First, Zhuangzi is a fable with profound implications.
By the time the prose developed to the Warring States Period, the narrative style of Shangshu had long been rejected, and the style of The Analects of Confucius and the brushwork of Chunqiu, which Xunzi said were "keeping promises but not speeding up" ("persuading learning"), were no longer favored. A hundred schools of thought contend, and a hundred schools of thought contend, always looking for a language form that is convenient for expressing ideas. Fable stories are used to tell the truth in some sub-books such as Mencius and Han Feizi. However, as far as the author's initiative and strangeness in using fables are concerned, there are no more hundred schools in the Warring States than Zhuangzi.
Zhuangzi's choice of allegorical expression to express his thoughts is not accidental, but a choice he made after observing and analyzing people's psychological state and acceptance ability at that time. His article "The World" said: "Take the world as a heavy turbidity and don't talk to Zhuang." He thinks that most people in the world don't like abstract discussions, and it is not feasible to instill their thoughts into people seriously, so he uses fables (the world) to express his intentions, so there is "writing more than 100,000 words, general fables, people and places, all empty talk and no facts" (Lu Xun's Outline of China Literature History).
The fable also explained: "The fable 19 was discussed from the outside. A father is not a medium for children. The father is praised, not the father. " Zhuangzi believes that fathers don't match their sons, and it is better for fathers to praise their sons than others for their persuasiveness. Therefore, it is more convincing to speak your own principles directly than to borrow other people's languages. This makes the thirty-three articles of Zhuangzi, except Tian Yun and deliberate individual articles, mostly composed of fables of large and small, with a little abstract discussion. According to the author's rough statistics, there are more than 160 fables with obvious stories in Zhuangzi. Its length is more than a thousand words, and its short is several crosses. When you draw, you can use a good pen. There are often vivid pictures in the discussion. You can't do what you have been doing, and you can't stop. Writing is like running water, seemingly scattered in the horizon, but there are laws to follow. There are many fables in Zhuangzi, which are excellent and ingenious, which is unprecedented. It is not flattering to call Zhuangzi the saint of fable.
The ingenious conception of Zhuangzi's fable can be seen from the story of "knowing cows skillfully" in Master of Health. These more than 200 words vividly describe my proficient understanding of cattle. The touch of his hand. Shoulder leaning, foot stepping, knee shock, knife and horse fever. They are all alto, suitable for mulberry dance, and are classic first encounters. "This paper uses the movements of hands, shoulders, feet and knees and the arrangement of four parallel clauses to write the superb skills of solving pemphigus in cattle. He also used Shang Tang's Dance in the Mulberry Forest and Yao's Fairy Pond as metaphors, which made the image of Jie Niu vivid, attracted readers to read on, and also caused readers to think: Why can he "enter the technology"? Finally, it's really killing two birds with one stone. It's wonderful. It used the sentence praised by Wen Huijun: "Good! I have heard my master's words, and I want to stay healthy. "This not only takes care of the beginning of the article, but also makes the whole article belong to the big theme of" keeping in good health ".The wonderful pen at the end really dwarfs the way of adding a few comments to explain the theme after the fable.
The fable Zhuangzi is very interesting, so it is loved by people. Often quoted by later generations. Li Shangyin's poem "Anding Tower" said that "I don't know the smell of rotten rats, but I guess the little hen hasn't stopped", and used the story in the article "Autumn Water": "There are birds in the south, and their names are little hens. Do you blame her husband and children for being born in the South China Sea and flying to the North Sea? They are not only phoenix trees, but also ritual springs that do not eat or drink. So the owl caught the rotten mouse, and the young one passed by and looked up and said, "Scare! "! Zhuangzi cleverly satirized Hui Shi, saying that he occupied Liang's photo like a rotten mouse, and he was worried that Young (Yu Zhuangzi) would rob him! Li Shangyin used this code, which means that he is noble and noble, always remembering the white hair of the rivers and lakes, and wants to return to heaven and earth and enter the boat. "He didn't mean to stay on the throne of Ke Di forever, but he was suspected by rotting rats. Here Li Shangyin used the original meaning of Zhuangzi's fable. But more often, later generations turn to it for help. For example, the theme of "Knowing Cattle by Skillfulness" is to publicize Zhuangzi's way of keeping in good health, asking people to "rely on heaven's principles", "learn from others' strengths but not be thick", avoiding "being willing to learn skills but not skills", and making knives "develop" in order to preserve body and mind and achieve the purpose of keeping in good health. We can get the following enlightenment from this fable: people should not only understand various phenomena in the objective world, but also understand and master their laws, so as to give full play to people's subjective initiative, encounter fewer difficulties, make their work fruitful and realize the transition from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom. The story of "3322" has only 26 words. "Mao was attacked by the public and said,' three to three, four to four', and everyone was angry. Everyone is happy to say,' it's just four times and three times'. " Here, Zhuangzi should have advocated the unity of all things, but a hundred schools of thought contend, arguing endlessly about right and wrong. Just like monkeys, they don't know "chop and change" and "chop and change". (See The Theory of Everything) Now people use the idiom "chop and change" to accuse those who are restless or have different ideas about their work. This is a diversion.
