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Wang Shouren (1472— 1528) was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang. For giving lectures at Yangming College, Hongzhi was called Mr. Yangming in the 12th year (1499) and was admitted as a scholar. He used to be the director of the Ministry of Punishment and the director of the Ministry of War. In the winter of Zheng Deyuan's year (1506), Liu Jin, a spring official, was offended because he went to save Yan Guan Dai, and was appointed as the post-official of Longchang, Guizhou. After Liu Jin was punished, he was appointed as the magistrate of Luling County, then moved to Nanjing as the minister of punishments and the minister of official departments, and later moved to Nanjing as the servant of Shao Qing. Later, due to the suppression of the peasant uprising and the imperial clan Zhu rebellion, it was named Xinjian Bo, and the official went to the Nanjing Ministry of War. The death of wencheng.
Wang Shouren was a famous philosopher and writer in Ming Dynasty. For the article, I advocate expressing my thoughts directly, not relying on the ancients. Its style of writing is open and free and unique. The catalogue of Sikuquanshu calls it "a masterpiece of literature and art, and its poems are also transparent and elegant." The author of Wang Wencheng's Kung Fu Book.
Mr. Wang Yangming:
(1472- 1529), formerly known as Yun, later renamed as Shouren, named Bo 'an and Yangming. Scholars call him Mr. Yangming. In the eighth year of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (1472), he was born in Ruiyun Building (now Vu Thang Menshou Mountain Hall) on September 30th. Father Wang Hua, in the seventeenth year of Chenghua (148 1), was the top scholar, and was the official minister of Nanjing. Shouren received less Confucian education and was good at riding and shooting military affairs in his spare time. /kloc-when he was 0/5 years old, he traveled with his father to Juyongguan, Shanhaiguan and other fortresses.
In the first year of Hongzhi (1488), he finished his marriage in Nanchang, went to Tiezhu Palace to talk to a Taoist about health preservation on the night of his wedding, and returned it the next morning. On my way back to Yao in the second year, I met Lou Liang in Guangxin (now Shangrao, Jiangxi) and listened to Zhu's theory of "learning from the teacher".
In the past five years, I have been a juren, staying in the official office of the founding father of the capital and reading books sent by Zhu. In order to solve the problem, "grid" bamboo for seven days, nothing but illness. After six and nine years of exams, Yao returned to his entertainment with poetry, calligraphy and chess. Find the border in an emergency and study the military secretary.
/kloc-for 0/2 years, I have been studying in the northwest, neglecting eight things, such as "saving the village for emergency, using the short and using the long, simplifying the division and saving money, clearing up the land and eating enough, acting forcefully, being kind to anger, donating small to the whole, and being strict with advantages and disadvantages". In fourteen years, I went to Anhui to review the case, went to Jiuhua Mountain, and talked with Taoist priests about immortals. The following year, he returned to the south due to illness, and lived in seclusion in Yangming Cave, Qiantang Temple and Hupao Temple in Shaoxing for illness.
/kloc-became friends with Zhan Ruoshui in Beijing in 0/8, and advocated "the study of saints". In Zheng Deyuannian (1506), Liu Jin monopolized the power and arrested Dai and others. And when he was in charge of the Ministry of War, he resisted rescue, "accused the officials, except the traitors" and "accused the world of political gains and losses", demanding that Wu Zong "open the road of loyalty", which violated Liu Jin. In the spring of three years, I went to Longchang, and I built a small house to live in. Because I am poor and have no books, I am learning old news every day. "When I understand things, I should seek my own heart. Pursuing things improperly "(later called" Longchang Wu "). It also founded Longgang Academy, which was the first step of China's southwest civilization. The following year, I applied to give a lecture at the Civilization College of the main city, and began to preach "the unity of knowledge and action", and gradually became a system of my own.
In March of five years, he was appointed as the order of luling county, and the post was cleared; Ducks levy miscellaneous taxes, and it is forbidden to be superstitious about God. In August, Liu attacked Zhu. /kloc-in 0/2 months, he was transferred to Sichuan Qing official department and Nanjing criminal department, and participated in academic activities.
