Those who love others will always love others; People who respect others will always respect others. -"Mencius Li Lou"
Love your son, teach him integrity and accept evil. -"Zuo zhuan, three years of seclusion"
Don't criticize, find fault. -"It's over, General."
Don't be angry, don't be angry. -"The Analects of Confucius Yongye"
In fact, the granary knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace. -"imprison herdsmen"
Therefore, the wood is straight by the rope, and the golden tip is beneficial. -"Xunzi, Encourage Learning"
A rolling stone gathers no moss. -"Lu Chunqiu"
Too many, write these.
2. The main Confucian classics among the pre-Qin philosophers: Confucius and Mencius. The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are based on Zhouyi, Shangshu, Book of Songs, Book of Rites and Zuozhuan.
Taoism: Laozi, his successors are Geng Sangchu, Guanyin, Lieyukou, Yang Zhu and others, with Zhuangzi as the representative. Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Huang, Ji Jing, Wen Zi, Tian Zi, Four Classics of Huangdi, Lao Laizi.
Mohist school: Mozi, also known as the debate of Mohist school and the classic legalists of Mohist school: Guan Zhong, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Shen Dao, Han Fei, Li Si, Guan Zi, Shang Junshu, Han Feizi, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong and Keiko, whose works have been lost. At present, only a few words can be found in Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Han Feizi and Lu Chunqiu.
There are 14 works written by GongSunLong, but more than half of them were lost in the Tang Dynasty. There may only be one book now, Gongsun Longzi. Military strategists: Sun Wu and Sima Yi in the late Spring and Autumn Period, Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Gongsun Yang, Pang Wen, Liao Wang, Erliang, Wei Wuji, Zhao She and Bai Qi in the Warring States Period. The works of today's military strategists include Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sima Fa, Sun Bin's Art of War and Woods.
Yin and Yang Family: Gong Suisheng, Gong, Nan Gong, Zou Yan. "The beginning and end of public life" Article 14
Article 22 of Gongsun Law. Forty-nine articles by Zou Zi.
Zou Zichu Chapter 56. Five articles on Riding on the Hill.
Six countries time. Five articles by Du Wengong.
Twenty pieces of Yellow Emperor Tai Su. Military strategists: Guiguzi (Wang Xu), Su Qin, Zhang Yi and Guiguzi (written by Su Qin) Miscellaneous works: Lv Buwei: 26 miscellaneous works, 37 books by Dayu, 8 books by Wu Zixu, 35 books by Ziwanzi, 3 books by You Yu and Liao Wei.
Among them, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals and King of Huainan (but some people think that the book King of Huainan is dominated by Taoist thought and talented people come forth in large numbers. It should be a Taoist work, and King of Huainan was also listed as a masterpiece in ancient times.
There are only three miscellaneous books left: Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, King of Huainan, and Autopsy (the original book was lost, and only later generations compiled it).
3. The translation of quotations from hundreds of schools in pre-Qin Dynasty (college Chinese) and the evaluation of China traditional culture by quotations from various schools in pre-Qin Dynasty. Due to the long-term use of a single social development theory, Chinese textbooks are often unfair, which is not conducive to guiding students to treat traditional culture correctly.
This paper attempts to introduce the theory of "axis age" in culturology and reveal the significance of pre-Qin philosophers' thoughts to contemporary cultural construction. Under the background of a hundred schools of thought contending in the pre-Qin period, the college Chinese textbooks currently used by many universities in China say that "during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, society evolved from slavery to feudalism and changed rapidly".
This is obviously a classic Marxist theory of social development, that is, human society has experienced primitive society, slave society, feudal society and capitalist society, and now it has come to a socialist society and will develop into a capitalist society in the future. However, according to this theory, the significance of hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period will be greatly reduced, because it is only the thought of the times "from slavery to feudalism", and the feudal era has already surpassed it today and should also be criticized.
