2. At present, "five grains" refers to all kinds of staple foods, generally called grain crops or "miscellaneous grains", including cereals (such as rice, wheat, corn, etc. ), beans (such as soybeans, broad beans, peas, red beans, etc. ), potatoes (such as sweet potatoes, potatoes) and other miscellaneous grains.
2 "What is grain?
There are usually two kinds of sayings: one is rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice. On the other hand, millet, millet, hemp, wheat and glutinous rice. Five of them are food crops other than marijuana. Rice, millet, millet, wheat, water bamboo and hemp are the traditional crops in China. I should not only know them, but also know their habits and origins, otherwise it will be "no matter what the grain is."
3 "What is the" five grains "in the Western Han Dynasty? Uncover the mystery of wooden slips unearthed in Xi' an
Xinhuanet Xi 'an 65438+1October 19 (Hu Yan Sizheng) What exactly was the "five grains" that people ate in the Western Han Dynasty? Recently, a wooden slip unearthed in the southern suburbs of Xi, Shaanxi Province revealed this answer.
This rectangular wooden slipper with the word 177 is 23 cm long, 4.5 cm wide and 0.4 cm thick, and its lower edge is slightly incomplete. Chinese characters are mainly written in ancient Chinese characters, mixed with some cursive characters, most of which are clear and distinguishable. The handwriting on this wooden slip is divided into eight lines from right to left, and the top of each line is marked with a small black dot to indicate the beginning of the chapter. The number of words per line varies from 15 to 25 words.
No, the above content about grain cultivation in Han Dynasty is basically complete, which clearly records that the grains at that time refer to millet, beans, hemp, wheat and rice, and their order is not random. This is basically consistent with the contents recorded in Japanese special books in Qin and Han Dynasties.
According to archaeologists, the wooden slips unearthed this time are located in Ling Du Mausoleum of Emperor Xuandi of the Western Han Dynasty, and should be buried with Ling Du, so the owner of the tomb should be a senior official closely related to Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. From the analysis of the contents of the wooden slips, the identity of the tomb owner before his death should be related to royal etiquette activities and agricultural production activities, so it is judged that his post should be Dahonglu or a big farmer. It is understood that the ancient records have been vague about what the "five grains" in the Han Dynasty refer to. The discovery of this wooden slip first clarified the types and names of "five grains" in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province during the Western Han Dynasty.
Question 2: How many kinds of whole grains are there? What is the difference? In Huangdi Neijing, the five grains are called "japonica rice, adzuki bean, wheat, soybean and yellow rice", while in Mencius Teng Wengong, they are called "rice, millet, millet, wheat and oat", and in Buddhist sacrifices, they are also called "barley, wheat, rice, adzuki bean and flax". There is also a saying that grains generally refer to five crops, namely "hanging, rattan, root, horn and ear". In modern common Chinese, commonly used grains refer to: rice, wheat, soybeans, corn and potatoes. At the same time, grains other than rice and flour are customarily called miscellaneous grains, and miscellaneous grains also refer to food crops, so grains are also a general term for food crops.
The word "five grains" in ancient times generally refers to: millet, beans, hemp, wheat and rice; At the same time, grain can also be a common word, referring to crops or agricultural products. Can be extended to foods and beverages containing cereals or native crops as raw materials.
Question 3: What are the whole grains for dietotherapy? Adhere to long-term reasonable collocation.
Whole grains are mainly health-preserving grains, which have been discussed in the Neijing of the ancient Chinese medicine emperor. Five grains nourish, five livestock benefit, five vegetables supplement and five fruits help, and five grains are not conducive to raising beans. Cereals are the basis of daily diet and disease prevention. Whole grains are well-balanced in nutrition, and contain a high proportion of protein amino acid trace elements, which can provide rich iron, calcium, selenium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin E for human body. It is the most natural health care product. Vitamin C contained in whole grains can relieve fatigue symptoms and prevent diseases such as colds and lower limb aches. Dietary fiber contained in whole grains can effectively slow down sugar absorption, lower blood pressure and promote insulin production, which is of great help to diabetic patients. Protein, amino acids and vitamin B contained in whole grains have anti-cancer effects, and regular consumption can prevent tumor lesions. Iron contained in whole grains can prevent gastric ulcer and anorexia. Potassium can avoid muscle numbness, spleen restlessness and general weakness, and magnesium can accelerate the elimination of waste in the body, so eating more whole grains is healthier, and falling in love with whole grains is falling in love with a healthy lifestyle. Eat more whole grains, always by your side.