There are also cases where it is used against its will. The well-known story that "the arm of a gladiator is a car" comes from the chapter "The Human World". It is said that Yan He will be the teacher of Prince Wei Linggong, who is a vicious and quick killer. Asked Guo, Guo told him to "guard against it and be careful." Approach him again, but don't get caught up in it. It should conform to some of his habits and not be too exposed. You can't agree with him, and you can't correct him with your own strength. In that case, you will be as incompetent as a gladiator. The story reflects the author's dissatisfaction with the ruling ruler from the side, but he is helpless. Nowadays, people use "gladiator's arm as a car", which often violates its original intention in two aspects; One is "mantis", a car stop. In Zhuangzi, it refers to positive figures and progressive forces, and now it often refers to negative figures and backward forces. Second, the "object" of the block. In Zhuangzi, it refers to the wicked and evil forces, and now it often refers to the overwhelming emerging forces or revolutionary situation.
Later generations used his fables with intention, or changed their original intention, or used them against their will, which was unexpected by Zhuangzi. It is this multi-faceted and multi-angle application that makes Zhuangzi's fables full of vitality.
Second, the language is amazing and exaggerated, and the artistic conception is open.
Zhuangzi makes good use of various rhetorical devices, and his language is perfect, especially in exaggerated descriptions. The freehand brushwork images are rich, the mountains and rivers are magnificent, the objects are vivid, and the painter is vivid and vivid.
At the beginning of the article "Tian Yun", I wrote: "What is the luck of Heaven? Where is it? What is the dispute between the sun and the moon? Who advocated it? Which dimension is it? Whose life has no thrust? This all-powerful question, the sword refers to the sun and the moon, is so broad and bold. Chairman Mao famously said, "Ask the boundless earth, who is in charge of ups and downs? "(Bi Changsha) Isn't it the profound artistic conception in classical literature that shows the great mind of proletarian revolutionaries and triggers a great cry to dominate and transform the world?
The artistic conception of carefree travel is far-reaching and broad, which is recognized by scholars in past dynasties. "There is a kind of fish in the north, called Kun. Kunda, thousands of miles away. Fly away angrily, its wings hang in the sky like clouds. If it is a bird, the Games will be in the south. Nanming, Tianchi also. " At the beginning of the article, it is written that in the sea without wind and waves and endless cliffs, Kun Peng invited you to change. When it becomes a bird flying in the air, it cuts off the clouds, bears the blue sky and hangs shadows, like clouds in the sky. When it migrates to the South China Sea, it will beat its drums and wings, hit the water for 3,000 yuan, and then hover up, flying high for 90,000 yuan for half a year. When I arrived in Tianchi, I was full of ambition. "Kun Peng spread his wings, nine Wan Li, and turned the corner." (Mao Zedong's Question and Answer of Nian Nu Jiao Bird) It is the image of Dapeng that shows the heroic spirit of proletarian revolutionaries who do not love Artemisia, are fearless and fearless in a very open artistic conception.
"Autumn Water" article: "When autumn water comes, all rivers fill the river. Because of the large river flow, there is no dispute between the two cliffs in Zhu Ya. So herb was so happy that he was complacent. Take the beauty of the world as the top priority. Follow the current to the east. As for the North Sea, looking eastward, there is no end to the water. So Yan Hebo began to turn his face, looking at the ocean and the sun and sighing:' When there are wild words, I call them those who think they are home after listening to a hundred words.' "It says here that this river is flooded by hundreds of rivers, and Liu Jinghe is very big. Between the two sides of the strait, even cattle and horses can't be distinguished, and its water potential is enough to make Hebo happy. However, when Hebo sailed eastward to the sea, he could not help sighing at the sea. At this point, writing gives people a magnificent beauty with a huge hand and a broad artistic conception, and gives people a relaxed and rhythmic beauty.
