Fang Xianzhi (1February 906-1June 968) was born in Zhuji, Zhejiang. The pioneer of orthopedics in China and the founder of orthopedics medicine in China.

Diligent and studious since childhood. 1925, admitted to Shanghai Hujiang University. Since then, he has been admitted to Peking Union Medical College. From 65438 to 0938, he went to Boston University for further study, and continued to teach at Union Medical College after returning home. During 1942, Peking Union Medical College Hospital was occupied by Japanese invaders. Fang Xianzhi, who has a strong sense of national pride, refused to work for the Japanese invaders and resolutely left Peking Union Medical College Hospital and moved to Tianjin. 1944 In August, Tianjin Orthopedic Hospital was established and served as the first president. 1950, the first batch joined the medical team to resist US aggression and aid Korea and went to the front to rescue the wounded. In order to train orthopedic talents, 1952, Fang Xianzhi and his colleagues jointly wrote to the Central Ministry of Health to apply for an advanced training course for orthopedic surgeons. From 65438 to 0953, Fang Xianzhi was entrusted by the Ministry of Health to set up a national training course for orthopedic surgeons in Tianjin. 1957 founded the newsletter of orthopedic training courses, which is the first professional journal of orthopedics in China. The orthopedic supplement of Tianjin Medical Journal has evolved into the Chinese Journal of Orthopaedics, which has made outstanding contributions to promoting academic exchanges and promoting advanced experience in orthopedics. 1968 passed away on June 29th at the age of 62.

Fang Xianzhi has made many contributions to orthopedic medical treatment. 195 1 year, he pioneered a new method for the treatment of bone and joint tuberculosis-focus clearance therapy for bone and joint tuberculosis. In addition, he classified orthopedics and established a modern orthopedic system; His classification of bone tumors is concise and to the point, which is called "pattern classification"; He pioneered the surgical treatment of "open reduction and internal fixation" in China, which greatly improved the cure rate and functional recovery rate of joint fractures; Monitor the curative effect many times, and promote the fracture therapy of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine.

Chinese name: Fang Xianzhi.

Nationality: China.

Ethnic group: Han nationality

Place of birth: Zhuji County, Zhejiang Province

Date of birth:1February 24, 906.

Date of death:1June 29, 968.

Occupation: doctor

Graduate school: Peking Union Medical College

Main achievements: the first "bone and joint tuberculosis focus clearance therapy"

Masterpiece: newsletter of orthopedic training class

biographical notes

1906 was born in Zhuji County, Zhejiang Province on February 24th. 1925 graduated from Hangzhou Xiuzhou Middle School.

1925 ——1928, studying in the Biology Department of Shanghai Hujiang College.

1928 ——1933, studied at Peking union medical college, and obtained a doctorate from new york state university.

1933- 1940 worked as a resident, chief resident, attending physician, lecturer and professor in Peking union medical college hospital.

1938 went to America and studied at Boston University.

1942 In July, Tianhe Hospital was established in Tianjin.

In August, 1944, Tianjin Orthopedic Hospital was established in Tianjin.

1952 ——1968, Director of Orthopaedics, Tianjin People's Hospital, Professor of Tianjin Medical College.

/kloc-0 died of liver cancer in Tianjin on June 29th, 968.

life experience

Professor Fang Xianzhi, pioneer of orthopedics in China and founder of Tianjin Orthopedic Hospital, 1906 was born in Zhuji County, Zhejiang Province on February 24th, and has been eager to learn since childhood. I studied in Hangzhou Xiuzhou Middle School (now Jiaxing Xiuzhou Middle School) when I was in middle school. From 65438 to 0925, he entered the Biology Department of Shanghai Hujiang College (now University of Shanghai for Science and Technology) for 3 years and completed the pre-medical course. 1928 studied at Peking Union Medical College. At that time, Union Medical College was the highest medical institution in China, which was famous for its high quality. There are not many students in each session, only twenty or thirty students, and the academic system and pre-medical course are as long as eight years. Students are carefully selected and must have a solid foundation in biology, mathematics, physics and English. On the basis of three years of medical prediction and five years of rigorous training, Fang finally completed all basic medical and clinical courses with excellent results. After graduation, he stayed in school as a resident, chief resident, attending physician and lecturer, and was deeply respected and loved by doctors at all levels. 65438-0938, went to Boston University for further study, and became a professor at Union Medical College after returning home.