Question 4: What are the so-called coarse grains? All kinds of food crops
In The Emperor's Medical Code, the five grains are considered as "japonica rice, adzuki bean, wheat, soybean and millet", while in Mencius Teng Wengong, the five grains are called "rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice", and then they are called "barley, wheat, rice, adzuki bean and flax" in Buddhist sacrifices. At present, the general "whole grains" refer to rice, wheat, sorghum, soybeans and corn, while grains other than rice and flour are customarily called whole grains, so whole grains also refer to food crops.
Grain: the general term for food crops. "Five Grains" is spoken in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Wei Er: "Four bodies are not diligent, and the grain is not divided." But there are different explanations. One is millet, millet, wheat and rice. Speaking of millet, millet, wheat, millet, marijuana. The main difference between these two statements is whether there is rice or hemp. The reason for the inconsistency was that there were more than five kinds of crops at that time, as evidenced by the existence of the theory of "100 grains", "6 grains" and "9 grains", and the varieties of crops were different from place to place. The popularity of the theory of "five grains" is obviously caused by the influence of five elements. Therefore, generally speaking, grain refers to several major food crops.
Although the concept of five grains has a history of more than two thousand years, the status of these crops in the national food supply has changed from time to time. Millet, millet and other crops in the five grains have the characteristics of drought tolerance, barren tolerance and short growth period, so they occupy a particularly important position in the original cultivation of dry land in the north. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the characteristics of "keeping old is easy to do" were discovered, and together with millet, it became an indispensable food for people at that time. At the same time, it is found that lodging wheat (winter wheat) can be planted in late autumn and early spring, which can solve the problem of green and yellow. In addition, the invention of the stone mill at this time greatly improved the palatability of wheat from grain to pasta, which attracted widespread attention and developed into one of the main grain crops, comparable to millet. In the Confucian classic Spring and Autumn Annals, it is not a book, but if the crops fail, it is a book. It can be seen that saints attach the most importance to wheat and grains among grains. Agronomists in the Western Han Dynasty, such as Zhao Guo and Zhong, devoted themselves to promoting wheat planting in Guanzhong area. The increase of Guanzhong population in Han Dynasty was closely related to the development of wheat planting. Until the Tang and Song Dynasties, the population in the north was more than that in the south. But after the Tang and Song Dynasties, the situation changed. China's population growth is mainly concentrated in the southeast region, which has been called "vast territory and abundant resources" since Qin and Han Dynasties. Hey? Street? Hey, k? Jiaozi and silk? A sword? Fislan profile? :4; Since then, the population density in the south is much higher than that in the north. The increase of population in southern China is closely related to rice production. Rice is very suitable for planting in the southern region with abundant rainfall, but at first it was inconspicuous and even excluded from grain. However, it came from behind. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the status of rice in the national grain supply was increasing. According to the estimation of Ming Dynasty and Song Dynasty, the grain supply at that time was mainly rice, while rice, wheat, millet and other grain crops accounted for only three tenths, which had been relegated to a secondary position. Soybean and hemp have withdrawn from the category of food crops and are only used as vegetables. However, when some crops withdrew from the ranks of food crops, some crops joined the ranks of food crops. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, corn, sweet potato and potato were introduced into China one after another, which became an important part of the main food crops in modern China.
roughage
Compared with the white flour and rice we usually eat, coarse grains mainly include corn, millet, purple rice, sorghum, oats, buckwheat, wheat bran and various dried beans, such as soybeans, mung beans, red beans and mung beans.