Therefore, the textbook says that "(philosophers) have obvious feudal marks due to historical limitations" (p 1), "On the whole, Laozi's philosophical thoughts are idealistic" (p5), "Some critics think that Laozi took a step backwards and treated dialectics from the standpoint of egoism" (p6), "subjectively speaking, Mencius advocated' benevolent government'. "Confucius' ideal of' one family under the sun' certainly reflected his dissatisfaction with the reality at that time and his desire to change the reality, but on the basis of small-scale production mode and private ownership social system, this ideal was an unattainable utopia" (p47), and Mozi advocated' universal love'. This reflects the desire of ordinary working people and small producers to improve their lives at that time. The motive is commendable, but it does not conform to the social reality at that time "(p48). Zhuangzi's "absolute denial of all fame and fortune will also lead people to passively escape from the world and their social responsibilities" (P 16) ... This evaluation is obviously not conducive to our inheritance of traditional culture, so it is necessary to change a historical perspective.
Marx never thought that his theory was self-centered, even when Marx divided history, it was not just slave society, feudal society and so on. For example, in 1844' s Economic Philosophy Manuscript, he divided the society into three stages: pre-capitalism, capitalism and * * based on the criteria of "humanity → alienation of humanity → sublation of alienation of humanity". With the development of the times, the theory should also keep pace with the times. Of course, there are other ways to divide human history.
I have noticed that the division of "axis era" now recognized by historians may be a better theoretical framework for us to understand and inherit the tradition. The second "axis period" was put forward by the German philosopher karl jaspers (1883- 1969) in his book The Origin and Goal of History (1949).
He noticed a strange historical phenomenon, that is, from 800 BC to 200 BC, great thinkers appeared in ancient Greece, Israel, India and China almost at the same time, and they all put forward original opinions on issues of concern to mankind. There were Socrates and Plato in ancient Greece, Confucius and Laozi in China, Sakyamuni in India and Jewish prophets in Israel, which formed different cultural traditions. This era can be called the "axis era" of human culture.
The theory of "Axis Age" has the following points: 1. Although China, India, the Middle East and Greece are geographically separated by Qian Shan, the different cultures in these areas originally developed independently and did not affect each other. However, in the same historical period, there was a sudden leap, which formed the respective cultural axes of modern civilizations, so that different nationalities "gained something common to all mankind" and human beings were linked by "a common origin and goal" from then on.
This coincidence in time and content has puzzled several generations of researchers. These cultural traditions have become the main spiritual wealth of human culture after more than two thousand years of development. "In the Axial Age, human beings have always lived by what they think and create. Every new leap reviews this issue and is rekindled by it."
(2) The Renaissance in Europe, for example, turned its attention to ancient Greece, the source of its culture, which made European culture glow with new brilliance, thus having a great impact on the world. China's Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming Dynasties (Neo-Confucianism) returned to Confucius and Mencius again after being impacted by Indian Buddhism, which promoted China's philosophy to a new height.
(3) The slogan "Learn from Ming Dow" was put forward in the "Ancient prose movement" launched many times in the history of China literature. In the discussion of China's humanistic spirit in the 1990s, although some people refused to acknowledge the relationship with the axis (for example, Wang Meng said: China has no humanistic spirit at all, what have you lost? Why rebuild? ), but there are still many scholars back to the "axis era", looking for ideological energy from the Zhouyi and other works (such as "civilization stops, human nature is also", civilized people should know how to restrain their desires and not pursue material things insatiably).
Even our mainstream culture is constantly returning to the axis to seek the general plan of governing the country, such as "ruling the country by virtue", "doing something and not doing something", and even the social goal of "well-off" put forward at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China can be regarded as a review of the cultural axis of China. The development of various cultures in the world today is forming a new "axis era", or "the second axis era".
In this regard, we should be quite vigilant. If we rashly abandon the "first axis era" of China culture and accept the "second axis era", will it lead to "western centralism" again? Moreover, whether there really is a new axis era still needs a long history to verify. The significance of the axis lies in its radiation to future generations. We cannot rashly judge that a "point" lacking historical development is already an axis. Didn't the "* * * era" provide us with this lesson? So I think the most valuable part of the theory of "axis age" is its second point, which is the review and radiation of the axis. Inferred from this theory, the significance of pre-Qin did not end with the end of feudal era, and the division of human culture was not a slave society.
4. Seeking Mozi's Prose, Historical Biography of hundred schools of thought in Pre-Qin Dynasty. If someone enters the garden and steals its peaches and plums, the public will not hear it and those in power will be punished.
