It is generally believed that Zhao Gao's frequent internal chaos in the Qin Dynasty was one of the reasons for the accelerated demise of the Qin Dynasty. However, whether Zhao Gao was an official or not, and the motive of creating palace chaos in the Qin Dynasty, are still controversial in history. Sima Qian did not write Historical Records for Zhao Gao, but Zhao Gao's deeds are mainly recorded in Historical Records of Qin Shihuang, Historical Records of Lisi and Historical Records of Meng Tian.
Zhao Gao was the son of Zhao's alienated imperial clan, and his family was exiled to the State of Qin. His mother was admitted to a hidden official specially established by the Qin government because of contact, crime, punishment, law, suffering, arrival, punishment, afterlife, body, disability and lack. The Zhao Gao brothers were all born here. Zhao Gao came from a humble background, but the king of Qin heard that he was hardworking, persevering and proficient in punishment, prison, law and discipline, so he was promoted as a government order. During this period, Zhao Gao waited on his son Hu Hai and taught him to judge, finalize, file a lawsuit and file a case. Zhao Gao has committed, committed, aggravated and committed crimes. The king of Qin asked Meng Qi to be punished according to law. Meng Yi sentenced Zhao Gao to death, suspended his death sentence and deprived him of his official position. But because of his diligence, Qin Shihuang spared him and restored his original office.
Before 2 10, Qin Shihuang visited Kuaiji Mountain and arrived at Wolf Rest Mountain along the coast. During this period, he was accompanied by Hu Hai, Prime Minister Reese and CRRC Commander Zhao Gao. In August of the same year, Qin Shihuang fell ill while cruising to the plain of Tianjin, and was critically ill when he went to the platform of Dune Palace. Qin Shihuang made a will and called Fu Su, the son of Qin Shihuang, back to Xianyang to preside over the funeral. Before the testamentary edict was sent to the messenger, Qin Shihuang was already dead. Only Hu Hai, Reese and Zhao Gao, the son of Qin Shihuang, and five or six trusted eunuchs knew the news of Qin Shihuang's death. Reese thinks that the emperor has died outside, but the domestic Chu Jun is undecided, so the news should be blocked. So he put Qin Shihuang's body in a warm and ventilated car, and officials beat things and offered food as usual, and sent eunuchs to pretend to be Qin Shihuang to read the paper.
Zhao Gao detained Qin Shihuang's testamentary edict and said to Hu Hai, "Qin Shihuang died, and instead of making all his sons kings, he gave the imperial edict to his eldest son Fu. Fu Su became king when he arrived in Xianyang, but you didn't even have an inch of land. What are you going to do? " Hu Hai said, "I heard that Mingjun knows his subjects best and Mingfu knows his son best. Since my father didn't order the packet before he died, what can I say? " Zhao Gao said, "No, the situation in the world is in the hands of you, me and Prime Minister Reese. I hope you think twice. What's more, can controlling the vassals to submit to others and ruling others be the same as being ruled by others? " Hu Hai said: "It is unjust to abandon the long and young; It is unfilial to disobey the father's will and fear death; It is incompetent to get to the throne with the help of others. These three things are so outrageous that people all over the world will refuse to accept me. I will suffer from it and the country will die. " Zhao Gao said: "I heard that Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang killed their monarch, and all the people in the world praised their actions as moral, not disloyal. Wei Jun killed his father, and wei ren praised his work. It is not unfilial for Confucius to record this matter. What's more, those who achieve great things are informal, and they don't have to be humble again and again to do great things. They are afraid of the small and forget the big, which will inevitably lead to future disasters; If you hesitate at a critical moment, you will regret it in the future. I hope you do as I say. " Hu Hai sighed and said, "Now the emperor is not dead, and the funeral is not over. How can we ask the Prime Minister? " Zhao Gao said, "Time is too short to plan. I am afraid of missing the opportunity. "
After successfully persuading Hu Hai, Zhao Gao pointed out that if the plan is to succeed, it must be approved by Prime Minister Reese, and he recommended himself to Hu Hai to convince Reese himself. Zhao Gao said to Reese, "The emperor died, and the testamentary edict was not delivered. No one knows about it. Hu Hai has both imperial edicts and Xi given to Fu Su by the emperor. Making him a prince is just a word between you and me. What do you think of this? " Reese said, "How can you say such a thing of national subjugation? This is not something that you and I should talk about as ministers! " Zhao Gao said, "Who is more capable than Meng Tian? Who deserves more praise? Whose strategy is far-reaching and infallible? Who do the people of the world support more? Who has a better relationship with Fu Su, the eldest son? " Reese said, "I'm not as good as Meng Tian in these five aspects, but