1940, the Pacific War broke out and the Union Medical College was forced to close. Fang first came to Tianjin with several old classmates, founded Tianhe Hospital (Tianjin Hospital), and was in charge of general surgery and orthopedics. Later, due to the needs of orthopedic patients, Tianjin Orthopedic Hospital was established under the sponsorship of local gentry. Although these two hospitals are private, small in scale (the orthopedic hospital initially has only 10 beds) and incomplete in equipment, they basically follow the system of Union Medical College Hospital and strive to standardize medical record writing, laboratory examination, surgery and pre-and post-operation treatment. Fang Xianzhi not only personally undertakes heavy medical tasks, but also participates in some management and even laboratory work. Because of his superb medical skills, he became famous in Tianjin in just a few years, with more and more patients and more beds. The establishment of these two hospitals has enriched Tianjin's medical strength and solved many difficult and serious diseases.

In order to give full play to the role of some medical experts, the Tianjin municipal government has established some specialized hospitals on the basis of the original hospitals, such as changing Dr. Ma Hospital into People's Hospital, focusing on orthopedics and oncology. Fang Xian was hired as the director of orthopedics in this hospital. Shortly after the establishment of the hospital, orthopedics rapidly developed from scratch into four wards, with 100 beds. Such a large-scale specialized hospital was rare at that time. Fang Xianzhi was also employed as a professor at the newly established Tianjin Medical College. After just a few years of preparation, the Department of Orthopaedics of Tianjin People's Hospital has developed into a multidisciplinary department, ranking among the first-class departments in China and winning high praise.

Fang Xianzhi has worked hard to run a school and made remarkable achievements, as well as outstanding achievements in medicine. He was commended by the Ministry of Higher Education and the Ministry of Health. 1962 Tianjin State Science and Technology Commission spoke highly of Fang Xianzhi's important scientific research achievements in the treatment of fracture with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine through appraisal.

During the Cultural Revolution, Fang was persecuted first. 1On June 29th, 968, Fang Xianzhi died of liver cancer in Tianjin No.1 Central Hospital at the age of 62. 10 years later, in the summer of 1978, a grand memorial service was held for Fang Xianzhi in Tianjin Martyrs Cemetery, attended by about 600 representatives from all walks of life in Beijing and Tianjin and friends before their death.

medical technology

Noble medical style and superb medical technology

Fang Xian has always been diligent and responsible in medical treatment, and has loved his career for decades. At ordinary times, he is always kind to patients, and treats patients equally.

Fang Xian is knowledgeable. Orthopedics is not completely independent of major surgery without fine branches. Fang Xian not only has profound attainments in his own orthopedics specialty, but also has rich clinical experience in some related disciplines, such as general surgery, neurosurgery, urology and thoracic surgery. He can skillfully perform bowel, stomach, kidney, prostate and even thoracotomy, which can be said to be multifunctional. Fang Xian also has a solid foundation in some basic medical disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology. His diagnosis of the disease does not rely solely on experience or laboratory reports, but on the basis of mastering sufficient and reliable materials, it is analyzed, identified and summarized. For example, for bone tumors, he emphasized the combination of clinical symptoms, X-ray manifestations and pathological features. He often watches pathological sections in person to understand the source, morphological characteristics and biological behavior of tumor cells, and makes correct judgments after repeated research.

Fang Xianzhi made a detailed examination of every patient before operation, repeatedly considered whether it was suitable for operation, then made an operation plan, chose the best plan, and took corresponding measures according to the possible situation during the operation, so as to make full mental preparation. Fang Xianzhi particularly emphasized that a good surgeon should not be just a surgeon, but a physician who can operate a surgical knife. In other words, a surgeon needs to master with both hands, not only to operate, but also to deal with general medical conditions. Fang Xianzhi not only attaches importance to the operation itself, but also attaches great importance to every patient's full preparation before and after operation, including talking with patients and their families, so that they can understand the purpose and prognosis of the operation, thus strengthening the confidence of patients. Explain in detail all the medical staff involved in the operation in advance and get good cooperation.