Coarse grains are rich in insoluble cellulose, which is beneficial to ensure the normal rotation of digestive system. Together with soluble fiber, it reduces the concentration of low-density cholesterol and triglyceride in blood; Increase the residence time of food in the stomach, delay the speed of glucose absorption after meals, and reduce the risk of hypertension, diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Medical research also shows that cellulose helps to resist many diseases such as gastric cancer, intestinal cancer, breast cancer and ulcerative enteritis. But for coarse grains, we should not eat too much, because excessive consumption of coarse grains also has disadvantages.
Take people aged 25-35 as an example. If you eat too much "coarse grains", it will affect the absorption of protein, inorganic salts and some trace elements by human body functions, and even affect the reproductive capacity of human body.
Gluttony >>
Question 5: What are the benefits of eating whole grains? Whole grains-an eternal tonic!
China's theory of traditional Chinese medicine is profound, and he thinks that medicine is divided into three parts. In other words, eating too much of any tonic will harm your health.
Here, I want to introduce some advanced green health care concepts to you.
In recent years, there has been a slogan abroad called "turning pharmacies into kitchens", emphasizing the importance of dietotherapy. The concept of diet health preservation in TCM is worth carrying forward. Huangdi Neijing? The theory of dirty qi law says: "Poison attacks evil, grains supplement, five fruits help, five livestock benefit and five vegetables fill." What do you mean? It means that it is biased to treat diseases and attack evil with drugs. Whole grains are indispensable to ensure human nutrition, and fruits, meat and vegetables are all necessary supplements. Modern people's living standards are improved, drinking is refined, and the proportion of fish, fruits and vegetables in the diet structure is increased, which leads to eating disorders and diseases. Many "God of Wealth Diseases" are caused by people eating too much. Why people don't like coarse grains? The main reason is that the taste at the entrance is not good. So feelings are not always right. Although dietary fiber in coarse grains can not be digested and utilized by human body, it can ventilate and moisten intestines, clean up waste and promote food residues to be excreted as soon as possible. Therefore, rebuilding a reasonable diet is of great significance to a healthy life.
There was no distinction between coarse grains and coarse grains in ancient times. Since 1950s, China has artificially divided grain into staple food and coarse grains, or flour and rice and coarse grains from the perspective of rations system management. Rice and wheat are called flour and rice, while others become coarse grains or miscellaneous grains. Traditionally, people refer to the rice and flour that urban residents eat daily as flour and rice, and corn (flour), millet, sorghum, buckwheat and potatoes as coarse grains. Coarse grains are especially rich in trace elements and vitamins, and coarse grains such as corn and potatoes contain more dietary fiber. Nutritionists believe that eating coarse grains at least three times a week is good for human health. However, it should be noted that eating coarse grains is not "the more the better". Some people are afraid of over-refined food, pursue coarse grains too much, and even eat only coarse grains and refuse to eat flour and rice. These practices are not desirable. In particular, the elderly with decreased digestive function, children with gastrointestinal dysfunction and young adults with gastrointestinal diseases should not eat too much coarse grains and coarse grains. "Five grains are the nourishment", coarse grains and flour and rice are rich in nutrition, so eating them together is beneficial to health.