What is this? At the expense of others. Those who harass people, dogs, chickens and dolphins are even more unjust, stealing peaches and plums from other people's gardens.
What is the reason? The more people lose, the more unkind they are and the more guilty they feel. As for those who are arrogant, they are heartless and very annoying.
Why is this? The more people will lose. If you lose more people, you will be unreasonable and feel guilty.
It is unjust to kill people who are not worthy, to slap clothes and take swords, and to enter the stable to lead horses and cattle. Why is this? The more people will lose.
If you lose more people, you will be very unfriendly and guilty. When this happens, all the gentlemen in the world know that this is called injustice.
Only when we attack the country today can we know right and wrong, so praise is justified. Is this the difference between knowing righteousness and not knowing righteousness? Killing a person is called injustice, and there will be death penalty.
If so, killing ten people is ten times unfair, and there are ten capital crimes; Killing a hundred people is unjust, and there are a hundred capital crimes. When this happens, all the gentlemen in the world know that this is called injustice.
Today, this is very unfair. If you attack the country, you will know right and wrong, so praise it and call it righteousness. I don't know its injustice, so the words of the book will be left to future generations; Since we know that it is unjust, does Fuxi say that it is unjust to leave it to future generations? Today, some people here rarely see black as black, but more often see black as white, so this person doesn't know the debate between white and black; Taste less bitter, taste more bitter and taste more sweet, so you must take this person as an argument that you don't know whether it is sweet or bitter.
Today, when you were young, you knew it, not it; If you don't attack the country on a large scale, you don't know right and wrong, and you can praise or derogate, which is called righteousness. Is this a debate between knowing righteousness and not knowing righteousness? Therefore, we should know the debate between justice and non-justice among gentlemen in the world. Chapter 2 of Laozi: As we all know, beauty is beauty, and evil has been done; As we all know, goodness is good, but it is not good.
Therefore, whether there is a phase or not, it is difficult to bring out the best in each other, the length is consistent, the height is oblique, and the sound is in harmony. It is based on the sage's inaction, the teaching of doing things in terms of inaction, doing everything without thinking, living without doing it, doing it without relying on it, and living and succeeding.
If the husband is not alive, he will not go. Laozi.
Chapter 1 1 A hub with 30 spokes * * *; When it's okay, there is a car. Think of it as a device; When it's nothing, it works.
Chisel the family into a room; When there is nothing, there is room for it. Therefore, thinking is beneficial, but thinking is not.
Laozi comes first. Chapter seventy-seven Heaven, or a bow? The highest person suppresses it, and the lower person lifts it; If you have more, you will lose, and if you have less, you will make up.
The loss of heaven is too much to make up, but humanity is not: the loss is not enough to make up. Who can serve the world? Only Tao.
It is unsuccessful to be based on saints and not rely on them. It doesn't want to see good and evil! Laozi.
Chapter 80 Small country and few people. In this way, people can die again and will not migrate far.
Although there is a boat, nothing is taken; Although there are soldiers, there is nothing to say; Let people use it again. Be willing to eat, wear, live and enjoy.
When neighboring countries confront each other, the voices of chickens and dogs are endless, and the people are miserable until they die. There are fish in Beiming (Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour). There is a fish named Kun in the North Ghost.
Kun is so big, I don't know its thousands of miles; Become a bird. Its name is Peng. Peng's back is thousands of miles away; Fly away angrily, its wings hang in the sky like clouds.
If it is a bird, shipping will migrate to Nanming. South ghost, Tianchi also.
Qi Xie, will also blame. Hehe said, "Peng moved to Nanming, and the water hit three thousand Li. Those who go up the mountain will go to Wan Li and rest in June. "
Wild horses, dust and creatures are blowing with interest. The sky is gray, and its positive color is evil? Far away and everything is extremely evil? It looks down. If it is, it's gone.
And the product of husband's water is not thick, then the negative boat is weak. Cover the depression with a glass of water. Mustard is a boat.
If you cover a cup, it's glue. Shallow water makes a big boat. The wind is not thick, and its negative wing is weak.