Fang Xianzhi always enters the operating room early every time he has an operation. He often personally directs anesthesia, inserts endotracheal tubes, positions patients, and marks the location of surgical incisions in advance. The operation was deliberate and the anatomy was clear. Fang Xianzhi carefully stopped bleeding during the operation, and the operation area was clear. His famous saying is "don't stop bleeding, don't move forward", and strive to minimize the damage caused by surgery to patients. Fang Xianzhi never let go of any detail of the operation, and participated in the operation from beginning to end until the patient's wound was stitched and bandaged. Visit patients frequently after operation, remind supervisors and doctors at lower levels to pay attention to what may happen after operation, especially emphasize postoperative functional exercise, and strive for early recovery. After the operation, the effect was very good and the patient quickly returned to work.

Fang Xianzhi pursues perfection in technology and is never satisfied with what he has achieved. He keeps up with the advanced pace of foreign scientific and technological development and constantly absorbs, digests and innovates. He observed the methods used for a long time in the past through a large number of cases. Once he found shortcomings or found better methods from the literature, he would not hesitate to improve the old methods or introduce new ones. He has always been seeking truth from facts in his work, never concealing his shortcomings, or even denying that what he insisted on at the beginning was correct. Although he didn't understand the new method proposed by others for the time being, he never refused, but personally observed it for some time. Once proved to be effective, he actively supported it and made it more perfect in theory and technology. The application and popularization of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of fractures is a good example.

Fang Xianzhi often leads department doctors to discuss cases of discharge and death, and constantly sums up experience. He never let go of serious mistakes or accidents caused by missed diagnosis, misdiagnosis and improper treatment. His earnest style of doing things instead of people is not only to educate people, but more importantly, to remind everyone to pay attention and take a warning.

For vocational trainers

Fang Xianzhi has always attached importance to training talents. He particularly emphasized basic kung fu training, such as writing medical records, regular physical examination and basic surgery. He also often uses English terms to improve the doctor's foreign language level. Every Sunday morning, he always takes part in routine rounds with some experts, and in the evening, he and some experts chair clinical pathology meetings. At this time, the nursing hall of the small Tianhe Hospital is always crowded with young and middle-aged medical staff who are thirsty for knowledge.

In the early days of the People's Republic of China, there was no major in major surgery, and few people specialized in orthopedics. Fang Xianzhi deeply felt that if China wants to develop orthopedics, it must vigorously train talents. 1953, under the active suggestion and advocacy of Fang Xianzhi, the national training course for orthopedic surgeons of Tianjin Medical College was established, and the teaching base was located in Tianjin People's Hospital. At the beginning, there was a serious shortage of manpower and material resources, and there was also a lack of experience in holding advanced refresher courses. Fang Xianzhi fully mobilized the strength of the orthopedic field in Tianjin and started school as scheduled. The first few students have strict admission requirements and have at least 5 years of clinical experience. Many of them are attending doctors or above, even directors or associate professors. Fang Xianzhi personally inquired about the teaching plan, curriculum design and specific arrangements. He not only gives lectures in person, but also writes handouts. Always listen to other people's lectures and make constructive suggestions. Personally review and revise the handouts written by others, and ask for new content every year. Fang Xianzhi insisted on the teaching method of integrating theory with practice and studied in practice. Except for weekly teaching rounds and outpatient consultations, all courses will be arranged after 4 pm, which will never affect the work of outpatient and ward. In addition to the systematic lectures twice a week, a clinical and pathological meeting was arranged, in which students at all levels and doctors at all levels spoke in turn. After full free discussion, the pathologist will announce the results of biopsy or autopsy, and finally Fang Xianzhi will make a concluding speech. Practice has proved that this is a very vivid teaching method, which helps to improve the ability of differential diagnosis of diseases.

Fang Xianzhi teaches surgery every week, explaining some common orthopedic operations, from anesthesia, posture, incision, exposure level to resection or fixation methods. Afterwards, the detailed surgical records were sorted out and printed into a book, which became a good practical teaching material.

After a year of intense and systematic study and serious and rigorous hard training, the advanced students have greatly improved on the original basis, mastered the basic knowledge and technology of general orthopedics, and learned a set of pathological analysis and scientific research methods. Many well-known experts in China graduated from Tianjin Orthopedic Physician Training Course.

