Classification introduction: Animals are different from plants and other creatures in all walks of life. Generally, they can't synthesize inorganic substances into organic substances, and they can only use plants, microorganisms or animals as nutrient sources, so they are heterotrophic, so they have developed unique morphological structures (nervous and muscular systems, etc. ), physiological functions (excitement, inhibition, homeostasis, etc. ) and digestion, absorption, breathing, circulation and other behaviors (feeding, courtship). Animals and plants are closely related, and their main characteristics are basically similar. The boundary between them is artificial. Their low-level forms have the characteristics of both animals and plants; Have similar chemical composition; Can directly ingest water and inorganic salts; Have the same origin. Their differences are secondary and adaptive, and there are obvious differences only between multicellular higher animals and higher plants. In addition, animals have no cell walls, or cell walls are made of nitrogen-containing substances, while plant cell walls are made of cellulose.
The members of the animal kingdom are eukaryotes, including all creatures that can move freely and feed on carbohydrates (synthesized from complex organic substances) and protein. Zoological classification classifies animals with certain characteristics into one category and animals with other characteristics into another category according to the similarity of animal morphology and anatomical structure, and thus establishes seven subordinate grades from big to small, from high to low: phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. All animals belong to the animal kingdom, and then they are divided into different phylum according to different characteristics. Animals of the same phylum can be divided into different classes according to other different characteristics … and so on. Sometimes there are many kinds of animals in a grade. If necessary, the word "total" or "minute" can be added before the six grades except the boundary to increase the classification grade. Generally, the increased rank can be subphylum, superclass, subclass, superclass, suborder, superfamily, subfamily, subgenus, subspecies and so on.
The greater the similarity between animal groups, the closer their genetic relationship; The smaller the similarity, the farther their genetic relationship is. The animal classification system tries to show the natural relationship of various animals in the process of evolution. So this classification system is called natural classification system. Species, also known as species, is the most basic taxonomic unit. It is composed of a series of biological individuals with similar morphological structure, living habits and physiological functions, which mate with each other and produce fertile offspring. As the highest-order element in animal classification, there are nearly 40 phyla, more than 70 classes and about 350 orders found in the animal kingdom (different classification methods are different). Arthropoda has the most species, including more than 654.38+0 million species of Insecta. The animal kingdom has the least species, only 1 species.
According to the international unified regulations, the names of classification units at all levels are written in Latin characters or Latin letters; Genus and above are all represented by a noun, that is, "single name method"; Because there are many species, in order to avoid the confusion caused by "the same thing with different names" or "the same thing with different names", the "double name method" is adopted, that is, the scientific name of each animal consists of the species itself and its genus name, the former is the generic name and the latter is its species name. In order to consult the literature about classification, the scientific name of classification units at all levels should be followed by the name and naming time of the namer. For example, the Latin name of Yandulong (a ornithopod dinosaur) is Saurus Dodenshe et Cai, 1983. It is composed of Yandulosaurus and Polyodon, and was named by two paleontologists, He and Cai, in 1983.
When it comes to animal taxonomy, some people may find it complicated and difficult to understand. In fact, it is precisely for people to understand the strange and dazzling species in nature more easily and clearly, and to organize and establish a scientific system similar to genealogy according to the evolution process of species and the distance between them, so that each species has its own position in this genealogy. Moreover, the method of arranging genealogy is mainly based on the similarity of species morphology or anatomy, which basically reflects the genetic relationship between various animals. Therefore, as a "guide" for people to identify species, the basic principles and contents of taxonomy are not difficult to grasp. In addition, whether it is the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals in China or the appendix of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the listed animal species are arranged on the basis of animal taxonomy. Only by mastering their scientific laws can we better understand and implement the laws and regulations on wildlife protection.
In animal taxonomy, according to the similarity between species or groups, it is mainly divided into phylum, class, order, family, genus and species, among which species is the most natural and basic classification order in the classification system, so it is purely objective. A seed is also called a seed. The members of each species are not only very similar to each other in morphological structure and physiology, but also have certain living habits and distribution range. In nature, they form a population with actual or potential reproductive ability and pass on their characteristics to future generations. Populations of different species are isolated in reproduction.