Therefore, in Wan Li, the wind is down, and then the wind breeds today; Those who carry the blue sky and never die, then go to the south today. Kun and Xue Dui laughed and said, "I decided to fly to grab the elm raft, but I didn't arrive at that time, just took control of the ground." What do you think of Wan Li and the South? " Those who are suitable for wild and pale, three opposites, and the abdomen is still true; The fittest keeps food for a hundred miles; The fittest travels a thousand miles, and food gathers in March.
What do you know about the second worm? Little knowledge is not as good as great knowledge, and small years are not as good as big years. What if I know? I don't know when the sun is shining, I don't know the spring and autumn: this is a small year.
There are ghosts in southern Chu, five hundred years old is spring, and five hundred years old is autumn; In ancient times, there was a big tree, eight thousand years old was spring, and eight thousand years old was autumn. Peng Zu has a long-standing reputation, and everyone is a horse. Aren't you sad? The problem of soup is also a thorn.
The thorn said, "To the north of poverty, there is a ghost sea and Tianchi Lake. There is a kind of fish, which is thousands of miles wide. He who doesn't know his accomplishment is called Kun.
There is a bird called Peng. Its back is too high and its wings are like clouds hanging in the sky. It's nine Wan Li who rolled the corner and reached the top. If you lose the clouds and the sky, you can seek the south again, which is also suitable for the south. He laughed at me and said,' What about him? I jumped to my feet, but after counting down, I flew among Artemisia, which is also flying.
And he and Shi are also? "-this little debate also. Therefore, the husband knows that being an official is better than being a township, and virtue and jun are combined. Those who levy the country also pretend to be like this.
Song still laughed: the world's reputation without persuasion, the world without love, depending on the internal and external points, fighting for the realm of honor and disgrace, has long gone forever.
There are countless others in the world. Although, there are still trees.
Fu Liezi rode against the wind, Ling Ran was good, ten days and five days, and then reversed. The blessed don't count.
Although this is off-line, there are still things to do. With the righteousness of heaven and earth, the husband resists the debate of six qi and swims endlessly. Why is it evil? Therefore, to a person who doesn't have himself, the God-man is useless and the sage is nameless.
Zhuangzi, autumn waters come together, and all rivers run into the sea. There is no dispute between the two cliffs.
Therefore, he was so happy that he took the beauty of the world for himself. Go with the flow, as for the North Sea; Look east, but you can't see the water.
So Yan Hebo began to turn his face, looked at the ocean and sighed: "There is a saying in the wild:' Knowing a hundred things means you don't know your friend', which I call it. Besides, I know very little about Zhong Ni, and those who despise Boyi's righteousness are beginning to believe me. Today, I saw that the child was in poverty, and I was not as close to the child's door, so it was very dangerous.
My parents laugh at generous families. "Zhuangzi is fishing in Pushui (autumn water), and Zhuangzi is fishing in Pushui. The King of Chu told the doctor to go first and said, "I would like to be tired in China! "Zhuangzi ignored the pole and said," I heard that there was a turtle in Chu, and it was 3,000 years old when it died. On the temple where the king's towel is hidden.
Will it be more expensive to keep the bones when this turtle is dead? Would you like to drag your tail after you are born? "The second doctor said," I'd rather be born than be dragged.
5. Selected Works of hundred schools of thought in Pre-Qin Dynasty and its translation, please help me recommend a Confucian classic:
Confucian classics mainly include thirteen classics. There are six Confucian classics: The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Yili, Jing Yue, Zhouyi and Chunqiu. Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism". It is said that Yue Ji was lost after the Qin fire.
On this basis, the Eastern Han Dynasty added The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety and The Seven Classics.
Zhou Li, Book of Rites, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Beam, Erya and Twelve Classics were added in the Tang Dynasty.
Mencius was supplemented in the Song Dynasty, and later the Notes to Thirteen Classics was handed down from generation to generation.
Thirteen Classics is the basic work of Confucian culture. As far as traditional ideas are concerned:
Yi, Shi, Shu, Li and Chunqiu are collectively called Jing.
Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan all belong to Chunqiu Jingzhuan.
The Book of Rites, The Book of Filial Piety, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are all records.
Erya is an exegetical work of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty.
The later four books refer to the university (one in the Book of Rites) and the golden mean (one in the Book of Rites).
The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, the Five Classics refer to Zhouyi, Shangshu, Book of Songs, Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan.