why are you so hard on me?" Zhao Gao said: "I have been in charge of Qin Gong for more than 20 years. I have never seen a dismissed prime minister pass on his title to the next generation, and they were all killed in the end. The emperor has more than twenty sons. Fu Su, the eldest son, is resolute and brave. After he acceded to the throne, he must use Meng Tian as prime minister. Finally, you can't retire with the seal of Tong Hou. I have been instructed by the emperor to educate Hu Hai and teach him to learn, learn, practice and law for several years. I don't see anything wrong with him. He is merciful, honest and kind, despises money, respects scholars, has a beautiful heart and is not good at words, and respectfully respects sages. Among the sons of Qin Shihuang, no one can catch up with him and be an heir. Please think twice before you do. " Li Si said, "I, Li Si, only carry out the emperor's testamentary edict, and my fate is arranged by God. What can I consider and decide? " Zhao Gao said: "What seems safe may be dangerous, and what is dangerous may be safe. How can you be a wise man if you don't make a decision early in the face of safety? " Li Si said, "I, Li Si, was originally a common people in Shangcai Street. Thanks to the promotion of the emperor, I was appointed as the Prime Minister, and I was named Tong Hou, so that all my descendants can get distinguished status and generous treatment. This is why the emperor gave me the important task of national security and survival. How can I live up to his great trust? Loyal ministers don't work for fear of death, and dutiful sons don't damage their health because of overwork. As courtiers, they each perform their duties. Please don't say any more, and don't make me Reese commit a crime. " Zhao Gao said, "I heard that saints don't follow the rules, but follow the changes and trends. When they see signs, they can predict the root cause, and when they see trends, they can predict the destination. This is the law of development of things. Where is the unchangeable truth? Now the power and destiny of the world are in Hu Hai's hands, and I, Zhao Gao, can guess his mind. What's more, it's rebellion from the outside to the inside, and rebellion from the bottom. So as soon as the autumn frost falls, flowers and plants wither, and everything is reborn after the ice and snow melt. This is the inevitable law of nature. Why didn't you even see these? " Reese said: "I heard that the three generations of Jin Dynasty were restless when the prince was changed;" The Qi Huangong brothers competed for the throne, and their younger brother Gong Zijiu was killed; Shang Zhouwang fought to the death, but he didn't listen to Kiko and Cabbage's advice. The capital was in ruins, which endangered the country. These three things are against God's will, and they are also the reason why there is no sacrifice in the ancestral temple. Reese, how can I participate in this conspiracy? " Zhao Gao said: "With Qi Xin, the career can last for a long time; If the internal and external cooperation is consistent, there will be no mistakes. If you follow my plan, you will protect the Marquis for a long time, and it will be handed down from generation to generation. You must have the immortal longevity of Wang Ziqiao and Pinus densiflora, and the wisdom of Confucius and Mozi. Giving up this opportunity now and not listening to my advice will definitely harm future generations, which is chilling enough. People who are good at moving for people and cameras can turn disasters into blessings. Think about what to do. " Reese heaved a sigh in the sky and sighed with tears: "Alas! It happened that in troubled times, since I can't die, where will I entrust my fate? " Under the threat and inducement of Zhao Gao, Reese agreed to the plan of Zhao Gao and Hu Hai. Zhao Gao reported to Hu Hai: "I am instructed by the Prince to inform Prime Minister Reese. How dare he disobey orders? "
Zhao Gao and Reese conspired to change the posthumous edict of Qin Shihuang, changed Hu Hai into a prince, and sent messengers to Fu Su on charges of defending the frontier and slandering unfilial. Thinking that he was unfaithful, he gave Meng Tian a dead name and gave the relieving to lieutenant Wang Li. Fu Su committed suicide after receiving the imperial edict, while Meng Tian refused to commit suicide, was killed, imprisoned and banned from Yangzhou. Hu Hai, Reese and Zhao Gao were overjoyed to learn the news, and led the parade troops to return to Xianyang from Jingxing Mountain via Jiuyuan County. Because of the long journey, Qin Shihuang's body rotted, rotted, changed and stinked in midsummer. Li Si and Zhao Gao ordered the entourage to load a stone of abalone on each car to cover up the stench and anger of the bodies, bodies and hair. After the patrol, patrol, department and team returned to Xianyang, they were sent to mourn for Qin Shihuang. Hu Hai officially became the emperor, and Qin Ershi and Zhao Gao were appointed as doctors and assisted the emperor in the palace. After Qin Ershi acceded to the throne, he adopted Zhao Gao's suggestion, followed Qin Shihuang's example, traveled around the world, set up stone tablets and conquered the whole country.
