Ji Kang:
Ji Kang (223-262 or 224-263)
Ji Kang, whose real name is Xi, was born in Luo County (now Suixi, Anhui Province). The leader of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Poets and musicians in the Three Kingdoms period were one of the representatives of metaphysics in the late Wei Dynasty. Ji Kang loved music since he was a child and was very talented. The Biography of Jin Shu Ji Kang said: Ji Kang "learned without a teacher and learned from others". He is good at flute, piano and melody. His four piano pieces "Long Qing", "Short Qing", "Long Bian" and "Short Bian" are called "Jisi Square", which is a famous group of piano pieces in ancient China, and is called "Nine Square" together with the "Chua's Five Square" in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Yang Di once regarded playing "Nine Farmers" as one of the conditions for choosing a scholar, which shows its great influence and high achievements. Guangling San has also become one of the top ten guqin music in China. His theory of no sorrow and joy, hard to learn nature, teacher's speech, courage, private interpretation and health preservation have been passed down from generation to generation.
It is said that Guqin music "Lonely Hall Meets God" and "Guangling San" were handed down by Ji Kang, but their origins have always been a mystery.
Recently, among the cultural relics unearthed from the Sui Dynasty imperial tomb in Tongguan, Shaanxi Province, there is Ge Hong's suicide note, and there is a statement about the origin of Guangling San.
Ge Hong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
"Commemorative Moon: Beyond the East China Sea, there are mountains and roofs, ladders, platforms, immortals and feather people's homes. Tiantai Sect, the mountain carried by the gods, also floats in the sea, without discipline and years. However, Nu Wa cut her feet to fit her shoes and stood at the four poles. When she saw that there was no fairy mountain, she moved to the bank of Langya Mountain. After the Taoist priest went up the mountain to realize Taoism, he taught his disciples to become immortals, and the immortal Taoism began to spread.
Have Ji Kang, learn from Huang Lao, advocate metaphysics, be good at flute, piano and melody, and be a good fairy. That year, I tasted the rooftop, watched the sunrise in the East China Sea, enjoyed the scenery in fairy mountain, visited the ancestral home of Taigong, and saw that Mr. An Qi's stone house was still there, and there were traces of crossing the river. When I arrived at the witch's tomb, the tomb was connected with the house, and people and ghosts lived together, but I sighed, "Yin and Yang are separated by a wall." I spent the night in Sendai, and saw the moonlight pouring down, the breeze slowly, the blue waves swaying, the fairy island misty, the rooftop towering, all the way with the stars. Praise: beauty without words, fairyland on earth! Suddenly I heard the faint piano sound in the valley, and the mysterious music continued. Looking for the sound, I found a small room. Hold your breath and listen, so as not to disturb Xianyin. At the end of the song, a beautiful woman opened the door and said, "Sir, it's a great honor to come to my humble abode. Please sit inside. " Kangxi met his bosom friend and walked into the room happily. Only by sitting down to drink tea can you know that you are a witch in the valley. Although people and ghosts have different ways, they fell in love at first sight and talked all night. Or on the natural cycle of heaven and earth, or on the beauty of poetry, songs, music, chess, calligraphy and painting. When talking about developing agriculture, Kang said, "What song does the goddess play?" The wizard said, "When you are in love, you can play with your fingers. This is an unknown song." . Kang gave it to him after much deliberation. Today, the same is true of "meeting God in a lonely hall". The wizard said, "I still have a copy of Guangling Powder for you. This is the voice of nature, the husband of songs, and cannot be passed down lightly. " Kang asked, "Who did it?" Right said, "Guanglingzi is also. In the past, Nie Zhengshan and I practiced the piano, and we are flesh and blood compatriots. " Kang suddenly realized that he respectfully asked the goddess to give it to him and studied until dawn.