Taoist classics:
Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Huang, Ji Jing, Wen Zi, Tian Zi, Four Classics of Huangdi, Lao Laizi.
Mozi's book-
At the end of the Warring States period, Mohist post-school compiled the school's works into Mozi, which is a faithful portrayal of Mozi's words and deeds, also known as Mojing or Mojing Debate.
Legalist works—
There are 86 legalist documents that have been handed down to this day, of which 76 are Guanzi (written by more than one author and compiled by people holding bells from Warring States to Han Dynasty). The Book of Shang Jun (edited by Shang Yang and his later scholars) has 29 articles, and now there are 24 articles. Written by Han Fei (or mixed with several other people's works); There are fifty-five articles in Han Feizi (written by Han Feizi or mixed with a few other people's works).
Famous works-
Keiko's works have been lost, and there is also an article by Keiko in Hanshu Yiwenzhi. There are only a few words in Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Han Feizi and Lv Chunqiu.
There are 14 works written by GongSunLong, but more than half of them were lost in the Tang Dynasty. There may only be one book now, Gongsun Longzi.
Military strategist
"Zuo Zhuan Cheng Gong Thirteen Years" says: "The great event of the country lies in the worship of peace and glory." War is an important part of ancient society. During the war, China scholars summed up the experience and lessons of the war and studied the theoretical strategies of the war. This kind of knowledge is called military science. The theories of studying military science in pre-Qin period in China include Sima Fa, Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War. Among them, The Art of War is the most famous and representative.
The works of Yin and Yang-
Han Art Literature and History contains 369 articles of 2 1 yin and yang writers. The beginning and end of public life, 14 articles, and Gongsun Law, 22 articles. Forty-nine articles by Zou Zi. Zou Zichu Chapter 56. Five articles on Riding on the Hill. Six countries time. Five articles by Du Wengong. Twenty pieces of the Yellow Emperor Tai Su ... and so on, but all of them have been lost except the rest.
There are fourteen articles in Guiguzi, thirteen of which have been lost. The versions of Guiguzi mainly include the ordinary edition and the Jiangdu Qin edition in the tenth year of Jiaqing.
His works include Pan Yu 26, Dayu 37, Wu Zixu 8, Ziwanzi 35, Yu Yu 3, Liao Wei 29, Dead Body 20, Lv Chunqiu 26, Inside Huainan 2 1 and Outside Huainan 33. Among them, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals and King of Huainan (but some people think that the book King of Huainan is dominated by Taoist thought and talented people come forth in large numbers. It should be a Taoist work, and King of Huainan was also listed as a masterpiece in ancient times. There are only three miscellaneous books left: Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, King of Huainan, and Autopsy (the original book was lost, and only later generations compiled it).
doctor
Representative: Bian Que wrote Neijing and Waijing, and invented four diagnostic methods (looking, smelling, asking and feeling).
After reading so much, what do you want to know about learning? So you can make suggestions.
6. What are the fallacies and heresies in hundred schools of thought's famous works in the pre-Qin period: Spring and Autumn Annals by Lu (Spring and Autumn Annals mainly discusses the way of keeping in good health, Summer mainly discusses teaching principles and music theory, Spring and Autumn Annals mainly discusses military issues, and Winter mainly discusses people's quality issues such as buying shoes and carving boats for swords,).