Meng Yi was resented by Zhao Gao for being severely punished according to law. After Qin Ershi acceded to the throne, Zhao Gao slandered the Montessori brothers day and night in front of Qin Ershi and collected charges to impeach them. When Qin Shihuang was seriously ill in the sand dunes, Meng Yi was sent to pray for the gods of mountains and rivers. When he came back, Qin Shihuang was already dead. Zhao Gao took the opportunity to tell Qin Ershi that Meng Zhen blocked Qin Shihuang from making Hu Hai a prince and suggested that Meng Zhen be executed immediately. Qin Ershi didn't listen to Ziying's advice. He first imprisoned Meng Yi in Dai Jun, and then sent people from the palace to kill Meng Yi. Meng Tian was previously imprisoned in Yangzhou. After Fu Su's death, Hu Hai tried to release Meng Tian. However, at the instigation of Zhao Gao, Meng Tian was the most cruel, cruel and self-destructive.
Qin Ershi once told Zhao Gao that "life is short, like crossing a gorge with six steeds" when he was idle in the palace, and asked Zhao Gao how to enjoy all the fun he could imagine from the aspects of satiety, foot, sound and color, so as to make the country peaceful, the people happy, the country safe forever and enjoy the years. Zhao Gao took the opportunity to say to Qin Ershi, "Your sons and ministers have doubts about the legitimacy of the emperor's accession to the throne, and these sons are your brothers, and these ministers were placed by the late emperor. Now your majesty has just ascended the throne. These people are bitter and unconvinced. I'm afraid they will make trouble in the future. I am afraid because I am afraid of life, disaster and chaos. How can we do our best, love, enjoy and be happy? " He suggested that Qin Ershi alienate his own flesh and blood brothers and former courtiers, take strict, calm, criminal and legal measures, unite all those who commit crimes, accept, lead and contact, kill, die or even destroy clans, and then re-appoint his cronies. Only in this way can disasters be eliminated, clan ministers be grateful to the emperor, and your majesty can sit back and relax. Qin Ershi very much agreed with Zhao Gao's point of view, so he revised, revised and ordered Zhao Gao to examine, inquire, handle, manage, worship, clan and minister. Zhao Gao borrows, robs, kills, and ends up with his old enemy. I and other generals, the twelfth brother beheaded, beheaded, and displayed to the public, gathered in Xianyang market, and the tenth sister was punished by car, limb and solution in Dujun. All their wealth and things were not owned by the emperor, and countless sons and princes were punished, even together. court
Zhao Gao's cruelty and ignorance have caused many people to make enemies. He was afraid that someone would expose and expose his sins and behaviors in front of Qin Ershi, so he advised Qin Ershi not to go to court on the grounds that "the son of heaven is noble because I can only hear his voice, but can't see his face" and "Your majesty is too young to know everything". He also advised Qin Ershi to live in the palace, stay with him and his attendants who are familiar with the law, and wait until the official documents are presented, so that the emperor can indulge in pleasure and ministers dare not report difficulties, so that everyone can call the emperor the master of the wise. Qin Ershi is too lazy to deal with politics, because he is obsessed with sound, color, dogs and horses, so he no longer goes to court, and Zhao Gao monopolizes politics.