In seven years, he was promoted to Shao Qing of Taibu Temple. At the beginning of the second year, I went to work as my first relative, and explained the new theory of "university" and the idea of "unity of knowledge and action" to Xu Ai on the way. In October, Ma Zheng, the governor of Chuzhou, gathered disciples to give lectures in his spare time. In nine years, he was promoted to secretary of Nanjing Crack Temple. In the eleventh year, he was promoted to the position of suggestion and governor of Gannan, and put down peasant uprisings such as Zhan Shifu in Ganzhou, Lu Ke in damao mountain, Chen Rilong in Dayeng, Hengshui Xie, Lantianfeng in Tonggang and Zhongrong in Liantouchi. /kloc-in June of 0/4, he led his troops to suppress the Fujian peasant uprising army. On the way to Fengcheng, he learned that Wang Ning rebelled, that is, he went back to Anji Rebel Army and went to Nanchang by land and water. It took him 35 days to connect Jiujiang and Nankang. In September, I went to Hangzhou to offer prisoners. Because of the slander of eunuch Tae-hwa Seo Zhong Zhang, he was not only in vain, but also a false accusation. Eunuch Zhang Yong managed to avoid disaster, that is, he claimed that he was ill in Jingci Temple and Jiuhuashan of the West Lake.
In 16 years, the theory of "to conscience" was revealed in Nanchang, and the system of "mind learning" was finally completed. In June, he was promoted to Nanjing Secretary of State and returned to Yao in September. Seventy-four disciples of the Association gave instructions on "conscience" at Zhongshan Pavilion in Longquan Mountain. /kloc-in February, he was awarded as a distinguished doctor of Guanglu, a pillar of the country and a newly-built doctor. Then, six years later, Ding Fu was worried, full of people, and devoted himself to giving lectures. In the fourth year of Jiajing (1525), he gave lectures in Zhongtiange, Yuyao, with more than 300 students, and wrote the article "Zhongtiange encourages all students".
In May of six years, he was ordered to suppress the Yao and Tong uprisings in Si 'en, Tianzhou, Bazhai, Sendai and Huaping, and put them down in the autumn of the following year. When lung disease broke out suddenly, he retired on 10/month 10. 1 1 29th (1529 65438+19th) died at the age of 57 in Zhou Pu, Qinglong, Nan 'an, Jiangxi. Buried in Hongxi, Lanting, Shaoxing (1989, the provincial people's government announced it as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit, in Huajie Village, Lanting Township, Shaoxing City).
"Ming History" commented: "At the end of the Ming Dynasty, civil servants won by war, and no one was so kind." Shou Ren is a master of subjective idealism in the history of China's philosophy. He is also an educator, strategist, writer and calligrapher, and he is the author of The Complete Works of Yangming (also known as The Complete Works of Wang Wencheng). For his philosophical thoughts (Wang Xue) and Yaojiang School, see the special chapter of Academic Literature Collection. Ruiyun Building, Longquan Temple for studying, Zhongtian Pavilion for giving lectures, and the newly-built Bo Paifang (1964 destroyed at the entrance of Renmin Road Primary School) are the sites in Yuyao. There are other historical sites in Longquan Mountain, such as Yangming Temple, Yangming Pavilion and Hometown Monument Pavilion.
Wang Yangming, master of psychology
Wang Yangming (1472- 1529), born in Yuyao, Zhejiang, is the hometown of Yu, a great contemporary poet in China.
Mr. Yangming is the most admired person of Mr. Chiang Kai-shek. Although Chiang Kai-shek is unbearable, he also has his own advantages, which shows that Mr. Yang Ming is superior. As a scholar-bureaucrat, in the history of thousands of years in China, Mr. Yangming is one of the few people who have both virtue, insight and merit. His virtue and achievements are still admired by scholars, which shows his great personality charm.
Speaking of Wang Yangming, we can't help but mention his predecessor, Mr. Lu Jiuyuan of Xiangshan. Wang Yangming's theory of mind, which developed after his theory of mind, together with the theory of mind, became the only Confucian school that could compete with the so-called authentic Confucianism represented by Zhu, a great scholar, which had a great impact and influence on China thought at that time and later generations, and also made great contributions to the history of cultural thought and philosophy in China.
Lu Jiuyuan is recognized as a genius. When I was four years old, I looked up at the ground and meditated with my tender and distant mind: "What is poverty between heaven and earth?" Thinking so hard that he didn't eat or sleep, his father finally had to use his father's authority to stop him. -Qu Yuan asked a similar question just a few days ago, and it has probably been established. However, Lu Jiuyuan naturally won't follow the traditional path of his parents. Sometimes what you imagine can determine what is real. On behalf of traditional parents, they can stop their offspring, but they can't stop them from changing their minds. The mystery of nine yuan has been hidden in his heart for ten years. When he saw the annotation of the word "universe" in ancient books: "the universe is everywhere, the universe is everywhere", he suddenly realized and said excitedly: "It turned out to be infinite. People and everything are infinite. " -After Wang Yangming, Longchang had a similar enlightenment, which can be described as "the same strain" with Lu. Although this is only a factual judgment, it also implies bold reasoning in infinity. He picked up a pen and added, "What is in the universe is internal matter, and what is in the universe is internal matter." If in a country where the idea of harmony between man and nature has long been deeply rooted in people's hearts, it is only novelty rather than revolution, and his following two sentences are the new slogan for the earth:
"The universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe.