Erudition and academic contribution

Fang Xianzhi has made great achievements in the treatment of tuberculosis of bones and joints, the treatment of fractures with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, and the classification of bone tumors. As early as 1947, Fang Xianzhi pioneered the tuberculosis focus removal method based on the application of anti-tuberculosis drugs, and formulated a set of operating procedures from surgical approach, focus removal, bone graft fusion to postoperative plaster fixation. The key point is to eliminate tuberculosis focus as thoroughly as possible on the basis of improving and strengthening the general situation of patients and systematically applying anti-tuberculosis drugs. The so-called focus removal refers to the removal of dead bones, abscesses and caseous substances, the removal of hypertrophic synovium and fibrotic fistula, and the chiseling of hardened bone cavity walls; Different measures are taken according to patients' age and occupation, such as simple resection, bone grafting and joint fusion. Patients with spinal tuberculosis complicated with spinal cord compression were treated with decompression and fusion at the same time. Continue to use anti-tuberculosis drugs for a long time after operation, and strengthen nutrition and fixation. The advantage of this operation is that the course of treatment is greatly shortened, which not only cures the disease itself, but also retains all or part of the functions of the affected part. With the continuous improvement of surgical methods and techniques, the cure rate of tuberculosis in limbs and simple spine is over 95%. 90% of patients with spinal tuberculosis complicated with paraplegia also recovered.

Take the forearm radioulnar fracture as an example. In the past, western medicine thought that it was difficult to achieve good reduction of the double fractures of these two bones, and it was difficult to avoid displacement by the traditional reduction methods of general Chinese medicine. Fang Xianzhi observed the function of the interosseous membrane connecting the radioulna, and found that when the forearm is in the neutral position (neither pronation nor supination), the bone gap is widest, the middle part of the two diaphysis is farthest away, the interosseous membrane is tense up and down, and the interosseous ridge scraping the ulna is opposite. From this phenomenon, he got a revelation: if the interosseous membrane is intact and has tension after fracture, the radial and ulnar diaphysis are the most stable. In the treatment of double fracture of forearm, firstly, the forearm was divided into bones under neutral traction, then two compression pads were placed between the two bones on the dorsal side of forearm, and four small splints were added on the palmar, dorsal, radial and ulnar sides of forearm to maintain the tension of interosseous membrane and control the rotational displacement. Fang Xianzhi and others also designed a set of exercises after forearm fracture according to the movements of small and medium-sized Yunshou and Dayunyou in Tai Ji Chuan, so that patients with forearm fracture can not only avoid forearm rotation, keep the fracture end stable, but also keep the shoulder and elbow joints moving. After this reduction and training, the original complicated fracture treatment became simple, and the success rate reached 90%.

For humeral fractures, femoral shaft fractures, tibiofibular fractures and adjacent joint fractures, under the principle of "combining static and dynamic" and "attaching equal importance to bones and muscles", we have established our own treatment methods and formed a complete system of treating fractures with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. Classification of bone tumors There are many kinds of bone tumors, and there have been various classification methods, but they are often complicated and difficult for general clinicians to master. Fang Xianzhi divided it into level one and level two. Primary tumors are divided into basic bone tissues (including bone, cartilage, periosteum, etc. ) and bone accessory tissues (including blood vessels, notochord, bone marrow, etc.). ). Each is divided into benign and malignant tumors. Secondary or metastatic bone tumors are all malignant, including cancer and various sarcomas. This classification, called square classification, was widely used in China from 1950s to 1960s. With the development of tumor histochemistry, immunology and ultrastructure research, this classification is not perfect and cannot reflect the origin and biological behavior of tumor tissue. However, under the conditions at that time, this method is simple and easy to understand, and it has a certain role in guiding treatment and estimating prognosis.

Fang Xianzhi often puts forward some new ideas or makes some technical improvements in various branches of orthopedics. It is the first scholar who introduced the operation of lumbar disc herniation in China. As early as 1949, he published related papers in ChineseJournalofMedicine. He believes that the main pathology of lumbar disc herniation is the rupture of fibrous ring, which leads to the compression of lumbar nerve roots. Therefore, this disease should be called rupture of the fibrous ring of lumbar intervertebral disc.

For rheumatoid arthritis, Fang Xianzhi once divided it into peripheral type, central type, mixed type, childhood type and osteitis type. He believes that the thickening and hypertrophy of calcaneal tubercle and obvious bone hyperplasia at the attachment of achilles tendon and plantar aponeurosis are a kind of rheumatoid arthritis. Although ankylosing spondylitis is listed as an independent disease and no longer belongs to the central type of rheumatoid arthritis, from the perspective of historical development, this classification still had certain significance at that time.