The article "Foreign Things" and "Ren Gongzi Fishing" are 90 words, writing strange people and giants with strange sounds. The exquisite use of parallelism and rich exaggeration make people marvel after reading it. "As a childe is hook area, fifty jurisdictions as bait. Squat on the record and cast a shot in the East China Sea. Dandan and rhyme, no fish in the year. There is a big fish eating it, holding a huge hook, not coming down, raising and bravely, if Bai Bo comes out. The sea water oscillates, and the sound scares ghosts and gods, fearing thousands of miles. If you let your son get fish, stay away from it, so that he can swim eastward and realize that he has reached the north, but he is not tired of fish. " The story says that Ren Gongzi took fifty cows as bait and sat in Huiji Mountain. Put the fishing rod into the East China Sea for fishing. A year later, the big fish swallowed 50 cows and hooks, which made it painfully raise its head and tail and aroused its enthusiasm, thus making white waves like mountains and drowning the International Day. Its strange name. He who fears thousands of miles is Amityville's terror. When the fish is slaughtered and dried into dried meat, Wuling takes it as it. People in the east of Sanxiang can eat this kind of fish. This magnificent description is full of sound and shape. It shows that the author has mastered the romantic creative method skillfully and has a rich and strange imagination. This can also be seen from Lieyukou's Zhuangzi on Burial: "Zhuangzi is dying, and my disciples want to give him a good burial. Zhuangzi said,' I take heaven and earth as my coffin. With the sun and the moon as the wall and the stars as the pearl machine, everything is delivered for the work. Isn't my burial utensil for evil? Why did you add this! "What a strange language, strange image of young people.
Zhuangzi wrote in "Happy Travel" that "there are immortals living in the mountains". Skin is like ice and snow, like a virgin; Don't eat grains, suck the wind and drink dew; Take advantage of the cloud; Royal flying dragon, and travel around the world; Its spirit is condensed, so that things will not be flawed and mature. "It's like writing' God' for the man of God. His "figure" is infinitely beautiful; Action "controls the cloud. Superb, its: "God's use" can shelter everything and make the grain plentiful. This method of creating gods, which combines reality, hope and fantasy in one furnace, has a great influence on later literature. Let's see, the images of ×× Bodhisattva and ××× Virgin in ghost novels of later generations all have the projection of Zhuangzi's "borrowing mountain gods".
Zhuangzi's description of danger makes people nervous. People are familiar with the story of "luck turns to wind". "Ying people chalk slowly if nose flies, make craftsmen stone. The craftsman's name is Qingfeng, so listen. Do your best without hurting your nose, and you will stop. " (Wu Xugui) If Zhuangzi's vivid description makes people worry about Ying's nose, then Tian Zifang's stupid archery is even more thrilling. Bo unconsciously archery "climbs mountains, steps on dangerous stones, faces a hundred miles abyss, patrols his back, and hangs his feet." No one has set foot on dangerous mountains and rocks, facing the abyss. He turned his back to the abyss and hung his heels in the outer space of the dangerous stone. This occasion scared the archer Li Yukou: "Sweating". This technique of describing danger by comparing mountains with abyss has also been used by writers such as Li Bai and Su Shi. Li Bai wrote when describing the danger of Shu Road: "On the high banner, six dragons drive the sun, while the river below is beating the winding river." "The highest cliff is barely a foot below heaven, and the dry pine tree hangs with its head down from the cliff's face. Waterfalls and springs flow, and the valley is full of flying stones. " ("Difficult Road to Shu") It's really a mountain connected with the sky, and the deep valley is full of waves and sounds like thunder. "Let people listen to this tune." Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan: "When you are here, you will sail the cliff alone with Mai Du. A thousand feet stand on the edge of a big stone, like a monster, and he wants to fight with people; On the other hand, the storks on the mountain started up when they heard the sound, and they burst into the clouds; Others laughed in the valley when the old man was dying, or they called it the stork. I was scared to retreat, and suddenly there was a loud voice on the water, which was as clear as a ringing drum. The boat people are afraid. " From Zhuangzi to Li and Su, the more risks you write, the more sophisticated you become. People in danger wish they were more "afraid". Li and Su still can't catch up with Zhuangzi's broad-mindedness: "No one says,' A husband is a husband. Look up at the blue sky, dive into the dead air, swing eight strokes, and stay the same. "("Tian Zifang ") This was originally just Zhuangzi's theory of" no one else ",until the advent of Chairman Mao's" Seven Laws Long March ",which swept away Zhuangzi's self-absence, and Li and Su feared" moving ". In front of the red army, although there is a golden sand natural barrier. Most Tiesuo, Li Qian Minshan, Wuling and the majestic Wumeng. But "the Red Army is not afraid of the expedition, and Wanshui Qian Shan only thinks about it. "This poem praises the dauntless spirit of the Red Army in the Long March and shows the invincible spirit of the proletariat.
