qing regime, the Eight Banners Army began to release itself. Since the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners Army began to retreat to the second line, euphemistically called deterrence, but actually it was just seeking pleasure.
And after the emperor shunzhi came to power, he issued a decree, so that the Eight Banners army could encircle the land and the official position could be hereditary. In this way, everyone wants to enjoy the beauty brought by peacetime and is unwilling to go to great trouble. Some soldiers of the Eight Banners even began to keep birds for health, as if they were stepping into old age. How much fighting capacity can such an army have?
In this way, the national strength of the Manchu dynasty was not improved, and the strength of the army declined again. Why didn't the strength of the Eight Banners decline linearly?
Was the Eight Banners in the period of Huang Taiji the peak of fighting capacity in Qing Dynasty? I don't think so. At least, the Shunzhi period had obvious progress than the Huang taiji period. After that, Kang Yong will not necessarily go backwards, because many things, such as armored systems, are improving, but there are some bad signs at this time. In fact, from the historical data, even during the Qianlong period, the fighting capacity of the Eight Banners was still very strong. At this time, although the Eight Banners struggled hard, they obviously began to decline during the Jiaqing period. Even if there is no industrial revolution abroad, it is only a matter of time before you are down and out.
The fighting capacity of the Eight Banners Army in the early Qing Dynasty was very high. Why did the Eight Banners Army become ineffective in the late Qing Dynasty? In the early Qing Dynasty, when the Eight Banners were still full of blood, they were all trained from the harsh environment in the northeast, and they were all generals. But by the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were fewer wars, and these children of the Eight Banners were all children of the imperial court. They have been pampered and carefree since childhood, and have lost the hard work of their ancestors, so their combat effectiveness has declined.
The Eight Banners were really strong. Compared with the late Qing dynasty, they are obviously weak. Moreover, the Eight Banners Army was established by the elite selected by Nurhachi to fight. At the beginning, there were only four banners, and they were chosen nationwide, not just among the children of the government. For children in ordinary families, they can only work harder and be better, so there are many talents. But later, after entering Beijing, the number of enlisted men increased and four banners were added, so it was called the later Eight Banners.
When the Eight Banners Army was first established, almost all the people who could be selected were good riders and shooters, and their military combat capability was outstanding. These were the reasons why the Qing Dynasty was able to overthrow the Ming Dynasty and unify the whole country. However, slowly, the country was unified and there was no war to fight. The role played by the troops in China is not so obvious, and where the Eight Banners Army has not played, it can only be assigned to guard work. These people also relaxed from the tense state and all lived a stable life. After a long time, their fighting spirit has disappeared. It is in this environment that these precious and brave Eight Banners have lost their former prestige and become more and more tired.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the children of the Eight Banners had a much higher status and a much better life. Holding an iron rice bowl, but doing nothing for them, became a parasite. It has long been wiped out by the prosperity of the capital.
Why were the Eight Banners so strong in fighting capacity at the end of the Ming Dynasty that almost all of them won hard battles? When we watch TV plays or books about the Qing Dynasty, we often see stories about the Eight Banners soldiers in the late Ming Dynasty. They are a group of troops with very strong fighting capacity, and almost all of them are awesome. However, why were the Eight Banners so effective in the late Ming Dynasty that they won almost all the hard battles?
First, their thoughts on building the army. Nurhachi learned from the elite of the Ming army and took serious military orders, which greatly improved the organizational level of the late Jin army. In the Ming Dynasty, when temporarily avoiding the border for training, the focus was on adapting to the military environment in Liaodong, then recording it forcefully, and then expanding the army for training on this basis.
Second, their organizational structure. The Eight Banners system created by Nurhachi is a military system that integrates different tribes of state power into the same war machine. This system has a unique function. It drew lessons from the Wei suo system of the Ming army, separated the members from different regions and families from the clans that constituted the state and established political power, and regrouped them according to the combat units of the army, thus greatly improving the mobilization and organization ability of the army.
Through the organizational form of the Eight Banners, the ministries of Jianzhou have also been truly unified, so that members of different regions and tribes have established their loyalty to the whole Jianzhou regime, and at the same time, they have avoided the problem that other families except Aisin Gioro have too much influence in a certain army. Third, their military geographical environment is different from other regions. To sum up, it can be concluded that the Eight Banners' strong combat effectiveness is due to their basic organizational structure and army-building ideas, and Nurhachi focuses on army-building.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners army still had some fighting capacity, but cavalry was the main force. At that time, I was able to fight head-on with the Eight Banners cavalry. I'm afraid it can only be a soldier in Ning Guan! But it doesn't mean that the Ming army can't beat the Eight Banners. If the Ming Dynasty could deal with the Eight Banners wholeheartedly, it would be much easier ~ Sun Chengzong, Xiong Tingbi, Hong Chengchou, Cao Wenzhao, Lu Xiangsheng, etc. all had strong Ming armies. It's a pity that the Ming Dynasty just ended its anti-Japanese war and aided Korea, and it had to deal with Li Zicheng Zhang's rebel army and of course the inner-party struggle. So the Eight Banners came into being at the right time! Invincible once At the end of Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners in green camp failed, but their weapons and tactics were far behind. The fighting capacity of the Eight Banners can be seen from destroying the Long Hair (Taiping Heavenly Kingdom) Northern Expeditionary Army and guarding Dagubao ~ But personally, I don't think the Eight Banners in the Shanhaiguan Pass can be fought, and the Sino-Japanese War was good ~ really good ~
Fighting Power in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (3)(4)