Qilu culture is a regional culture formed and developed in Shandong during the pre-Qin period. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, under the background of political unification, Qilu culture gradually evolved from a regional culture to an official culture, and Legalism, Yin-Yang and Five Elements Theory, Huang-Lao Theory and Confucianism successively entered the political stage of the ruling class. Qilu culture is both a historical category and a cultural category. As a historical category, it has its own historical limitations; But as a cultural category, it has its historical transcendence, and the modern value of Qilu culture is the expression of this historical transcendence.

In ancient times, Dongyi culture and Huaxia culture jointly created the early Yellow River civilization, and Qilu culture was a regional culture produced by the fusion of Yi and Xia cultures.

From the founding of Qilu in the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, two cultural systems of Qilu culture were formed. With the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou culture from the west gradually descended along the Yellow River and reached the downstream areas. In the process of contact with Dongyi culture, two different cultural systems, Qi culture and Lu culture, were formed due to the differences in Qilu cultural environment and geographical conditions and the different strategies for the founding of the country. Qi culture is a cultural system with Dongyi culture as the main body and Zhou Wenhua culture as the supplement. Economically, starting from the fact that the land is near the sea and the land is barren, in addition to inheriting Zhou's tradition of attaching importance to agriculture, it also implements the policy of trade and industry, benefiting farmers with fish and salt, giving priority to agriculture and paying equal attention to agriculture, industry and commerce; Politically, the principle of favoring boys over girls is not limited to respecting Zhou, but rewarding the virtuous; Culturally, it advocates freedom and tolerance. Qi culture eventually became a practical, innovative, open and inclusive utilitarian cultural tradition. Lu culture is a cultural system dominated by Zhou culture and supplemented by Dongyi culture. Economically, because Lu's fief is located in the plain south of Mount Tai, the land is fertile and suitable for farming, which makes Lu culture have the characteristics of an agricultural culture from the beginning. Politically, the rulers of Lu emphasized the patriarchal clan system of Zhou and advocated respecting relatives; Culturally, it adopted the policy of changing customs and traditions, and used Zhou Wenhua to forcibly transform indigenous culture. Its emphasis on ceremony, music, benevolence and righteousness is the product of the combination of Zhou Wenhua, which values ceremony, and Dongyi culture, which values benevolence. Lu culture has gradually developed into a moral and cultural tradition that values benevolence and righteousness, respects tradition, values ethics and is harmonious with nobles.

The Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, is a period of all-round development of Qilu culture. During the Warring States period, due to the annexation of Lu by Qi, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were partially unified politically. A hundred schools of thought in academic and cultural circles have promoted cultural exchanges between regions. In this context, the blending of Qilu and Qilu cultural traditions is developing day by day, and gradually embarked on the road of integration. The mutual exchange and influence of Qilu culture is manifested in the ideological field, mainly in the critical absorption of Mencius' theory of mind and nature, the infiltration of Zou Yan's theory of yin and yang and five elements into Lu studies, and the blending of Guanzi school with Xunzi's theory of mind and nature and Lu studies. During the Qin and early Han Dynasties, the theory of Qi flourished, which was mainly manifested in the prevalence of the theory of Huang Lao and the theory of Yin Yang and Five Elements. The integration of Qi learning and Lu learning in this period made theoretical preparations for Dong Zhongshu to build a new Confucian system with the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. At the same time, it also laid the groundwork for the dispute between Qi Xue and Xue Lu in Confucianism in Han Dynasty and the study of Confucian classics in ancient Chinese. After the academic dispute between the Eastern Han Dynasty and China's modern Confucian classics, the two sides criticized and infiltrated each other. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, a master of Confucian classics, had mastered China's ancient and modern classics and finally completed the process of Qilu cultural integration.

Qilu culture is a mixed culture. It not only combines Qi culture and Lu culture, but also absorbs the advantages of other regional cultures, and gradually forms a culture with complete self-adjustment and renewal functions and strong regeneration ability. Especially after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty exclusively respected Confucianism, Qilu culture actually gained a dominant position in politics and culture, thus becoming the official culture under the background of political unification, and finally merging into the traditional culture of China unification and becoming the mainstream of China traditional culture.

1. The following explanation of the concept of Qilu culture is incorrect.

A Qilu culture was originally a regional culture, and later developed into an official culture, which is a gradually formed mixed culture.

B. Qilu culture has its duality, that is, historical limitations and historical transcendence from a historical perspective.

C. Qilu culture is a regional culture produced by the fusion of Dongyi culture and Huaxia culture, which created the early Yellow River civilization. D. Qilu culture is a mixed culture formed during the integration of Qi culture and Lu culture.

2. The following explanation about the relationship between Qilu culture and other related cultures is incorrect.

A. Qi culture combined with Luwen is called Qilu culture, or Qi culture combined with Luwen is called Qilu culture.

B. Qi culture and Lu culture are two different cultural systems formed during the contact between Zhou Wenhua and Dongyi culture. C. The integration of Dongyi culture and Huaxia culture laid the foundation for the emergence of Qilu culture with regional cultural characteristics.

D. The blending of the two cultural traditions of Qi culture and Lu culture is developing day by day, and a complete Qilu culture is gradually formed.

3. The following statements are inconsistent with the original intention.

A. Qi culture is a utilitarian culture, characterized by pragmatism, innovation, openness and tolerance.

B. Lu culture is a kind of moral culture, which is characterized by attaching importance to benevolence, tradition, ethics and harmony.

C. The integration and infiltration of Qi culture and Lu culture with different economy, politics and culture directly produced Qilu culture with complete self-adjustment and renewal function and strong regeneration ability.

D Qilu culture developed from regional culture to official culture, and finally became the mainstream of China traditional culture. The main reason is that regional culture has gained political and cultural dominance.

Reference answer

1.B

2.A

3.C