Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, Taoism has been divided into upper-level immortal Taoism and lower-level folk Taoism from the early Taoism at the end of Han Dynasty due to the attack and utilization of the ruling class at that time. What is the northward movement of Shitian Road? Upper level? This movement promoted the widespread spread of immortal belief among the upper nobility and literati. Immortal Taoism was originally the product of aristocratic culture, which had a far-reaching influence on celebrities and scholars at that time. Ji Kang is a typical example. He not only likes Laozi and Zhuangzi, but also talks about Taoism and immortals. His lifelong interest is to concentrate on health preservation and take medicine to become immortal, which is also a very distinctive feature of his Taoist belief in immortals.
[Keywords:] Taoism; Immortals; Immortal faith; Health maintenance
Wei-Jin period is a transitional period from early Taoism in the late Han Dynasty to mature missionary Taoism in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Taiping Daoism Uprising and the Wudoumi Daoism separatist regime made the ruling class deeply worried about the spread of Taoism in society and began to adopt a dual policy of suppression, restriction and utilization. Therefore, there has always been differentiation and change within Taoism. ? At this stage, Shi Tian Taoism spread to the upper gentry society, and immortal Taoism adapted to the needs of the gentry society began to take shape. Since then, Taoism has been divided into two levels: the immortal Taoism of the gentry and the folk water symbol Taoism. [ 1]。 Some nobles also began to attract a large number of immortal alchemists, which enabled them to get close to the nobles and spread the belief in immortals among them. Ji Kang is one of the representatives of some famous literati. They are good at Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's books and health preserving skills, and have written books for them. This paper will make an in-depth study of Ji Kang's belief in immortals and his contribution to Taoist health preservation and other immortal Taoist theories.
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Judging from the traditional social values, it is a new cultural phenomenon that Ji Kang, an intellectual, favors the belief in immortals so much, which has its own times and cultural background.
Wei and Jin Dynasties were an extremely dark political era. At that time, the traditional Confucian orthodoxy faced unprecedented doubts and was on the verge of the collapse of faith. The rulers of Wei and Jin Dynasties came to power by usurping political power. In order to maintain their rule, they tried their best to maintain tradition? Mingjiao? Flag, trying to find a legal basis for his coming to power. In actual political activities, what they do is to violate or even hurt famous religions, brutally persecute dissidents politically and ideologically control people's freedom of speech. ? With the ruling group fighting for power and profit and killing each other, people in aristocratic families have sudden changes in gains and losses, and life and death are impermanent. Some people who have lost power and influence feel depressed and pessimistic, and have a negative attitude towards life. (historical papers) tend to advocate Laozi and Zhuangzi on the track, make it clear specifically, and like health recipes? [2]。 In other words, out of disappointment with false reality, those who are unwilling? In cahoots? Some frustrated celebrities and scholars take a negative attitude towards life, or use medical stone, music or the technique of guiding qi to keep fit, instead of paying attention to reality, and resisting or escaping the hypocrisy and darkness of real politics through the pursuit of keeping fit and prolonging life. Visible,? Although Wei Jin people all have the idea of world-weariness, they have no idea of world-weariness. Although the meaning of life is negative, isn't it negative? [3]。 So what? China literati's life is at stake, and their hearts are depressed, but they can find solace in many aspects, such as wine, medical stone, music, mountains and rivers, or religion, which are the sustenance of their souls? [4]。 The sinister politics forced the literati to stay away from the social reality, or take medicine, or keep in good health, stay out of the real politics, and live a demigod and demigod life. Ji Kang was the representative of these literati.
Ji Kang was an important thinker, writer, musician and devout Taoist during the Cao Wei period in the Three Kingdoms. Ji Kang believed in Taoist immortals, on the one hand, because Shi Tian Taoism spread to the upper classes of society at that time, which gave him the opportunity to communicate directly with Taoists, on the other hand, it was also influenced by real politics, forcing them to embark on the road of escaping from real politics and embarking on the road of freedom and willfulness. Ji Kang's life and experience also illustrate this point. Ji Kang did not want to succumb to the suppression of Sima's regime, but lived a free and carefree life. In fact, what kind of person would Zhuangzi rather be when the literati are far away from the political center and are marginalized by politics willingly or unwillingly? Tailing in painting? Instead of? Is it expensive to raise bones? Attitude, it is easy to cause their spiritual * * *? [5]。 Ji Kang claimed in the article "Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan":? Lao Zi, Zhuangzi, my teacher! ? [6] strong in thought? Zhuang Xue? The background is enough to show that it is inevitable for Ji Kang to embark on the road of immortal Taoism, which preserves the truth and collects medicine for health.