Diligent in writing

Fang Xianzhi wrote or participated in writing and published 85 papers in his life, mainly discussing the treatment of fractures, bone and joint tuberculosis and bone tumors. As early as 1936 ~ 194 1, Fang Xianzhi published articles on general surgery and fracture treatment of gastrointestinal tract and tetanus in China Medical Journal. Fang Xianzhi's monographs include "Treatment of Tuberculosis of Bone and Joint" and "Treatment of Fracture with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine", which were published by People's Health Publishing House in 1956 and 1966 respectively. He also participated in the compilation of Surgical Sports Medicine edited by Huang Jiasi.

1963 in September, Fang Xianzhi participated in the 20th annual international surgical conference held in Rome as a member of the China medical delegation. At the meeting, Fang Xianzhi read out two academic papers in English: Treatment of Bone and Joint Tuberculosis Focus and Treatment of Forearm Fracture with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, and introduced the latest achievements of orthopedics in China. From 65438 to 0964, Fang Xianzhi attended the first Asian-African medical conference held in Cairo with the China medical delegation, which was also a great success.

In order to promote the academic exchange of orthopedics and popularize advanced experience, Fang Xianzhi founded "Orthopedic Advanced Class Newsletter" on 1957. 196 1 year, the magazine was renamed as "Tianjin Medical Journal Orthopedics Supplement", which was the only orthopedic academic publication in China at that time. 198 1 After the establishment of the Orthopaedic Society of Chinese Medical Association, Tianjin was entrusted to undertake the Chinese Journal of Orthopaedics, which is a bimonthly publication with more than 20,000 volumes per issue.

Main thesis

1 Fang Xianzhi, Guo Juling, Zhou Yingqing. Rupture of fibrous ring of lumbar intervertebral disc (clinical analysis of 47 cases). Journal of Surgery, 1952, 1 ∶ 20.

Fang Xianzhi, Tao Tai and Guo Juling. Treatment of tuberculosis of bone and joint with focus clearance. Chinese Journal of Surgery, 1957, 5: 90.

Fracture of Fang Xianzhi et al. Bulletin of Orthopedic Training Course of Tianjin Medical College,1957,8:115.

4. Fang Xianzhi et al. Analysis of 659 cases of fracture and dislocation. Bulletin of Orthopedic Training Course of Tianjin Medical College,1958,2:16.

5 Fang Xianzhi, et al. Ten years' achievements in orthopedics in Hebei Province. Tianjin medical journal, 1959, 1 (4): 278.

6 Fang Xianzhi. Clinical study of osteoarticular tuberculosis-a paper celebrating the 10th anniversary of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). Chinese journal of surgery, 1959, 7: 985.

7 Fang Xianzhi, Shang Tianyu, Wu Zhiqing, et al. Prevention and treatment of severe ischemic contracture of forearm. Chinese journal of surgery, 1960, 8: 264.

8 Fang Xianzhi. Viewpoint and application of "local external fixation" external fracture. Tianjin medicine, 196 1, 3: 17 1.

9 Fang Xianzhi. How to deal with fresh fractures? Tianjin Medical Orthopedics Supplement,1962,6 ∶1.

Fang Xianzhi, 10. On the principle and theoretical basis of fracture management. Tianjin medical journal,1962,4 ∶125.

1 1 Fang Xianzhi. Summary of the symposium on orthopedics and traumatology with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. Bulletin of the Orthopedic Training Class of Tianjin Medical University, 1962, 6: 25 1.

Fang Xianzhi, 12. How to deal with fresh patella fracture? Tianjin Medical Journal Orthopedics Supplement,1963,7 (1):1.

13, Gu, Shang Tianyu, Study on Treatment of Double Forearm Fracture with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine. Chinese Journal of Surgery, 1964 (supplement): 126.

14 Fang Xianzhi, et al. Focal clearance therapy for bone and joint tuberculosis. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House, 1956.

15 Fang Xianzhi. See: Huang Jiasi, editor. Surgery. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House, 1963.

16 Fang Xianzhi, et al. Treatment of fracture with combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House, 1966.