The lower the taxonomic level of the genus * * of two or more species, the smaller the difference between them, and the closer the genetic relationship, and vice versa, that is, related species, related genera, related families, related orders, related orders, related classes and genera. We might as well make an analogy between the above classification level and the well-known administrative level in China: the species here is equivalent to every civil servant, which can be understood as a group, the department is equivalent to an administrative department-level unit, the project is equivalent to a department-level unit, the plan is equivalent to a bureau-level unit, and the door is equivalent to a ministerial-level unit. This metaphor may not be appropriate, but it can help people understand the basic structure of this "family tree" more easily.
For example, there are three species of golden monkey in China, namely Yunnan golden monkey, Guizhou golden monkey and Yunnan golden monkey. They are all independent species in nature, and these three species form a taxonomic genus, namely golden monkey (or golden monkey). Species included in the genus Rhinopithecus and several different genera, such as macaques and langurs. , form a monkey family. The monkey family also forms primates with several animals of different families, such as Scarlet Family and Lazy Family. Primates, together with Carnivora, Cetaceans and other different target animals, constitute mammals. Mammals and some animals of different classes, such as birds and fish, make up chordates.
In addition, in the same species, due to different living areas, some populations may have some morphological differences such as individual size, body hair length and thickness, hair color depth, body surface markings, tail thickness and so on. , or there are differences in ecological habits, singing and reproductive behavior. If these differences reach at least 75% of the population, it will be classified into several different species in taxonomy. For example, there is only one kind of tiger, and Northeast Tiger, South China Tiger and Bengal Tiger are several different subspecies of tigers. Because the list of protected animals often appears in the form of subspecies, the concept of subspecies is also very important for species protection.
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There are many kinds of animals in nature, with an estimated 6.5438+0.5 million species. It can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates.
Different animals have different shapes. Animals of the same group often have many similarities in appearance. Zoologists divide animals into many groups according to their similarities and differences. "Species" or "species" is the smallest group and the basic unit of animal classification. Similar species are divided into genera, then families, from families to orders, from orders to classes, from classes to phylum. "Door" is the largest classification unit. At present, the animal kingdom is divided into more than 30 phyla, among which the main phyla are protozoa, polypoda, coelenterates, platform animals, nematodes, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms and chordates.
Invertebrates:
protozoan
Porphyra
coelenterata
flatworm
Linear animals
annelida
Molluscs
Echinoderm phylum
arthropoda
Chordata phylum:
Cephalotaxuinae
Spherical subphylum
Vertebrate subfamily:
fish
Amphibia, Amphibia
Reptiles
birds
mammal
The process of evolution is from top to bottom. Protozoa are the most primitive, mammals are the tallest and so on.
The concept of animals
Animals are a big category in the biological world. Generally, inorganic substances cannot synthesize organic substances, but only organic substances (plants and animals).
Or microorganisms) are all foods, so they have different morphological structures and physiological functions from feeding, digestion, absorption, breathing, circulation to excretion.
Life activities such as venting, feeling, exercise and reproduction.
Classification of animals
Zoology has the same characteristics according to the shape, internal structure, embryonic development characteristics, physiological habits and geographical environment of natural animals.
Or similar animals belong to the same class.
The animal kingdom can be divided into two categories.
In the animal kingdom, animals are divided into chordates and invertebrates according to whether they have chordates or not.
animal
chordate
Ankylosing animal
feather
Featherless
Youzu
No feet
bird
scaly
Scale-free
With wings
apterous
1. can fly
protozoan
insect
2. Can't fly
Fine
Finless
Have mammary glands
Absence of breast
insect
mollusc
fish
reptile
mammal
batrachians
Crustacean
1. Cartilage
1. Youzu
1. viviparous
1. has a tail
2. Hard bones
2. No feet
2. Non-viral
2. tailless
Spider; Spider-like objects; Star wheel; Cross; Connecting handle; crosshead
3. No feet
Vertebrates.
Features:
A spine consisting of a spine (notochord is only found in the embryo). The spine protects the spinal cord. Spine and other bones form the unique endoskeleton system of vertebrates.
There is an obvious head, and the front end of the dorsal nerve canal differentiates into the brain and other sensory organs, such as eyes and ears. The brain and sensory organs are concentrated in the head, which can enhance the animal's induction to the outside world.
The body is covered by epidermis and dermis. The skin has glands, and the skin of most vertebrates has protective structures such as scales, feathers and body hair.
There is a complete digestive system, tongue in the mouth, most teeth, liver and pancreas.