Confucianism: The Analects of Confucius (Xianwen, Yongye, Taibo, Zhangzi, Advanced, etc. )
Mencius (Liang Shangxia; Sun ugly up and down; Teng Wengong up and down; Li Lou up and down; Zhang Wan up and down; Tell up and down; Heart and soul)
Liezi (fugue of Huangdi, moving mountains in Gong Yu, chasing the sun in Kuafu, worrying about the sky)
Xunzi (persuasion)
Taoism: Laozi (Tao Te Ching)
Military strategists: thirty-six strategies (honey trap, bitter trap, alienation trap, etc.). )
Sun Tzu's Art of War (planning, fighting, plotting, attacking, military form, military potential, virtual reality, military struggle, etc.). )
Woods' Art of War (drawing a national map, predicting enemies, managing soldiers, discussing generals, adapting to the situation and inspiring others)
Sun bin's art of war (increasing troops and reducing troops, encircling Wei to save Zhao)
7. Pre-Qin philosophers read the original text (Sun Chou asked): "Dare to ask the master whether it is evil or not?" Yue: "I know what I say, and cultivate my noble spirit." "Dare to ask what is the noble spirit?" "It's hard to say. It is qi, as strong as it is, and it is harmless to raise it directly, so it is stuffed between heaven and earth. It is also qi, which is consistent with righteousness and Tao; It's okay. I'm sorry, too. It comes from the collection of righteousness and also from the attack of righteousness. If you don't care, you will be embarrassed. I used to say that the accused son didn't know the meaning and went beyond it. Don't be right, don't forget, and don't encourage it. Nothing is like the Song Dynasty. In the song dynasty, there were also people who didn't grow up to enjoy their seedlings, but they returned to their hometown. He said,' I'm sick today, so I'll help the seedlings grow.' His son hurried to see it, Miao was dying. The world can't afford to help seedlings, and there are few old people. Those who give up because they feel useless don't cultivate seedlings; Help the old and help the young. Inaction is useless and harmful "Translation (asked by Gong Sunchou):" What is your master good at? "("Mencius ") said:" I can understand what others say (Sun Chou asked): "Dare to ask the master if he is evil?"
Yue: "I know what I say, and cultivate my noble spirit."
"Dare to ask what is the noble spirit?"
"It's hard to say. It is qi, as strong as it is, and it is harmless to raise it directly, so it is stuffed between heaven and earth. It is also qi, which is consistent with righteousness and Tao; It's okay. I'm sorry, too. It comes from the collection of righteousness and also from the attack of righteousness. If you don't care, you will be embarrassed. I used to say that the accused son didn't know the meaning and went beyond it. Don't be right, don't forget, and don't encourage it. Nothing is like the Song Dynasty. In the song dynasty, there were also people who didn't grow up to enjoy their seedlings, but they returned to their hometown. He said,' I'm sick today, so I'll help the seedlings grow.' His son hurried to see it, Miao was dying. The world can't afford to help seedlings, and there are few old people. Those who give up because they feel useless don't cultivate seedlings; Help the old and help the young. Inaction is useless and harmful "
8. The traditional division of pre-Qin hundred schools of thought originated from Sima Qian's father Sima Tan.
In the Essentials of Six Classics, he first divided the hundred schools into six schools: Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Fame, Dharma and Taoism. Later, based on the division of Sima Tan, Liu Xin added ten schools of "vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agricultural and novel" to Seven Views.
Ban Gu attacked Liu Xin in History of Han, saying: "There are ten philosophers, but only nine people are impressed. Later, people came to "novelists" and called the remaining nine "nine streams".
From then on, China ancient academic circles followed Ban Gu, and hundreds of schools became "nine streams". Lv Simian, a modern man, added "soldiers and doctors" in his book An Introduction to Pre-Qin Learning, saying: "Therefore, pre-Qin learning can be divided into twelve schools: Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, fame, Taoism, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture, novels, soldiers and doctors.
Confucianism, represented by Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi Taoism, represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi.
Works: Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi Mohist school, represented by Mozi. Works: Mozi Legalist, represented by Han Fei and Li Si.
Works: Han Feizi, represented by Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong and Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Zilong, a Yin and Yang family, represented by Zou Yan, a military strategist, and represented by Su Qin and Zhang Yi.
The main remarks were circulated among the miscellaneous scholars in Warring States Policy, and the representative figures were farmers in Lv Buwei. Other classic works in the pre-Qin period: The Analects: Confucian classics compiled by Confucius' disciples and re-disciples according to Confucius' words and deeds. Mandarin: It was written by Zuo Qiuming.
Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period: By Zuo Qiuming. The Spring and Autumn Annals written by Confucius is a classic, and this book is a biography, which is cross-referenced with the content of Guoyu.
Book of Changes (Book of Changes): This was written by Zhou Wenwang. (One of the Five Classics) The Book of Rites: According to legend, it was collated by Confucius.
(One of the Five Classics) Sun Tzu's Art of War: edited by Sun Tzu, a soldier sage. Lu Chunqiu: editor in chief.
The Book of Songs collated by Confucius. (one of the five classics).