So what are the benefits of eating whole grains often? We eat white flour, rice, delicacies, seafood, big meat, big fish and big meat every day. It's time to clean up our intestines and stomach! Eating coarse grains can make your stomach healthier and your appetite stronger. The nutritional value of whole grains is different. Let me give you a general introduction first. For example, millet is rich in tryptophan and carotene, which benefits the stomach and nourishes; Rice bran skin is the cheapest anti-cancer food; Oats are rich in protein, which is the best food to reduce blood fat. Sorghum is rich in fatty acids and iron; Potatoes contain carotene and vitamin C, and black rice is a good tonic for the four seasons. Grain bud is a good food to stimulate appetite and help digestion; Wheat is the best health care and anticancer food; Barley is a healthy food for regulating gastrointestinal function; Wheat germ is the essence of nutrition; Buckwheat is a healthy food for strengthening the heart and lowering blood pressure; Sorghum is a healthy food for strengthening the spleen and stopping diarrhea; Corn is a famous anti-cancer and anti-aging food; Peanut is a long-lived fruit; Black sesame is a healthy food for enriching blood and improving eyesight; Sesame is an anti-aging food; Black beans are the best food for nourishing kidney yin; Red beans are good food for swelling and blood. Mung bean is the best summer food, which tastes sweet and cold, and has the functions of diuresis, detumescence, neutralization and detoxification, cooling and quenching thirst. Broad bean is a healthy food for lowering cholesterol; Cowpea can treat spleen and stomach weakness; Peas have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects; Sweet potato is the best food to inhibit cancer cells; Potatoes are the best special food for treating indigestion; Taro is the best health food with bad stomach. Yam is recognized as a good tonic; Pumpkin is the best food to prevent colon cancer; Coix seed is a tonic for anti-cancer and health care; Lotus seed is the best food to eliminate palpitation and treat insomnia. Chestnut is a tonic for prolonging life and resisting aging. Jujube is a health food for resisting cancer and strengthening the body. Eleocharis tuberosa is an anti-cancer food that can clear away heat and toxic materials. Having said that, I'll choose a few representative ones to introduce them to you in detail.
Let's start with the millet that everyone often eats. Compared with rice, millet contains more protein, fat and vitamins, and is rich in nicotinic acid and carotene, which is suitable for pregnant women and children. Therefore, pregnant women in northern China drink millet porridge every meal every day. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that millet is sweet and salty, and has the functions of tonifying deficiency, invigorating spleen and kidney, clearing away deficiency and heat, promoting diuresis, benefiting spleen and stomach, and treating spleen and stomach weakness and anorexia ...
Question 6: Is there a difference between coarse grains and whole grains? In modern common Chinese, the common "five grains" refer to: rice, wheat, soybeans, corn and potatoes. At the same time, it is customary to call grains other than rice and flour miscellaneous grains, and miscellaneous grains also refer to food crops, so grains are also a general term for food crops.
Compared with polished rice and white flour and rice that we usually eat, coarse grains mainly include corn, purple rice, sorghum oats, buckwheat, wheat bran and various dried beans, such as soybeans, mung beans, red beans and mung beans.
So whole grains include coarse grains, which is the difference between the two.
Question 7: What does whole grains mean to describe a person? It is difficult to solve difficult problems with great tolerance and wisdom. Whole grains mean not being picky about food.
Question 8: What exactly does whole grain mean? Five ancient cereals. There are many sayings about "five grains" in ancient times, and there are two main ones: one refers to rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice; The other refers to hemp, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice. The difference between the two is that the former has rice without hemp, while the latter has hemp without rice. The ancient economic and cultural center was in the Yellow River valley, and the main rice producing area was in the south, while the rice planting in the north was limited, so there was no rice in the original "five grains".
The basic explanation refers to the five grains, which are rice, millet, millet, wheat and beans. The meaning is different.
"Zhou Li? Celestial officer? Doctor: "Nourish the disease with five kinds of grains and five medicines." Zheng Xuan's note: "Five grains, hemp, millet, millet, wheat and beans." "Mencius? On Teng Wengong: "The tree is full of grains, and the grains are ripe and the people are educated." Zhao Qi's Note: "The five grains are rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice." "Chu ci? Big move ":"Six crops. " Wang Yi's note: "Five grains, rice, millet, wheat, beans and hemp." "Su Wen? On the time of storing qi: "Five grains are the nourishment." Bing Wang's Note: "It refers to japonica rice, adzuki bean, wheat, soybean and millet. In Suzhou Maha Sutra: "The five grains are barley, wheat, rice, soybean and flax." After that, the word "five grains" is not necessarily limited to five kinds.
Five-grain painting: Five-grain painting is a painting of landscapes, figures, flowers and birds, cartoons and abstract paintings. It is made of all kinds of plant seeds and whole grains as the main raw materials, glued, pasted, spliced and carved with other auxiliary materials. It is formed by the special treatment of modelling technique, such as composition, lines, light and shade, and color. Every painting of Wugu has to go through a special process and adopt permanent preservation technology, so that the works can be preserved and collected for a long time. Grain painting began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty was a tribute from the Chongqing government to the emperor. Big-eyed five-grain painting is a five-generation inheritance process of Tang Dayan, the inheritor of Chongqing five-grain painting.