The circulatory system includes the heart, arteries, veins and blood vessels. The excretory system consists of two kidneys and a bladder. There are endocrine glands, which can regulate body function, growth and reproduction through hormones.
vertebrate
Vertebrates include fish, reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals.
invertebrate
Invertebrates include protozoa, mollusks, worms, insects, crustaceans and so on. So invertebrates account for more than 90% of all animals in the world.
fish
Features:
Aquatic animals (can only live in water). Their skin is covered with scales and belongs to thermophiles. Heat-induced animals with fins (which can swim in water) and breathe through gills. In vitro fertilization. Mainly oviparous, some viviparous and ovoviviparous.
There are many kinds of fish, mainly divided into two categories.
cartilage
For example: sharks
Features:
Tough skin, tiny scales, no swim bladder, asymmetric caudal fin, five pairs of gills and no gill cover.
hard bone—person of indomitable will
For example: maw fish
Features:
The bones are hard, and the skin has many mucous glands, which are covered with bone scales. There are swim bladders.
reptile
Features:
Terrestrial animals. The skin is covered with scales or shields.
It has a waterproof skin to prevent water loss.
It belongs to a temperature-changing animal (changing body temperature by external temperature or heat source). It is mainly distributed in warmer areas of the earth.
In vivo fertilization, oviparous or viviparous. Lay eggs on land, and the eggs are wrapped in waterproof shells.
Classification of reptiles
Pod
For example: tortoise
Features:
It has a hard shell. The upper and lower jaws have no teeth, but they have horny sheaths. They are oviparous and can be divided into terrestrial, aquatic or marine organisms.
Amboda
For example: cobra
Features:
No limbs, shoulder straps and sternum. No active eyes, face and external auditory canal. The end of the tongue is forked and has strong elasticity. The skin has scales, and it can swallow prey larger than its own body diameter. The organs of snakes grow specially and the left lung degenerates. Snakes shed their skin regularly to facilitate their growth.
bird
Features:
The whole body is covered with feathers, the body is streamlined and has a horny beak.
The eyes are on both sides of the head, and the neck is long and flexible, which can turn 270 degrees.
The forelimbs are specialized into wings, and the hind limbs have scaly skin and four toes.
Warm-blooded animals (they can generate heat through their own physiological processes, and they can maintain a high and constant body temperature even if the outside temperature is very low). The average body temperature is about 10 degrees higher than that of mammals (average 42 degrees).
sow seeds
Classification of birds
fly
For example: swallowing
Features:
Winged, streamlined body, vigorous metabolism, free flight in the air, long-distance migration to adapt to the living environment.
No flying
For example: penguins
Features:
Its body is streamlined, its forelimbs have degenerated into swimming flippers, and its feathers are almost fish scales. It lives in the sea and has thick fat to resist the cold. It is an excellent player on the ice.
An Fei Li Ya (An Fei Li Ya)
Features:
You need to spend your childhood in the water.
It has a skeletal structure adapted to land, limbs, moist skin and many glands.
The body has no scales and body hair.
The tongue is forked, inverted and can extend outward.
Mating and fertilization are carried out in water.
Larvae breathe through gills, while adults breathe through skin, inner wall of mouth and lungs.
Classification of amphibians
tailless
For example: toad
Features:
There is a skeletal system adapted to land life, with a divided body, trunk and limbs. The forelimb has four toes, and the hind limb has five toes and webbed toes. The hind limbs are suitable for swimming and jumping, but the main respiratory organs are the inner wall of the mouth and the skin.
be full of promise
For example: Newt
Features:
It has a skeletal system adapted to land life. It is an amphibian with a slender body and a tail.
No feet
For example: fish salamander
mammal
Features:
There are many vertebrae connected in the body;
Full of hair, chewing and digesting with your mouth can improve the intake of energy and nutrition;
Viviparous (except platypus and echidna), breastfeeding;
Constant temperature. It can also keep the body temperature relatively constant when the environmental temperature changes, thus reducing the dependence on the external environment and expanding the distribution range;
The skull is bigger and the brain is quite developed, which surpasses other animals in intelligence and adaptation to the environment;
The inner limbs are strong and sensitive, and have the ability to move quickly;
The left and right ventricles of the heart are completely separated;
Teeth are divided into incisors, canines and buccal teeth.