Third, the discussion is sharp and lively, with irony.
Zhuangzi, as a philosophical work, is an allegory in general, but some comments are inevitable. Among them, some people tell it through dialogues between characters, while others express their ideas directly. His cynical criticism of reality. Angular, just right, which is more common in crooked films and miscellaneous films.
For example, "Waipian": "Those who steal the hook will be punished, those who steal the country will wait for you, and the door of the princes will be benevolent." "Once Tian Chengzi killed Qi Jun and stole his country, what goes around comes around the thief? And then steal it in a divine way. Therefore, Tian Chengzi was called a thief, and he was peaceful in Yaoshun. Small countries dare not judge, big countries dare not punish, and the twelfth century is neat. Isn't it stealing its sacred knowledge to wear its thief? " The above remarks attacked those rulers who deceived the people with "benevolence and righteousness", and they themselves were thieves. How eloquent and powerful language is!
In "Essays: Stealing Feet", Zhuangzi denounced Confucius, who criticized the slave uprising and wanted to lobby, for "making up words, arrogating to himself literature and martial arts; The crown of the crown, threatened by a dead cow, is full of fallacies, eats without plowing, dresses without weaving, wags his lips and is good at making trouble, so as to charm the master of the world and make the bachelors in the world walk without backing their roots and be filial brothers. And so are those lucky enough to be sealed. Son's sin is extremely heavy, hurry home! "When Confucius persuaded the thief to be" wooed ",the thief was furious; ... today, the way of writing and martial arts has caused controversy in the world. To teach future generations. Sewing clothes lightly, confusing the real with the fake, to confuse the Lord of the world; Want to be rich. Stealing is greater than stealing. Why don't the world call my son a thief mountain, but I call him a thief's foot? ..... "Here, Zhuangzi grasped the Confucian propaganda of the Duke of Zhou's civil and military way, but despised the weakness of working people and working people. He also refuted the concept of loyalty and filial piety by stealing feet, arguing that loyal ministers would not die a natural death. "The so-called loyal subjects in the world are Prince Murrow and Wu Zixu. Zi Xu Shen Jiang, do more. "It's rude wit, broken and strong. It made "Confucius go further, go out and get on the bus, embrace three lost, be blind, lose color, bow his head according to the stone, so he can't vent his anger. "Of course, there may be no such thing as' stealing feet and refusing holes' in history, but the style of writing does show the edge of Zhuangzi's language.
Besides, Zhuangzi is full of satire. Its irony is carried out through metaphor, and the "suspicious story" mentioned earlier is. For example, there is a story in Lieyukou that Cao Shang was rewarded. It is said that Cao Shang, a native of the Song Dynasty, was sent to the State of Qin and was favored by the king of Qin, and he was rewarded with hundreds of cars. He boasted in front of Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi compared his popularity and wealth with the dirtiest "boils and acne" and "hemorrhoids licking", saying that the more popular he was, the better he was. The more cars, the dirtier the work. This reflects the author's contempt for those powerful vassals.
Zhuangzi's satire is also carried out through the absurd words and deeds of the satirical object. For example, there is a story in Foreign Things that "Confucianism made a fortune with poetry". It is said that great scholars and elementary school students also quoted classics when robbing tombs. As they pried open the mouth of the deceased and stole the pearl from his mouth, they murmured, "There is an inherent saying in the poem:' Green wheat gives birth to Yuling. Why die if you don't give? "This passage reveals that these two Confucian scholars are trying to do bad things under the signboard of" poetry "and" ceremony "and cover up their ugly behavior by chanting scriptures.
Fourth, the characters are widely circulated, benefiting modern Chinese.