Kang loves these two songs most in his life, so he must choose a quiet and lofty place. When the wind is clear and the moon is bright, he can only play with them when he wears deep clothes to wash his hands and burn incense. Although there are dignitaries seeking advice, they will not be passed down from generation to generation. And punish Kang in the East City, and 3,000 students are not allowed to "please be teachers." Suoqin and Kang's pre-criminal gang. Xuanqi, the wind stops and the clouds stagnate, and people and ghosts are silent. Only the ruler jumps on the piano board, thoughts slide at the fingertips, emotions flow in the five mysteries, and the sound of nature echoes in the sky. Yue Xian waves like a cloud, the piano clank iron bone, earth-shattering, tear-jerking, listeners are all moved. Qu Bi sighed heartily: "Yuan Xiaoni studied this essay hard, but she didn't agree with Jingu. Guangling prose is absolutely lost today!" , unexpectedly generous to die. People in the sea are in pain. "(Adder: Luofushan people)
Textual research on the year of death of Jikang tomb in Bozhou
The reflection of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Wang Weier Liu Fuchuan said: "At that time, there was Ji Kang, the Qiaojun County, who praised Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi with gorgeous words, but he was still curious about Ren Xia. Go and sit in Jingyuan. " According to the four years of Emperor Jing of Wei Yuan (260-263) and the Biography of Ji Kang in the Book of Jin, Kang was forty years old when he was sentenced, so Zi and Jian set the time in Jingyuan for three years, that is, 262 years, and Ji Kang's birth and death in literary history was 223-262 years, which should be determined accordingly. Regarding the time when Ji Kang was executed, Pei Songzhi also saw different records when he annotated the History of the Three Kingdoms. For example, Ganbao, Chishi and others were all executed in the second year (255) of Gongyou Yuan in Guigui Township, Wei. Pei thought their records were wrong, so he made a special textual research. In addition, "Shi Shuo Dan" says: Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and Hanoi all have a year ratio, but Kang is the smallest. Mr. Xu Zhen's Annotation of Shi Shuo Xin Yu said: "According to the Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin, he died four years ago from Wang Huanjing Yuan, at the age of 54, and was born in the 14th year of Jian 'an, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. "The Biography of Dan Tao said that he died in Jin Taikang for four years at the age of seventy-nine, but he was born in Jian 'an for ten years, and was born in Ruan Ji at the age of four. Ji Kang Biography died at the age of forty, not to mention the year of his death. Mirror Mirror was written in Jingyuan for three years, but it was born in Huang Chu, Wei Wendi for four years, with 18-year-old Dan Tao and 14-year-old Ruan. According to Tong Jian, Ji Kang's deeds were mainly based on the Book of Jin, but he also made use of the History of the Three Kingdoms, so he copied a passage from Ji Kang, Qiaocheng County, to Ren Xia, Shang Qi, and Yun Kang Jingyuan in The History of the Three Kingdoms took this as Jingyuan. The story of Ji Kang in the Book of Jin and the date of birth and death of Mr. Xu's examination of Ji Kang did not use the materials in the History of the Three Kingdoms, so they were lost.
Mr. Zhuang Wanshou thinks that Ji Kang's death year should be four years in Jingyuan. Even though Jingyuan will serve as the general of Zhenxi for three years, it is still possible to concurrently serve as the commander, and the attack on Shu really began in Jingyuan for four years, so the lower limit of Ji Kang's murder is entirely possible in Jingyuan for four years. According to the clue of "breaking up with Shan Juyuan", Dan Tao Yu Jingyuan was dismissed by the official department for two years, and the "breakup letter" said "I came back from Hedong the year before last, and I heard that ...", so the breakup letter was considered as Yu Jingyuan for three years. Dear John said that Ji Shao was "eight years old", and Jin Shu included Ji Shao's "ten years old and lonely". If we stick to Jingyuan's four-year theory, Ji Kang will be killed for more than a year, which can completely meet this time difference. If we stick to Jingyuan for three years, Ji Shao's age error will be great.
[Edit this paragraph] Life impact and evaluation
Ji Kang, whose real name is Xi, was born in Luo County (now Suixi, Anhui Province). The leader of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". During the Three Kingdoms period, a famous poet and musician in the late Wei Dynasty was one of the representatives of metaphysics at that time.
Ji Kang is a master of art. His works, such as Sound Without Sorrow, Difficult to Learn Nature, A Teacher's Advice, Ming Dan and Relieving Private Health, have been handed down from generation to generation, and he plays the piano very well, especially Guangling San, which attracts attention. Ruan Ji, who was thirteen years older than him at that time, was as famous as him. There is often a saying in the history of music that "Qin Qin is Ruan Xiao", but Ji Kang is superior to Ruan Ji in both thought and personality. Ji Kang dismissed the long-standing dogmatic etiquette and hated the filthy and treacherous official career. He would rather be an unknown and free blacksmith outside Luoyang than follow the crowd. He is obsessed with pursuing the lofty realm of life in his heart: getting rid of bondage, releasing humanity, returning to nature and enjoying leisure. Wang Xiong's fire and powerful hammering are wonderful interpretations of this realm. Therefore, when his friend Dan Tao recommended him to be an official in the imperial court, he resolutely broke up with Dan Tao, and wrote the famous "Breaking Up with Mountain Residence" in cultural history to clarify his feelings.