Classification of mammals
Protozoa are characterized by laying eggs with shells. (e.g. platypus)
Post-mammalian characteristics have no real placenta, and young children develop in nursing bags. (example: kangaroo)
Real mammals are characterized by placenta, which is produced after the fetus is fully developed, accounting for the vast majority of mammals and divided into fourteen categories.
Insect-eating animals (such as moles)
Scales (such as pangolins)
Chiroptera (such as bats)
Rabbits (such as rabbits)
Rodents (such as mice and porcupines)
Toothless animals (such as anteaters)
Carnivores (such as lions, dogs, pandas)
Pinnipeds (such as sea lions, seals, walruses)
Manatees (such as manatees)
Cetaceans (such as dolphins and whales)
Long nose (e.g. elephant)
Dentopods (such as zebras and rhinoceroses)
Artiodactyls (such as hippos, cows, pigs, deer, camels)
Primates (such as orangutans, monkeys, humans)
For example, a lion
Features:
It belongs to the carnivorous family. It is a large animal with retractable claws, good at jumping, well-developed canine teeth and good at ambushing other animals.
For example, an elephant
Features:
It is the largest living land animal. Its ears are wide and flat, its nose is long, it can help to eat, its body hair degenerates, and its soles have thick elastic tissue pads to support its weight. Its upper incisors are particularly developed and grow outside the body. Its food is mainly plants.
Example: anteater
Features:
The forelimb has two or three fingers, which are used to dig ant nests. They have no front teeth, long tubular snouts, sticky tongues and long hairy tails. They live in grasslands and swamps, are good at swimming and feed on termites and ants.
For example: bats
Features:
Forelimb specialization, phalanx specialization. There is a thin and tough wing membrane between the phalanx and both sides and hind limbs, which is used as a flying organ. The hind legs have claws, and you can stand upside down. The sternum is prominent and the clavicle is developed, which is conducive to flying. Most bats like insects and are good at preying on flying insects, while a few eat fruits.
For example: dolphins
Features:
Marine mammals, and freshwater species. Dolphins are toothed whales, with a linear body and a neck that is difficult to distinguish. The cervical vertebra has healed. The head is pointed and long, with an endoplasmic dorsal fin. Forelegs are specialized into wide paddles. They have no hind legs, long tails and horizontally forked tail fins.
For example: apes
Features:
The thumb and fingers are opposite to other fingers, suitable for climbing and carrying things. The clavicle is developed, with body hair (except the palm), nails, developed brain and sensory organs, eyes forward, bony eye sockets, and close to human behavior.
protozoan
Features:
Single-celled animals have a very simple body structure and can eat, move, reproduce and die. Animals with very small bodies can only be observed with a microscope and inhabit fresh water, sea water or body fluids of other animals, such as amoeba.
mollusc
Mollusks are a very successful biological category with various shapes, including all "shellfish", octopus and squid. Most mollusks live in the sea, some live at the junction of salty fresh water or fresh water, and some live on land.
Features:
The body is soft, unsegmented and symmetrical, and the dorsal cortex extends down to the mantle, covering most of the body. Mollusks' shells are secreted by epithelial cells in the mantle.
Most mollusks have one or two shells, such as snails and clams.
Others degenerate into an inner shell and hide under the mantle, such as cuttlefish.
Some kinds of shells will disappear completely, such as gymbranchia.
insect
Features:
The body is soft and divided into links, and each link has a pair of excretors, such as earthworms and nereis.
Soft and round body, parasitic in animals or plants, such as roundworms and pinworms.
arthropod
Arthropods are the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, with the largest number of animal species, accounting for about 85% of all animal species. They have strong adaptability to the environment, and their living places include seawater, fresh water, mountains, air, soil, and even animals and plants inside and outside.
Main features:
Both sides of the body are symmetrical, and the body is segmented, but some body segments merge into special parts, such as the head and chest. Some arthropods, such as spiders, further fuse their heads and chests into heads and chests. The appendages of the body, such as feet, tentacles and mouthparts, are segmented.
The body wall is hard, mainly composed of chitin, which can provide protection and can also be used as an exoskeleton. Arthropods need to molt many times during the growing period because the body wall is hard and hinders growth.
The sensory system is well developed. There are two kinds of eyes: monocular and compound. The compound eye is used to see things, and the single eye is used to receive light. In addition, there are organs of touch, taste, smell, hearing and balance, and many insects have special vocal organs.
The respiratory system of arthropods is very diverse. They can breathe through the body surface, gills (aquatic) and trachea (terrestrial). Spiders and other animals breathe through the lungs.
