1. astronomical calendar
There are observatories in Shangdu, Dadu and Dengfeng, and there are 27 astronomical observatories in the South China Sea, far north of the Antarctic, which have made outstanding achievements in measuring the distance of the Huangchi Lake and watching stars. A number of outstanding astronomers such as Guo Shoujing, Wang Xun, Yeluchucai and Jamalidin have emerged. Guo Shoujing and others presided over the chronicle, and developed more than a dozen astronomical instruments, such as simple instrument, upright instrument, standard watch, landscape symbol, upright instrument, astrology, upright instrument, proof instrument, chronograph and solar eclipse instrument. The compilation of calendars divides a year into 365.2425 days, which abolishes the traditional method of compiling calendars in China, that is, the method of accumulating years in Shangyuan, and adopts the method of cutting elements in modern times, which is a great progress in the history of human calendars. This calendar was published in the 17th year of Zhiyuan (1280) and has been used for more than 400 years.
2. Mathematics
The Yuan Dynasty was the peak of mathematics development in China, and a number of outstanding mathematicians and their works emerged. For example, ye Li and his "round sea mirror" and "an ancient interpretation"; Zhu Shijie and His Arithmetic Enlightenment and Meet with Siyuan; Mungo's research on Euclid's Elements of Geometry: Ye Li's celestial technique (that is, the method of establishing equations) and Zhu Shijie's quaternary technique (that is, the solution of simultaneous equations of multiple degrees) are new achievements with worldwide influence. The abacus also began to take shape in the Yuan Dynasty.
3. Agriculture and animal husbandry
The publication of three books, namely Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry, Agricultural Books and Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry's Food and Clothing, marked the achievements of agriculture and animal husbandry in Yuan Dynasty. Compendium of Agriculture and Mulberry was compiled by the Yuan government. The book is divided into seven volumes and ten articles. It summarized the previous crop planting and livestock raising in Yuan Dynasty, and preserved a large number of ancient agricultural books, which played an important role in popularizing agricultural technology and guiding agricultural production. Agricultural Books was written by Wang Zhen, a famous agronomist. The book is divided into three parts: Nong Sang Tong Ji, Gu Bai Pu and Nong Qi Tu. Wang Zhen believes that timely sowing, adjusting measures to local conditions, timely fertilizing and building water conservancy projects are the guarantee for a bumper harvest in agriculture. Among them, planting cotton mulberry has practical significance. 306 maps of various farm tools and agricultural machinery were drawn, which played a great role in improving farming techniques. The Outline of Agriculture, Mulberry and Food was written by Lu Mingshan, a Uighur agronomist. This book pays attention to practicality and records farming activities on a monthly basis, especially involving nomadic production, which can make up for the shortcomings of ancient agricultural books such as Nong Sang Yao Ji.
4. Medicine and Pharmacy
According to historical records, two of the "Four Great Masters in Jin and Yuan Dynasties" lived in the Meng and Yuan Dynasties. Learning from Liu, he emphasized strengthening the spleen and stomach, founded the school of tonifying the soil, and wrote Treatise on Spleen and Stomach and Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Zhu Zhenheng developed Liu's fiery theory under the guidance of his teacher, and advocated mainly nourishing yin, and using the agent of nourishing yin to reduce fire. Later, Zhu Zhenheng called it "Ziyin School", and he wrote books such as Ge Zhi Yu Lun, Ju Xi, and Treatise on Treatise on Febrile Diseases. He has made more outstanding achievements in surgery and orthopedics, and Wei Yilin has made innovations in anesthesia and fracture reduction surgery. Hua Shou is good at acupuncture. In addition, ethnic medicine was introduced into the Central Plains, and ethnic medicine experts such as Sademi (Mongolian) and Ngai-Sie (Hui) emerged.
5. Diet and health care.
Dietotherapy is represented by Dietary Records written by Mongolian Hu Sihui, Complete Works of Rice, Oil and Salt written by the Yuan government, Dietary Instructions written by Jia Ming and Yunlintang Dietary System Collection written by Ni Yunlin. As the first book of dietotherapy in China, Drinking Diet contains about 365,438+04 kinds of diets, and its production technology, cooking skills, contraindications and medical functions are introduced in detail, which occupies an important position in the history of dietotherapy in China. In the aspect of health preservation, Qiu Chuji's Theory of Health Preservation, Li Daochun's monograph on Qigong Health Preservation, Li Pengfei's counselor's Three-Yuan Life Extension Book and Xiao Tingzhi's Collection of Great Immortals are the representatives.
6. Geography
The compilation of the unified annals of the Yuan Dynasty, the exploration of Heyuan, the publication of maps and a large number of travel notes are his main achievements. The unified chronicle of the Yuan Dynasty was presided over by the government, and Jamalidin and Yu Yinglong were in charge. This book describes in detail the establishment and evolution of counties in China, towns and villages, mountains and rivers, customs and historical figures in Guo Cheng, and has high historical value. In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), Kublai Khan ordered Nuzhen to explore the source of the Yellow River, and thought Xinghai (Huodunnaoer) was the source of the Yellow River, which was closer to reality. Pan Angxiao also wrote "Heyuan Zhi" on this basis. Taoist Zhu Siben inspected the geographical situation of North China, East China, Central South and other vast areas today, referred to the geographical works such as "Unification Records" of the Yuan Dynasty, and drew maps by the method of "calculating the inside painting", becoming an epoch-making figure in the geographical history of the Yuan Dynasty and the map history of China. Tourist geography works include The Journey to the West by Yelu Chucai, A Journey to the West by Changchun Real Person by Li Zhichang, A Record of the Island by Zhou Daguan and A Brief Introduction to Wang Dayuan Island, etc., which describe the geography, customs and trade at home and abroad and have high historical value.
7. Architecture
The expansion of the territory in Yuan Dynasty and the prosperity of urban economy provided conditions for the development of architecture. The cities newly built or rebuilt in the Yuan Dynasty include Yuandadu, Yuanshangdu, Helin City, Jining Road City and Yingchang Road City. Yuandadu was one of the largest and most magnificent cities in the world at that time. In addition, due to the policy of freedom of religious belief in the Yuan Dynasty, Buddhism and Islamic architectural techniques also flooded into the Central Plains. Buddhist architecture is represented by Guangsheng Temple and Baita of Dadu Miaoying Temple in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, and Islamic architecture is dominated by mosques in Beijing, Hangzhou and xi 'an. These buildings have begun to integrate with the layout and technology of traditional buildings in China. Mongolian yurts with nomadic style of northern grassland are also deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups.
In addition, in terms of artillery, the Yuan Dynasty developed the first metal tube-shaped shooting firearm in China's weapon history-the ware. Ceramics inherited the firing technology of various kilns in Song Dynasty, formed its own characteristics, increased the variety of colors and became an important commodity in foreign trade. There are also many new achievements in printing, shipbuilding, navigation and water conservancy engineering technology.