As an honest and frank person, he lost his father when he was young, and he was inspirational and diligent. Married to the owner of Changle Pavilion (one is the granddaughter of Cao Cao and the daughter of Cao Lin; Said to be Cao Cao's great-granddaughter, that is, Cao Lin's granddaughter) as his wife, when Cao Shi was in power, he worked as a doctor in the government office. Si Mazhao wanted to win over Ji Kang, but Ji Kang tended to be on the royal side in the political struggle at that time and took an uncooperative attitude towards Sima Shi, so he was quite jealous. Zhong Hui, Si Mazhao's confidant, wanted to make friends with Ji Kang, but he was given a cold shoulder. Since then, he has made a feud. Ji Kang's friend Lu An was falsely accused by his brother as unfilial. Ji Kang came forward to defend Lu, and Zhong Hui advised him to take the opportunity to get rid of Lu and Ji. Ji Kang's outstanding talent and carefree lifestyle finally brought him disaster. His life philosophy of "not Tang Wu, but thin Zhou Li" and "the more famous a teacher is, the more natural he is" deeply hurt the key of the ruling class: Ji Kang despised the classics of sages so much and hated official career. If it goes on for a long time, it will not endanger my peaceful rule. This man can't kill Zhengmin, the king of Qing Dynasty. Isn't there a Lu An case here? If you are involved with him, you can kill him without giving anyone a hand. Then, under the slander and incitement of some villains who hated Ji Kang, in 262 AD, the ruler Si Mazhao ordered Ji Kang to be executed. On the execution ground, 3,000 Thai and Thai students wrote to the court to pardon Ji Kang and worship him as a teacher, showing the society Ji Kang's academic status and personality charm, but this "unreasonable demand" will certainly not be accepted by those in power. Ji Kang's thought at this moment is not that his radiant life is coming to an end, but that there is no successor to a wonderful music. He asked for a piano and played the final "Guangling San" on a high execution platform in front of thousands of people who came to see him off. The sonorous piano sound and mysterious tunes are overwhelming and float into everyone's heart. After the play, Ji Kang calmly poked the beginning, when he was only 39 years old.
Ji Kang was born in a poor family, and often worked with Xiang Embroidery to strike the iron in the shade, not to make a living, but to follow his own wishes. Your son Zhong Hui is brilliant and eloquent. One day, Zhong will come to visit and bring a large number of officials. Seeing this scene, Ji Kang was disgusted. He ignored him and just bowed his head and worked. Zhong Hui has stayed for a long time, and he is dissatisfied. At this moment, Ji Kang spoke: "What did you hear?" What did you see and where did you go? "Zhong Hui immediately replied," as soon as I heard it, I saw it and left. "Then I left. Later, Zhong Hui hated Ji Kang's guts and often spoke ill of him in front of Si Mazhao.
According to Liu Ji's Qin Yi, Ji Kang learned Guangling San from Du Kui's son Dumont. Ji Kang likes this song very much and often plays it, which attracts many people to ask for advice, but Ji Kang never teaches it. After Sima Shi came to power, he refused to agree with his rule. He, Ruan Ji, Xiang Embroidery, Dan Tao, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and Wang Rong were also called "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" and fought against Sima Shi, who was later killed at the age of 40. Before he was executed, 3000 students pleaded for him, but they were not allowed. On his deathbed, Suoqin played this song, sighing, "Guangling is scattered today." The statue brick of Ji Kang unearthed from the tomb of the Southern Dynasties in Xishanqiao, Nanjing, depicts the image of Ji Kang sitting on a violin, commanding and imposing.
Ji Kang loves music. He said in the preface: "I have a good voice, but I have lived with it for a long time, thinking that things have ups and downs, but this has not changed." The taste is boring, which is tireless. " He is very familiar with traditional and contemporary Qin Le, which can be seen from his Fu Qin. Ji Kang's four melodies, which are loose in wind, long and short, long and short, are collectively called "Ji's four squares" and "Cai's five squares" in Cai Yong as "Nine squares", which are a famous group of melodies in ancient China. Yang Di once regarded playing Jiunong as one of the conditions for getting a bachelor's degree, which shows its great influence and high achievements.
Ji Kang is not only famous for playing Guangling San, but also has unique contributions in music theory, namely Fu Qin and On Sound without Sorrow and Music. Fu Qin mainly shows Ji Kang's understanding of Qin and music, but it also reflects Ji Kang's view that it is different from Confucian traditional thought. The Theory of Sound without Sorrow and Music is the author's direct and concentrated criticism of the Confucian thought of "ruling the world with music". Among them, Ji Kang's insight into music shines brightly.
Wang Rong has been in contact with Ji Kang for 20 years, but he has never seen a bad guy. Therefore, it left a good name of "alienation of interests and open mind"; Ji Kang, on the other hand, has the side of "just being sick in the intestine, careless and easy to do anything". His masterpiece Breaking Up with Mountain Garden and his love for Guangling San are the manifestations of his cynical and unruly character, and his contempt for Si Mazhao led to his death, which is an obvious example of this kind of integrity.
Ji Kang is good at calligraphy, and his works are good at cursive script, and Tang Zhangyanyuan's calligraphy is the second. Also good at Dan Qing. In the Tang dynasty, there were "bird's nest washing ears" and "lion beating elephant", which were passed down from generation to generation. Unfortunately, it's all lost now.
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