In his later years, Lu explained that my heart is the universe:
"Everything is between square inches, filling the heart and filling the universe."
"People must think about this problem in their leisure time. The universe is so vast that I will become a masterpiece when I stand in it. "
This "masterpiece of one person" is not an egomaniac, but a realm of harmony with heaven and earth. Therefore, the study of mind and nature at this time restored the masculine and heroic attitude of early Confucianism and the Confucian "gentleman" demeanor: "Climb to the south, turn over and lean on Beichen, and look up to the sky without me!"
There really is no such person. Different from Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan learned from other masters, but rose from a dry land, surpassing everything popular at that time and drawing lessons from the past-directly inheriting Mencius' theory of mind and nature; Teacher's heart-invented his own heart, so he opened the theory that "heart is reason", which shocked the world and was carried forward by Wang Yangming.
A major feature of psychology is "expansion method": find a kind conscience, and then let it evaporate like nuclear fission, and a revolution will break out in the depths of the soul. After Lu Jiuyuan laid the foundation for the study of mind, he began the arduous course of exploring "good roots". He thought he didn't have talents like Lu, so he visited celebrities all over the world like Zhu, hoping to win his heart. However, the result often disappointed him: all the "celebrities" he met were regarded as orthodoxy and respected the "pedantic theory" of "knowing and doing", so Wang lamented: "They all learn from children, not psychosomatic studies." Until he was 18 years old, he met Zhai Yi, a famous Confucian building.
Lou was a student of Wu Yubi, a famous Neo-Confucianism scholar in the early Ming Dynasty. Although he thought it was authentic, he also had a tendency to learn from the heart. Lou told Wang that the Confucian principle that "a saint must learn" was scratching Wang's itch and "grasping deeply", which played a role in determining his dedication and pointing out the maze. After Lou's daughter married to be a princess, she died because of collective punishment, and Yang Ming buried her with ceremony, which was also considered human feelings. Later generations thought that Lou was not the founder of Yangming's mind, but it played an important role, because another student of Lou's classmate Wu Yubi once put forward that "knowing and doing are one, and learning is also important". Later, Wang went to Linchuan to see Wu under Lou's recommendation and heard this statement.
In the next few years, Yang Ming entered the official position. After more than ten years of ups and downs, he was finally convicted and imprisoned. Later, Liu Jin, who was impatient because of the words of Emperor Zheng De, said, "It's not there at all, you can consider it yourself. Why bother me?" He was sent to Longchang, Guizhou, a post station that can't be found on the general map. In fact, it is more similar to a remote place in the animal world. It is said that the post station is located here, not for military purposes, but because of one of Liu Jin's. For Yangming, this place is really not much better than a prison. For Beijing, the climate is naturally incomparable, and there are many prisoners who can "talk about Tao".
However, being thrown into this Jedi, the whole world becomes simple-the relationship between man and nature becomes simple, so Yangming is thrown back into the "primitive society" and can think about things like "where he came from and where he went". Such a basic philosophical question. After experiencing the realm of life and death every day, Yang Ming finally knows what "rebirth after death" means.
Put it to death and be born. Militarily, this may just be a big talk to boost morale, but when the philosophy and wisdom of survival are forged, it is impossible to find the true "yes" without the truth of "practical things", which is a "basic principle" In the words of existentialism, it is impossible to find the real situation of existence and see the essence of "existence" without entering a critical state. However, Yang Ming has no time to delve into these "knowledge". What he wants to capture is a practical "reason". So when he put together all his possessions in 37 years and took out all his 3,000-year cultural heritage, he had an epiphany at midnight at the turn of spring and summer. This is the famous "Dragon Field Epiphany".
After an epiphany, Yang Ming said, "I am enough to be a saint. In the past, it was a waste of time to seek justice from foreign things. The road from the outside to the inside is a misunderstanding. " Knowing the purpose of "understanding things" leads to the three theories of "mind is reason", "conscience" and "unity of knowledge and action", which are self-contained, and adds: "Wang Dao relies on his skills, and utilitarian people pretend to be similar to heaven, which helps his private interests but deceives others." I don't know if there is a heart, what is the so-called justice? "Refuting neo-Confucianism, formally raising the banner of mind.