The basic concept "grain" originally refers to grain with shell; Like rice, millet (millet, that is, millet) and millet (also known as yellow rice), there are shells outside, so they are called valleys. The sound of the word Gu comes from the sound of shells. Grains were originally called grains in ancient China, and later referred to food crops. There are two main views about grain. Mainstream rice (commonly known as rice, rice), millet (shu3, commonly known as yellow rice), millet (ji4, also known as millet, commonly known as millet), wheat (commonly known as wheat for flour) and glutinous rice (commonly known as soybean). Because the dry climate in some places is not conducive to the cultivation of rice, hemp (mainly sesame, which can extract oil) is used instead of rice as one of the five grains.
Since rice, wheat and glutinous rice are common in life, they will not be introduced here. The following mainly introduces cereals that are not common in life but are indeed common in ancient times:
Millet: Millet is shelled, that is, yellow rice. When cooked, its son becomes sticky and can be used to make wine and cakes. Because it is not conducive to digestion, "millet" is basically not used as a staple food now.
Xiaomi: Also known as Xiaomi, it is drought-tolerant and has many varieties, commonly known as "colorful millet", including white, red, yellow, black, orange, purple millet and sticky millet. The earliest wine in China was also made from millet. Millet is suitable for growing in arid areas without irrigation. Its stems and leaves are hard and can be used as feed. Generally only cows can digest it. The staple food now is basically not "millet".
Cannabis: Cannabis is mainly used in agricultural production. Marijuana is edible, just like fried soybeans. Slightly smaller than mung beans, it is mainly used to extract oil. Oil is light green and is a good edible oil. His stem bark can be made into rope (hemp rope), hemp clothes, hemp paper and so on. After retting, it is very durable. Peeled stems can be used as firewood and build houses, which feels a little woody. At present, skins and stems can be made into various high-grade papers such as Xuan paper by refining fibers.
In addition, there are some discussions about the classification of "Five Grains" into "Ancient Heaven", "Earth Valley", "Hanging Valley", "Gu Feng" and "Shui Gu". The "five grains" represented by heaven, earth, suspension, wind and water are not necessarily all five grains: "ancient heaven" includes crops such as rice, millet, sorghum and wheat; "Digu" includes crops such as peanuts and sweet potatoes whose fruits grow underground; "hanging grain" refers to crops with fruits such as beans and melons on their branches and vines; "Shui Gu" includes water chestnut, lotus root and other crops that grow fruits in water; Only the "wind valley" is special, which means that corn is a kind of crop that spreads pollen through the wind and blows it from the top of the head to the whiskers growing in the middle of the crop, thus bearing fruit. There is a saying: "four bodies are not diligent, and the grain is not divided." Four bodies are limbs, that is, they are afraid of walking and working. This sentence means that a lazy person can't tell the essence of things, which is disguised ... >>
Question 9: Which kind of whole grain has the highest nutritional value? Oat has the highest nutritional value among cereals and is known as the "king of cereals". The content of protein and dietary fiber in oat germ rice is very high in cereals, and it is also unique to β-glucan, which has a good effect on diabetes and three highs!
Question 10: the benefits of whole grains: five grains are the supplement, five fruits are the help, five animals are the benefit, five vegetables are the filling, and the smell is the essence. More than two thousand years ago, Huangdi Neijing put forward a reasonable structure of healthy diet. Modern people's living standards are improved, drinking is refined, and the proportion of fish, fruits and vegetables in the diet structure is increased, which leads to eating disorders and diseases. Therefore, rebuilding a reasonable diet is of great significance to a healthy life.