Zhuangzi has a certain influence on later writers such as Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Li Bai and Cao Xueqin, and even on modern writers such as Lu Xun and Guo Moruo. "Among the philosophers of the Warring States period, Zhuangzi had the greatest influence on later literature." (The History of China Literature by the Institute of Literature of China Academy of Sciences, People's Literature Publishing House) Let's not talk about literature here, but Zhuangzi's language as a literary tool has a far-reaching influence on later generations and even modern times. Let's not talk about other aspects of the language, just its vocabulary. The words in Zhuangzi have survived to this day. For example, "Kun Peng" in "Happy Travel" has been directly quoted by Chairman Mao's poems for many times. "You try your best to be awesome, and Kun Peng makes waves from here." (See "Seven Ancient Stories Sent to Yuzong Yilang for a Journey to the East") "In June, the heavenly soldiers levied greed, and the long tassels tied Kun Peng" (see "The recent flowers went from Tingzhou to Changsha") "Kun Peng spread his wings for nine days in Wan Li and turned to the corner". (See Question and Answer of Nian Nu Jiao Bird) There is also an indirect quotation of "Kun Peng", which is replaced by "Big Bird". "Every time I hear bullying big birds, Kunming chickens laugh and eagles fly." (See "Hanging Comrade Luo Rongheng in the Seven Laws") There are countless commonly used words circulating today, but there are more than 220 idioms originated from Zhuangzi. According to the author's rough statistics, they mean the same thing. Get column 2 18:
Re-discussion on the vagaries of loyal ministers' lives.
Frozen ice can't release human feelings and is difficult to use.
Dirt, chaff, sunken fish and wild geese fall behind, and the worm arm mouse is full of ambition.
No matter how big it is, it is too big to be appropriate.
The thief of Dafang family also has a saying, drowning in shit and forgetting words, he forgets words.
Ou He continues to confuse people outside the new exam. They are either stupid or fake, but they just go up and kneel down.
Negative stone to the river, female to Percy, attached to the fat county. Warts, liver, gallbladder, Chuyue ointment, fire, self-explosion, embers, short hands and deep ears.
The officials who started talking nonsense were horses and evil, eyes were hard, cranes were long, short, thick and affectionate.
Call the cow and the horse, seal the three blessings, and the chicken will lie down. Laugh and be generous. Carpenter's stone will miss the opportunity.
The frog in Kanjing coughed and slept like a bead. What a dead tree? Dead fish? Dead fish?
Recklessly cracked the flat wheel full of pits and valleys, and every time it intensified, the butterfly in the dream was absurd and the wooden chicken was raised.
Wooden disheartened witnesses can take care of themselves regardless of the wind and rain when they see no cows in front of them.
Wan Li, Peng Cheng, criticized the technique of guiding the parallel thumb, saying that he should be strong and not give up stealing the country, and begged Ma Tang to carry five cars.
The color of Sangshu urn is like dying embers, but it hides goodness at the beginning and goodness at the end, leaving a wet corpse in longan and turning a blind eye to death.
It is believed that they are afraid of keeping the tomb in different steps to suck carbuncle and lick hemorrhoids, and they are sent to meet the punishment of Sui Hou. Followers sing Sui Zhu and shoot sparrows in Taicang.
Exploring the skin, mantis arms are like cars, imported goods, clowns spit out the past and take a new boat to swallow fish on land.
Looking at the ocean, sighing and fearing the shadows, the mosquitoes are weak, the chickens in the urn are self-moxibustion, the chaff is squinted, and the summer insects are facing the sterile land.
Look at each other, look at each other and learn from each other. If you are a toddler, your heart will die. In weique, you will be happy and complacent, and you will pass the application of bird.
From virtual to real, from virtual to virtual, stretch your neck and lift your heels like a snake. The stiff mouse crossed the river, shaking his lips and tongue.
A thousand miles a day, drink it all at once, peck and laugh, and fight fire with fire.
Confusion, there is a big way to see it. Ganjing must first exhaust the shackles, shoot the gods and beat the drums.
Painting the ground and rushing to the wind, even raining, monitoring the city for several meters, drinking books and reading for five years, so that mosquitoes bear the burden of words and desires.
If an ant is attached to the belly, a friend who never leaves, six consecutive four efforts are in vain, no news, withering and frustrated.
You can't see it if you can't see it. You can't see it if you can't see it.
Frogs rush from the cliff, but dreams turn against them. When you wake up and push the cart, you must bully the weak and be afraid of the hard, and make the dragon slaughter vivid.
Confucianism has dried up, and it is obvious that a craftsman can easily take it from others.
It's too fragmented, you don't say it, but it won't turn into a slap in the face. When you decide, you will see that Zhuang Zhoumeng Butterfly has been stretched.
Wheeled veterans' footsteps are full of respect for the ancient and humble, and they love each other.
Looking up to the sky with water and saving water are moody, and newborn calves are not afraid of tigers.
Nothing is more sad than the death of the heart.
These idioms are called putting on record. Because they can all be found in the Dictionary of Chinese Idioms (Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House 1987), the following 42 idioms have also been included in the Modern Chinese Dictionary.