Zhao Gao's monopolization of state affairs aroused the dissatisfaction of Reese and other ministers. When Zhao Gao learned of this, he held a grudge and said to Reese for a pretence, "Now there are many thieves east of Hangu Pass, but the emperor stepped up the construction of Epang Palace to collect useless game, dogs and horses. I want to remonstrate, but because of my humble position, why don't you remonstrate as prime minister? " Reese had long wanted to remonstrate with Qin Ershi, but Qin Ershi often lived in the palace. He wanted to remonstrate, but he didn't communicate, so he didn't have a chance to meet the holy one. Zhao Gao recommended himself in front of Reese, saying that he would inform the emperor as soon as he was free, so as to take the opportunity to remonstrate. So Zhao Gao, while Qin Ershi was playing with beautiful women, sent someone to tell Reese that the emperor was free and could play in the palace. Reese then sought audience outside the palace gate. This happened one after another, which made Qin Ershi very disappointed. Zhao Gao took the opportunity to slander Qin Ershi, saying that Reese was worse than the emperor in the DPRK, the imperial court and foreign countries, but he was dissatisfied because his status and treatment had not improved. His real wish is to crack the soil and seal the king. Zhao Gao also framed Li You, the eldest son of Lisi, the princess of Sanchuan, as an old friend of Chen Sheng, a robber from Chu. When the thief crossed Sanchuan County, Li You only defended the city and did not attack, and said that there was an exchange of letters between the two. Qin Ershi sent someone to investigate Li You's collusion with Guan, Dong, Qi, Yi and Jun..
When Reese learned that he had sent someone to investigate himself, he quickly wrote to impeach Zhao Gao, pointing out that Zhao Gao was the son of Han and Tian Chang who usurped the kingslayer. Qin Ershi didn't think so after reading the book, and handed the task of investigating Reese to Zhao Gao. Zhao Gao put Reese in prison, arrested all his relatives and guests, and sent people to torture Reese nearly a thousand times. Reese was forced to confess because of torture. But Reese didn't kill himself. He also fantasized about writing letters to impress Qin Ershi. After Reese's book was presented, Zhao Gao asked the jailer to throw it aside and said bitterly, "How can a prisoner write to the emperor?" Zhao Gao sent his 10 civil servants to review Reese in turn, pretending to be the advice, consultant and assistant appointed by Qin Ershi. When Reese tried to retract his confession, Zhao Gao severely punished him, tortured him, handcuffed him and beat him. Later, Qin Ershi sent someone to verify Reese's confession, but Reese thought it was a conspiracy of Zhao Gao, so he dared not retract his confession and admitted his crime and form in the confession. Zhao Gao presented the verdict, the verdict and the memorial to Qin Ershi. Qin Ershi said happily: "Without Zhao Jun, I was almost betrayed by the Prime Minister." When the emissary sent by Qin Ershi arrived in Sanchuan County to investigate Li You, he was killed by Xiang Yu. When the emissary returned, Zhao Gao fabricated a whole set of crimes and charges against Li You.
In the first 208 years, Li Si was sentenced to five sentences and was beheaded in Xianyang City. Before he died, Reese turned to his second son and said, "I want to take the yellow dog out to the East Gate of Shangcai with you again to hunt after that sly rabbit. How can this work? " Then crying with his son in his arms, Reese and his son were killed, killed, destroyed, killed and killed at the same time.
After Reese's death, Qin Ershi appointed Zhao Gao as prime minister, and appointed an Wuhou. Zhao decides all the affairs of North Korea. Although Zhao Gao was in power, he was still afraid that his ministers would not obey, so he took a deer to Qin Ershi in front of the ministers and said it was a horse. Qin Ershi thought Zhao Gao was joking with himself. Zhao Gao asked about ministers, some silence; Some say it's a horse to flatter Zhao Gao; Some said it was a deer, and finally the ministers who said it was a deer were secretly persecuted by Zhao Gao, and the ministers in the DPRK became more and more afraid of Zhao Gao. This is the origin of the idiom "referring to a deer as a horse".
Before 207, the Battle of Julu broke out, and the main force of Qin Jun led by Zhang Han was defeated by Xiang Yu. Qin Ershi sent messengers to reprimand Zhang Han. Zhang Han was frightened and sent Sima Xin, a long history, to ask for instructions. Zhao Gao refused to meet, Sima Xin fled for fear of being killed, and Zhao Gao sent someone to kill him but failed to catch up. Sima Xin reported to Zhang Han that when Zhao Gao was in power in North Korea, generals with or without military exploits would be killed. Zhang Han was forced to surrender to Xiang Yu, and the Qin Dynasty lost its last barrier. At this time, the six countries have all recovered the motherland, and the east of Hanguguan is no longer under the control of the Qin Dynasty. Zhao Gao was afraid that Qin Ershi would be killed, physically and mentally hurt, and there would be trouble, so he refused to go to court.