Mind is Reason directly inherits Lu Jiuyuan. This idea is clearly reflected in Wang's assertion: "I have something outside my heart." Therefore, he is regarded as the representative of China's subjective idealism. "Nothing outside the heart" is quite like a front of Buddhism:
"Pneumatic evil? Incite evil? "
"Non-pneumatic, non-swaying, and heartbeat."
This is actually due to Wang Yangming's thinking experience. Similar to Lu Jiuyuan, Wang also sought a psychological breakthrough from the illusory Buddhism. The difference is that Lu advocates famous teachers, while Wang advocates wise teachers. There was once a legend about Wang Yangming that when Wang visited a temple, he saw a door closed. Out of curiosity, he ignored the monk's advice and insisted on opening the door. As a result, he was shocked It turned out that there was a dead old monk in the room who looked like Wang Zhi's face. There was a poem on the wall behind him, which read:
"Fifty years later, Wang Yangming, who opened the door, is still behind closed doors; The elves came back after closing the door, and they believed that Zen was not bad. "
Wang dim, know that it is his past life, leaving a poem:
"Jinshan is as big as a fist, breaking the underwater sky;
Last month, Yu Di blew a hole and the dragon fell asleep. "
This matter is extremely mysterious and obviously unbelievable, but the deep relationship between Wang Yangming and Buddhism can be seen, which also confirms the influence of Buddhism on Wang from another side.
The second is "to conscience", which is praised and criticized by later scholars, and some even think it is extremely. This is a tool used by the king to fool the people in order to facilitate the control of the rulers, but it is a big "poisonous weed" and a big fallacy. At that time, in the Forbidden City, the emperor was unconscious and did not go to the DPRK for several years; Above the imperial court, * is in power, and good and evil are clear; On the street, people are addicted to sex and never die, which can be described as "the wind and rain are gloomy and the chickens crow endlessly." At this time, Wang Yangming put forward the theory of "to conscience", which transformed certain social moral norms into people's conscious consciousness and behavior, emphasized the power of subjective determination and subjective spirit, emphasized people's self-renewal, advocated self-satisfaction in learning, and advocated people's "inventing their own minds and self-restraint". However, to change today's society, the moral bottom line is close to collapse, the wicked are almost fearless, and the good people are almost helpless. Terrible things and acts that harm nature and justice happen from time to time. How can we say that today's moral theory is far better than Yangming's "evil to conscience"?
One of Wang Yangming's most important thoughts is "the unity of knowledge and action". This is one of his most admired ideas, and it is also a "famous work" of his generation. It is precisely because of this that he can completely "draw a clear line" with Zhu and others, and stand proudly at another peak of Confucianism with Lu Jiuyuan, so that future generations can "sing" to this day.
By the time of Confucianism in Song Dynasty, "Cheng Cheng" became the absolute authority, and the "Zhu Cheng" theory developed in this context also became the Confucian orthodoxy. As for its advocacy of "acting after the prophet", it was naturally accepted by the "silent majority" and became the "mainstream" of philosophy. With its unparalleled talent, Wang Yangming pointed out its fallacy: "The beauty and evil of eating. It can be seen that Wang's thought of the unity of knowledge and practice attaches great importance to the unity of theory and practice, so later generations assert that his judgment has nothing to do with "integrating theory with practice" and "integrating theory with practice", which is arbitrary because he is an idealist. Hegel and Feuerbach are obviously not followers of Marx, but aren't their materialism and dialectics still an important part of scientific Marxist thought?
As a theory, "the unity of knowledge and action" has also successfully guided some special actions of Wang, the most famous of which is action. Wang Yangming is neither a strategist nor a schemer. After King Ning rebelled, the ruling and opposition parties shook, and many strategists and conspirators were at a loss. He was the only one who had been imprisoned by the imperial court and stood up to fight. There is no loyalist king. He is only in charge of the officers and men of the counties near Jinling City, and even a group of newly recruited bandits. More than 3,000 people were called the "army", but Yang Ming won everything with this team and completed all the work in 40 days. It was once called "Daming Army God". -a great scholar, commanding thousands of troops to write and study pen and ink, isn't it "the unity of knowing and doing"?
Interestingly, Wang, as one of the brightest ideological stars in the history of the Ming Dynasty, destroyed all the secret letters with courtiers after his victory, almost intentionally leaving a handle on a group of people who had already opened their eyes in the court. So when these little people made a fuss, Wang was finally relegated again and floated into the mountains, calmly becoming the master of his mind-he probably believed that "good wine is not afraid of the depth of the alley"