Classification of arthropods:
crustacea
Example: shrimp, crab.
Spider; Spider-like objects; Star wheel; Cross; Connecting handle; crosshead
For example: spiders and scorpions.
insect
For example: butterflies
myriopod
For example: centipede
Feeling:
I spent a lot of time and energy looking for animal species and photos, but I think it's all worthwhile, because I have read many books and pages about animals and insects, which I find interesting and learned a lot about animals.
I also learned that zoologists classify animals according to their different characteristics and living habits. The largest terrestrial animal is the extinct Tyrannosaurus Rex. Now the largest is the elephant and the smallest is the amoeba, which can only be seen with a microscope. I also learned that amphibians grow in water when they are young and live on land when they grow up. Some animals used to be classified as the same kind, but now I know they are the second kind of animals.
I also found that everything we eat is living things, and all animals eat living things. Most animals are useful to us, but many animals, especially mammals, are on the verge of extinction because of our capture and killing.
In order to balance the natural ecology, we should not cut down trees at will, but cherish nature. We shouldn't kill animals, because all animals are living animals like humans.
Animal classification
Parafauna-subphylum of lateral animals
Protozoan subboundary
Protozoa.-Protozoa
Orthoptera Orthoptera
Rhomboid.-Rhomboid
Metazoan subboundary
Porous animals-Polypods (Sponges)
Placozoa-Platycladus
Radiation-radiation symmetrical animal
Spinocele
Ctenomedusae-Ctenomedusae
Bilateral symmetrical animals
Protozoa phylum-protozoa super phylum
Branchiopod phylum
Internal anal gate
Cavernous phylum
Flat animal-Flat animal (Flat animal)
nematoda
Pseudolacuna animal
Nematode-Nematode (Ascaris)
Linear phylum of Nematoda
Rotifer-rotifer (rotifer)
Echinocephala-Echinocephala
Kinorhyncha- animal phylum
eucaryon
Gastropoda-Gastropoda
Palatal fauna
Micrognathus
Armored phylum
Ring door
Mollusca-Mollusca (Mollusca)
Stellaria-Stellaria
Insect subclass
Pogostemon cablin-Polypodiaceae
Five-mouth animal
Annexure-Annexure (Arthropoda)
Tardigrada-Tardigrada (water bear worm)
Clawed turtle fauna
Arthropoda-Arthropoda (insects, etc. )
Bristles
Paederus-Lepidoptera
Fauna of External Anal (bryozoa Gate)
Brachiopod phylum
Metazoa
Echinoderma-Echinoderma
Chaetognathus-Chaetognathus (Archaean)
Semi-chordata- semi-Chordata
Chordata-Chordata (vertebrates, etc. )
The history of the animal kingdom is a long process of animal origin, differentiation and evolution. It is a process from single cell to multi-cell, from invertebrate to vertebrate, from low level to high level, from simple to complex. The earliest single-celled protozoa evolved into multicellular invertebrates, and gradually appeared in the phylum Sponge, Coelenterata, Platforms, Newtonian, Linear, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropod and Echinoderm. Vertebrates evolved from echinoderms without spines. The earliest vertebrate was cirrhosis, and the upper and lower jaws appeared in the evolution process, from aquatic to terrestrial. Amphibians were the first vertebrates to land. Although amphibians have been able to go ashore, they still have not completely got rid of the shackles of the water environment. They must lay eggs and breed in the water to spend their childhood. From primitive amphibians to reptiles. Reptiles can lay eggs and hatch on land, completely get rid of dependence on water and become real terrestrial animals. Reptiles and their predecessors belong to warm-blooded animals, and their bodies will become cold and stiff. At this time, they have to stop their activities and enter a dormant state.
Classification sequence, naming template method and identification classification system are sequential systems, which usually include seven main levels: species, genera, families, orders, classes, phylum and boundary. Species (species) are the basic units, related species, related genera, families, genera, orders, orders, classes, phylum and phylum. With the deepening of research, the classification level is getting higher and higher, and sub-units can be attached above and below units, such as superfamily, subclass, superfamily, suborder, suborder, suborder, superfamily, subfamily and so on. In addition, you can add new companies, such as stocks, groups, families, groups and so on. Among them, the most permanent is the family, which is between subfamily and genus. Usually species are classified, and animals have only subspecies.