At this time, Qin Ershi was very upset because he couldn't tell whether a deer was a horse or not. At night, he dreamed that a white tiger killed the horse on the left side of his car. Qin Ershi was very unhappy, so he ordered divination. Taibu said he was the water god of water mirror, so Qin Ershi went to Shanglinyuan to fast and shot in Shanglinyuan all day. Once, a pedestrian walked into Shanglin Garden, and Qin Ershi shot him. Zhao Gao then asked his son-in-law Xianyang to let Yan Le report that he didn't know who killed him, died and killed him, and moved the bodies and bodies to Shanglinyuan. Zhao Gao took the opportunity to persuade Qin Ershi, saying, "The Emperor of Heaven killed innocent people for no reason, which is not allowed by the Emperor of Heaven. Ghosts and gods will not accept your sacrifice, and God will bring disaster. You should stay away from the palace to pray, pray, eliminate disasters and suffer. " Qin Ershi then left the palace and moved to Wang Yigong to live.
Qin Ershi intended to sacrifice the water god of the water mirror, so he sent four white horses to sink into the river, and sent messengers to inquire about Zhao Gao, a thief from Kanto. Zhao Gao was frightened, so he secretly contacted his brother Zhao Cheng to launch the government, changed the dynasty, wanted to abolish it, and set up another son Zi Ying. Zhao Gaoxian sent a doctor to be the inside man, claiming that there were thieves, thieves, traitors and thieves, and ordered Yan Le to fight, arrest, catch, steal and steal. At the same time, Zhao Gao sent someone to kidnap Yan Le's mother and keep her as a hostage in her own home. Le Yan led 1000 officials and soldiers to surround Wang Yi Palace. After killing and dying, he broke into the palace. When they attacked and shot arrows, ministers and attendants were very alarmed. Some fled, some fought, and dozens of people involved in the struggle were killed. The doctor and Le Yan entered Qin Ershi's residence together and shot an arrow at Qin Ershi's tent. Qin Ershi was furious, and summoned all the generals. They all fled in fear and dared not go to war. Qin Ershi was only accompanied by a eunuch and did not escape. Qin Ershi escaped into the palace and blamed the official. Why didn't the official report the current situation earlier? The official said: "I can live until now because I dare not say anything." If I had said it earlier, how could I have lived to this day? "
When Le Yan came to Qin Ershi, she recounted the crimes of Qin Ershi's arrogance, carnage, failure to be an official and alienating the people, and ordered Qin Ershi to commit suicide immediately. Qin Ershi said he wanted to meet Prime Minister Zhao Gao, but Yan Le said no; Qin Ershi asked to abdicate as king of a county, but Yan Le didn't agree. To say the least, Qin Ershi wants to be Wan Huhou, but Yan Le still refuses. Finally, Qin Ershi desperately begged his wife and children to become ordinary people, just like those sons. Yan Le said: "I was ordered by the Prime Minister to handle and sacrifice for people all over the world. Although you talk a lot, I dare not report to the Prime Minister. " So he ordered his soldiers to send out, move, attack and strike, and Qin Ershi was forced, forced and killed.
After Qin Ershi's death, Zhao Gao wanted to stand on his own feet as emperor. When he boarded the hall, he suddenly felt shaken. Zhao Gao knew that God's will was inviolable, and ministers would not allow him to be emperor. He also sent messengers to contact Liu Bang, the leader of Guan, Dong, Qi and Yi, as well as the military forces that breached Wu Guan, and agreed to carve up the Qin Dynasty with the Kanto vassal * * and become king on his own, but Liu Bang refused. Zhao Gao then summoned the ministers and childe of Qin, and planned to make Zi Ying a prince. Zhao Gao thinks that the six Shandong countries have restored the motherland, the territory of the Qin Dynasty is shrinking day by day, and the emperor is not worthy of the name, so he should be king as in the past. So Zi Ying acceded to the throne as Prince Ying of Qin, and then Qin Ershi was buried in South Yichun Garden of Du County with civil ceremony.
