At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing (A.D. 145 ~ 2 19), a famous physician, inherited and developed the previous theories, wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of Golden Chamber, and put forward the treatment principle of "syndrome differentiation and treatment" for the first time. Hua Tuo (A.D. 14 1 ~ 208), a contemporary famous doctor, is proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and acupuncture. He used leprosy powder and had an operation after anesthesia. According to records, there are three kinds: ① laparotomy to enlarge the wound, ② curettage of poison, and ③ brain surgery. Wang Shuhe (AD 2 10 ~ 285), a famous doctor in Jin Dynasty, wrote ten volumes of Pulse Science, which made the methods and theories of Pulse Science more systematic. In AD 6 10, Chao, a medical scientist in Sui Dynasty, presided over the compilation of 50 volumes of Theory of Pathogens, and made an in-depth discussion on the causes of diseases. Among them, taeniasis is discussed, which is considered to be caused by eating immature meat; Infection is related to the reaction constitution of human body; Infectious diseases are caused by harmful substances from outside; Leprosy can be divided into early, middle and late stages, which reflects the development and perfection of medical clinical practice and theory. Sun Simiao (58 1 ~ 682 AD), a medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty, wrote 30 volumes of "Thousands of Gold Prescriptions", including clinical departments, diagnosis, treatment, acupuncture, dietotherapy, prevention, hygiene and so on. For example, realgar is often used in prescriptions to avoid plague; Cinnabar is used as disinfectant; Pulsatilla, Sophora flavescens, Coptis chinensis, etc. Used to treat dysentery; After living in mountainous areas for a long time, goiter caused by water source; Patients with night blindness can be treated with animal liver. Three volumes of Women's Prescription and two volumes of Children's Prescription are listed for the first time. The particularity of gynecological and pediatric diseases is discussed in detail, which makes gynecology and pediatrics separate from internal medicine and become an independent discipline. The discussion of herbal medicine, typhoid fever, stroke, miscellaneous diseases and pain in Qianjin Fang Yi is more prominent. More than 800 kinds of drugs were recorded, and the collection and processing of drugs were described, which supplemented the treatment methods. It also records the medical knowledge spread from India, showing the acumen and courage to absorb and use the world cultural knowledge.
During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, a hundred schools of Chinese medicine contended, and later people called it "the four masters in Jin and Yuan Dynasties". The representative figures and discussions are as follows: Liu (110-1200)' s "cold school" of "reducing fire and benefiting water" is his masterpiece "Su Bu Yuan Disease Type"; Zhang (1 156- 1228) is the author of The Scholars. James (1180-1251year) is a "spleen-invigorating school" of "stomach-qi-based theory" and has written Spleen and Stomach Theory. Zhu Danxi (128 1- 1358) wrote the "yin-nourishing school", in which "the yang is always abundant and the yin is often insufficient", and he wrote "making efforts". Li Shizhen (15 18- 1593), a medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, spent 27 years writing 25 volumes of Compendium of Materia Medica, which included 1892 kinds of drugs and1096 prescriptions. Due to the epidemic of plague in Qing dynasty, medical scientists developed the plague theory to a new height, including distinguishing plague, distinguishing warm and warm, and warming meridians to treat temperature, and made a new systematic exposition on the etiology, pathology and syndrome differentiation and treatment of plague, which made up for the shortcomings.
During the period of 1408- 1643, according to historical records, there were 39 large-scale plague epidemics, which was the most serious plague recorded in the history of China. The outbreak of large-scale epidemic diseases has put forward serious problems to be solved urgently for the medical community, and also provided opportunities and conditions. Wu Youke (1592- 1672), a famous doctor in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, carefully observed individual symptoms in clinic, studied the pathological changes, deeply analyzed the epidemic characteristics of plague, and then discussed the occurrence or epidemic law of the disease, put forward a new viewpoint on the cause of plague and wrote a monograph on infectious diseases. Wu Can also brilliantly expounded: "Husband's plague is a disease, it is not wind, cold or warm, but a different feeling between heaven and earth", "typhoid fever and heatstroke feel the normal atmosphere of heaven and earth; Infected people feel the pain in the world. ""However, this gas is invisible and the feelings are silent and odorless. " In that era when there was neither microscope nor microbiology, it was brilliantly pointed out that "hostility" existed in nature but people could not see, smell or smell it. Wu Can also observed and described many types of "hostility", and realized that different kinds of "hostility" would lead to different types of plagues: "Cows are sick but sheep are not sick, chickens are sick but ducks are not sick, and people are sick but animals are not sick". Wu Can also summed up two characteristics of plague epidemic: epidemic and sporadic. In the treatment, it advocates urgent attack and focuses on eliminating evil spirits; Attach importance to attack, supplement and decline; He also imagined that if there is a specific medicine for "rage", there is no need to prepare a prescription. He systematically discussed the etiology, symptoms, transmission process, epidemic, outbreak, characteristics of a few cases, treatment principles and medication of plague, which developed the understanding of epidemic infectious diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. According to the characteristics of plague, it is completely separated from typhoid fever and plague.
Another great contribution of TCM to medicine is vaccination. According to records, as early as16th century, Chinese medicine began to use human pox inoculation to prevent smallpox, including pox coating method, pox slurry method, dry bacteria method and water seedling method. 17th century has been extended to all parts of China. 1688, Russian doctors learned this vaccination method, and then it was spread to Turkey through Russia. 17 17, British doctors learned vaccination in Turkey. This method has been used in Britain for eighty years. 1796, the British doctor Jenner developed it into a safer vaccination method. Modern Chinese medicine has new development and progress, and there is further research on acupuncture anesthesia; The separation and purification of indirubin plays an important role in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. The separation, purification and identification of artemisinin show that the cure rate of specific drugs for vivax malaria or falciparum malaria reaches 98%, and Chinese medicine has made new contributions to human health.
Traditional Chinese medicine has two basic characteristics: one is the overall concept, and the other is the treatment based on syndrome differentiation. The human body is an organic whole and has unity with nature, which can be described as "the unity of heaven and man". Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has made continuous progress and development, from intuitive observation and inquiry, qualitative and semi-quantitative methods, from "grasping prescriptions" to "weighing medicines", from hundreds of medicinal materials to thousands of medicinal materials resources, "syndrome differentiation and treatment", deepening and accurately understanding diseases, choosing between effective and toxic side effects, developing and applying various medical technologies to treat diseases, and developing and creating various medical devices and theories. From external application of oral drugs, scraping, acupuncture and massage, to scraping and detumescence, splinting, anesthesia, scraping bones, expelling toxin and eliminating diseases. The development of traditional Chinese medicine should continue to explore ideas and be brave in bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new; Deepen from the basic theory, develop, improve and realize the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine in technology and practice. Provide high-level and high-quality services for patients and human health. The fundamental purpose of medicine should be to ensure the sustained health of human beings, and the concept of health should be "the complete state of body, spirit and society". In other words, Chinese medicine should confidently and deeply apply the basic theories of biology, biochemistry and molecular biology; The application of antibiotics, the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, the implementation of organ transplantation, that is, the application of all modern advanced theories and science and technology to meet and explore the new problems and challenges that follow.