There was no distinction between coarse grains and coarse grains in ancient times. Since 1950s, China has artificially divided grain into staple food and coarse grains, or flour and rice and coarse grains from the perspective of rations system management. Rice and wheat are called flour and rice, while others become coarse grains or miscellaneous grains. With the deepening of research, people found that miscellaneous grains not only have rich nutritional value like flour and rice, but also have many functions of treating and preventing diseases. The nutrition and disease prevention value of several daily coarse grains and miscellaneous grains are introduced below.
millet
Compared with rice, millet contains more protein, fat and vitamins, and is rich in nicotinic acid and carotene, which is suitable for parturient and children. Sweet and salty, it has the functions of tonifying deficiency, invigorating spleen and kidney, clearing away deficiency and heat, promoting diuresis and benefiting spleen and stomach, and can treat spleen and stomach weakness, dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting. Has the effects of nourishing yin and tonifying kidney, and can be used for treating thirst, xerostomia, soreness of waist and knees, damp heat, diarrhea, dysuria, tiredness, dysuria or diarrhea. It can also be used externally to treat erysipelas, scald and burn.
polished glutinous rice
Contains protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus and iron; Vitamin B 1, B2 and nicotinic acid, etc. Sweet and warm in nature, it can warm the spleen and stomach, and benefit the lungs and qi. It has the effects of tonifying middle warmer, treating spontaneous sweating, night sweats, diarrhea, benefiting lung, warming stomach, invigorating spleen, treating polydipsia, polyuria, detoxicating, and treating acne, rash, carbuncle and furuncle. This product is sticky and difficult to digest. People with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold should not eat more, and patients should cook porridge or paste.
corn
Contains starch, fat, vitamin B 1, B 12, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid and biotin; Although it is rich in protein, it lacks some essential amino acids and is not suitable for long-term administration alone. Contains a lot of unsaturated fatty acids and lecithin, which is beneficial to lowering cholesterol; Sweet and flat, it can regulate appetite, reduce turbidity and promote diuresis; Can be used for treating hypertension, hyperlipidemia, urinary calculi, and cholecystolithiasis.
wheat
The content of starch and fat is similar to that of rice, but the content of protein and calcium is much higher than that of rice. It also contains B vitamins and vitamin E, especially vitamin E, which contains choline, lecithin and arginine and can enhance memory. It also contains calcium, phosphorus, iron and enzymes that help digestion; Sweet, salty and cool, it can tonify deficiency, strengthen spleen and stomach, clear deficiency and heat, promote diuresis and nourish kidney. Deficiency of spleen and stomach and senile gonorrhea can be taken. It has the effects of nourishing heart and reducing fever, so that body fluids are not disturbed by fire, and can be used to treat irritability, insomnia and dirty dryness.
buckwheat
Contains carbohydrates, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B 1, nicotinic acid, etc. Sweet and cool in nature, it has the effects of appetizing, relaxing bowels and resolving food stagnation. Can be used for constipation, damp-heat diarrhea, etc. External use can also treat burns and fire injuries. In addition, because it is rich in minerals, especially phosphorus, iron and magnesium, it is of great significance to maintain the normal physiological function of human hematopoietic system.
kaoliang
The content of protein, fat and dietary fiber is higher than that of rice. Sweet, astringent and warm, it can strengthen the spleen and stomach, promote digestion, and stop diarrhea. It is often suitable for children with dyspepsia, spleen and stomach deficiency and thin stool.
sweet potato
Sweet potato is not only rich in starch and soluble sugar, but also contains protein, fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids and inorganic salts such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. Except fat, its nutritional components are higher than rice and white flour, and its calorific value is higher than many food crops. In addition, sweet potato is a kind of physiological alkaline food, which can neutralize the acidic substances produced by meat, eggs, rice and noodles, so it can adjust the acid-base balance of human body. Sweet taste, non-toxic, nourishing spleen and stomach, nourishing heart and benefiting qi, promoting lactation, removing blood stasis and detoxifying. Japanese scientists have found that it has anti-cancer and health care functions and is known as the king of anti-cancer. It is also found that sweet potato is rich in mucin, which can not only keep the lubrication in joint cavity, but also keep the elasticity of human cardiovascular wall, prevent atherosclerosis, reduce subcutaneous fat, prevent the atrophy of liver and kidney connective tissue and improve the immune ability of the body. ...& gt& gt