Zhao Gao told Zi Ying to fast, then went to the ancestral temple to worship his ancestors and accepted the seal of the King of Qin. Zi Ying fasted for five days, and consulted with his two sons, saying, "Prime Minister Zhao Gao killed Qin Ershi in the King's Palace, fearing that his ministers would punish him, so he made me king under false pretence. I heard that Zhao Gao had an agreement with the Kanto governors to destroy the imperial clan of Qin State, and then he was the king in Guanzhong. Now let me fast and visit the ancestral temple, that is, kill me while I am in the ancestral temple. I just shirked that I couldn't go because I was sick. The Prime Minister must come to see me in person. When he comes, we will take the opportunity to kill him. " Zhao Gao sent someone to urge Ziying to go many times, but Ziying resolutely refused. Zhao Gao really came to invite Ziying himself and said, "How can you not go in person?" Zi Ying sent officials to Zhai Gong, and Guan Han talked about the assassination of Zhao Gao. At the same time, he ordered punishment, exterminated the grass and made Zhao, Gao, San and Zu public in Xianyang.
It is still controversial whether Zhao Gao, who is widely circulated, is an official. The history books before the Tang Dynasty did not point out whether Zhao Gao was an official. Zhao Gao is regarded as an official for two reasons. One is the word "Zhao Gao brothers were born in the hidden palace". Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor Justice explains the hidden palace as an underground and silkworm house for people to recuperate from the palace and recover from punishment. Biography of Meng Tian in Historical Records quoted Xu Guangyue to interpret the hidden palace as "being an official"; Citing the detailed description of Liu Shiyun in Historical Records and Biography of Meng Tian, Zhao Gao's father was sentenced to the palace and punished for his crime, and the crime was combined. After his mother was punished as a handmaiden by the government, she shared a bed with others and gave birth to Zhao Gao's brother, who inherited his father's surname Zhao. After he was born, Zhao Gao's younger brother was sentenced to imprisonment. According to the textual research of Crouching Tiger Hiding in the Bamboo Slips of Qin Dynasty, the word "hidden palace" is a misprint of "hidden official". Hidden officials were a manual workshop set up by officials, governments and institutions in the Qin Dynasty to accommodate prisoners with physical disabilities after they were released from prison. Zhao Gao's mother was arrested for touching, committing crimes, punishing, obeying the law and being punished, and later admitted to a hidden official. In this life, she gave birth to the Zhao Gao brothers, and no Zhao Gao brothers were punished in the palace. It is clearly pointed out in the "Laws of the Second Year of the Han Bamboo Slips of Zhangjiashan" that the word "hidden official" refers not only to the official and government workshops that accept, tolerate, punish and forgive others, but also to criminals, forgive others and those who are housed in hidden officials. Zhao Gao is a eunuch, according to the mispronounced words. Second, The Biography of Historical Records and Lisi records that Qin Ershi once said that "the husband is high, so he is an official, and people are also", while The Biography of Historical Records and Meng Tian also records that Zhao Gao is an official. Ma believes that the official here should be understood as a teacher, that is, Zhao Gao once taught him the prison as a teacher of Hu Hai; And official registration should be understood as official registration. Qiu Xigui thinks that "official" originally means servant, and the official position of a lang official and a worshiper is a servant, which is similar to that of a retainer, so it is called "official". Li Kaiyuan believes that the county annals are the door annals of the chamberlain leaving the palace, which has nothing to do with whether Zhao Gao is an official or not. Finally, if Zhao Gao is really a eunuch, it doesn't make sense to have a son-in-law Yan Le. However, Lang Ying, a scholar in Ming Dynasty, believed that Zhao Gao's daughter was an adopted daughter.
In addition, Li Kaiyuan inferred from the conversation between Zhao Gao and Reese about sand dune changes that Zhao Gao entered the study room as a history student, and then passed the exam to enter Qin Gong, and estimated that Zhao Gao was born in the first 258 years and lived for 52 years. However, this view is not supported by other historical materials.
After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he decided to unify the scripts of all countries into Xiao Zhuan, so he asked Li Si to write Seven Chapters of Cang Xie, Zhao Gao to write Six Chapters of Calendar, and Tai Shi asked Hu Wujing to write Seven Chapters of Learning as national standard copybooks, all of which were based on the fifteen chapters of Shi Zhuan, a big seal script in Zhou Xuanwang period. During the Western Han Dynasty, Lu Li, a calligrapher, combined three articles of 60 words into one chapter and compiled fifty-five chapters of Cang Zhang Jie. In the Western Han Dynasty, it was also called "Cang Xie", "Ji Li" and "Bo Xue" as three warehouses. However, for various reasons, most of the characters in Cang Xie have been lost.
The numerous palaces, courtyards, governments and changes in Zhao and Qin Dynasties aggravated the internal turmoil in the Qin Dynasty. Zhao Gao was repeatedly vilified, abused and killed, with nothing, which led to the loss of a large number of civil servants and military commanders in the Qin Dynasty and accelerated the demise of the Qin Dynasty. Historically, Zhao Gao's character and actions were negative, such as:
Li Si commented on Zhao Gao: Today, there are evil intentions, and danger is counter-productive, such as the son is poor and Song Dynasty; Private wealth, if the sky is in harmony; And with Tian Chang, as an enemy, seize the power of your majesty. His ambition is that Han Gui is Han Anxiang. Confucian scholars in the Western Han Dynasty commented on Zhao Gao: In the past, Zhao Gao had no extraordinary ambition, but occupied a position above ten thousand people. It was because he overthrew the state of Qin that he ruined his sect and his reputation. Kong Rong commented on Zhao Gao: The sentenced people are worried about their lives, but they are determined to die. Many kinds of people tend to be evil, so they cannot be rehabilitated. Sand rewelding disorderly qi, yi sin disaster song, Zhao Gao, Ying Bu, great misfortune. Chen Lin commented on Zhao Gao: guilty, Qiang Qin is weak, Zhao Gao is in power, autocratic and powerful; When people are threatened, they dare not speak out; It is expected that they will be defeated in the end, and their ancestors will be burned and humiliated to this day, which will always be a lesson for the world. Emperor Taizong commented on Zhao Gao: Due to the death of Zhao II, Dong Zhuo promoted agriculture, and people and gods were sick together, and different generations were equally angry. Liu Zongyuan commented on Zhao Gao: Hu Hai was appointed as Zhao Gao, and his family, Lisi, was dead, so the old was not enough to rely on. Yuan Zhen criticized Zhao Gao: superior to Zhao who deceives officials and kills people; The husband is cruel to the thief and thinks that the world is expensive, but he is disrespectful. So, everyone is not stupid, but Hu Hai can't tell the difference between animals. Zhao is the master of the world, but Hu Hai has been living in seclusion in the palace. Su Shi's evaluation of Zhao Gao: Zhao Gao was the original way to cause chaos. The curse of a husband's castration is like the poison of a beast, all of which will crack the liver and break the gallbladder. Liang Qichao commented on Zhao Gao in this way: all his men are glib, flattering, stealing the handle of the country and poisoning people, such as Zhao Gao of Qin, Shi Chang Shi of Han, Cai Jing, Han Yi of Tang, Liu Jin and Wei Zhongxian of Ming, which are not comparable enough.
Zhao Yi, a historian in Qing Dynasty, pointed out in his Textual Research that Zhao Gao was originally the son of Zhao. Because he regretted that his country had been destroyed by the State of Qin, he did not hesitate to enter Qin Gong after entering the palace, which triggered a series of internal struggles in the Qin Dynasty, killing the imperial clan and destroying the Qin Dynasty. What Zhao Gao did was for revenge, and pointed out that this information came from Sima Zhen's Historical Records. According to this information, there are many poems praising Zhao Gao's service to the country: Qu Dajun has poems praising Zhao Gao: Poor millions of Qin orphans, only Zhao avenges them. Zhao Gao grew up in Zhao's Wang family, and died with tears and blood. Zhao reported to Qin county and Han reported to Bolangsha. Lv Xingyuan has a poem in praise of Zhao Gao: Zhao Gao, the grandson of Zhao, begged the limbs of Qin thieves. Zhao Gao's name is in fairy tales. Why did the immortals randomly choose? The index is quite unfair, and the deer and horse are even. Bai Hong disappeared in Japan and China, and Wang Sunben was a guest of Handan. Abandoning grazing has no heroes, and Shanxi has no way to swallow. The ambition to subvert Xianyang has been paid, and Zi Ying Erli has taken shape. The poem "Ode to Zhao Gao" praises Zhao Gao: In those days, the world wanted to punish Qin, so it became famous and died! Go to Fusu first, and then go to Hu Hai. Zhao will be the official of the Han Dynasty. Dajia sabotaged the victory with the help of women, and plotted to promote the Han Dynasty and entrusted Xiaocao. Liu Hou vertebral iron dagger, not as high as qin arch zhao. Li Kaiyuan, a modern scholar, also praised Zhao Gao as a "first-class calligrapher and linguist, and an expert in mastery, communication, law and law.". He is tall and strong, with superb riding and driving skills and extraordinary martial arts. He is a rare talent with both civil and military skills in the Qin court. "