Ji Kang said in Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan:? I also heard the Taoist priest's last words, bait Yuzhu, make people live longer, I believe it very much. ? [7] It can be seen that Ji Kang is an out-and-out Taoist believer, and there are descriptions of Taoist immortal thoughts in a large number of his poems. Ji Kang once made friends with Taoist priests and worshipped them as teachers. Sun Deng and Wang Lie are immortals, Sun Deng can come back from the dead, and Wang Lie? 338 years old, I am still young. Climbing mountains and exploring, walking like flying. ? [8] Sun Deng and Wang Lie were immortal figures at that time, and of course they were also famous Taoist priests at that time. Ji Kang was very close to them. Ji Kang has written many theoretical articles about Taoism. Papers related to Taoism in Ji include: On Health, Answering Difficult Health, Living in a Difficult House without Good Luck or Bad Luck, and Living in a Difficult House without Good Luck or Bad Luck. In the first two articles, he discussed the important theoretical problems of Taoist health preservation and put forward the cultivation method of having both form and spirit and endless life. Ji Kang also worked hard to pursue immortality. Not only did he write books about keeping healthy and prolonging life, but he also personally went up the mountain to collect medicines and took them himself. These behaviors are nothing more than for the sake of eternal life, that is, for longevity, which is also the purpose of Taoism. All these indicate that Ji Kang has a close relationship with immortal Taoism.
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Ji Kang's Taoist thought can be said to have started from criticizing the hypocritical Taoism at that time. What is an important point of Ji Kang? The more famous, the more natural? . Ji Kang said at the beginning of "On Private Interpretation":? A husband who claims to be a gentleman is at a loss about right and wrong, and neither is a man who does not violate the law. Why is there still a long way to go? If the husband is calm, his spirit is empty and his heart has no pity; Brightheart's body touches people, but feelings are not tied to what you want. Pity does not exist in the heart, and it can be taught naturally; Love doesn't depend on what you want, so you can judge high and low and be reasonable. Things went well, so there was no violation of the rules; The more famous, the more helpless. ? [9] Visible Ji Kang's? The more famous, the more natural? Is it aimed at people who have fallen into hypocrisy in reality to gain fame and fortune? Mingjiao? Then I sent it. As mentioned before, the traditional Confucian orthodoxy faced unprecedented doubts at that time and was on the verge of the collapse of faith. And why is it still human to some extent? Pay attention? It's just that people still want to use it for fame and fortune, and Ming Jiao? Earn fame? In fact, no one really believes it. On the surface, people who try their best to praise Confucianism are secretly doing things that discredit the famous religion. Traditional Confucian ethics and moral preaching are only regarded as? Red tape? Just doing it. It is in view of this that Ji Kang proposed it. Yue Mingjiao? . Especially for those who tried their best to flatter Confucianism, such as Zhang Miao who wrote The Theory of Nature at that time, he touted Confucianism: It is said that the Six Classics are the sun, and if you don't learn, it will be a long night. ? [10] and Ji Kang publicly rebuked Confucianism? Six classics? For what? Dirty weeds? ,? Six classics? What is the benevolence and righteousness advocated? Rotten? , ? Take the six meridians as filth, and righteousness as stink? [ 1 1]。 Ji Kang's criticism is obviously aimed at the existing social, political and cultural system. In fact, in Ji Kang's view, only by thoroughly breaking away from and rejecting the formalized and dogmatic Ming religion can the true colors of Ming religion be restored. Most celebrities at that time? In fact, they are not fundamentally opposed to the famous religion, but are dissatisfied with the words and deeds that use the famous religion to seek fame and gain fame? [ 12]。 Just when? Zoroastrianism's right and wrong standards and moral concepts are gradually formalized and dogmatized, and the benevolence, righteousness and moral norms advocated by Zoroastrianism have gradually become a means and form outside people's moral life, losing their role in promoting people's spiritual life? [13], at this time, Ming Jiao became the object of criticism and attack.
Where is Ji? Let nature take its course Yue Mingjiao? The inevitable way out, the so-called? Let nature take its course is to return to the natural truth of mankind and do whatever you want. Ji Kang thinks? Mingjiao? Serve? Fake? Inhibition is attractive, so what's his name? Natural? It's actually a kind of? Is it a natural and therefore free existence state of individuals who have not entered social relations and are not restricted by social etiquette laws and regulations? [14], and Ji Kang's proposition is that people should be there? Right or wrong? 、? Is everything going well? ,? Value? ,? Do what you feel? In the process of reaching? Unity with Tao? Field. This kind? Unity with Tao? Obviously, ordinary people can't reach that state, only his ideal personality, that is, people, real people and immortals, can reach this state. We can find many descriptions of this ideal personality and realm in his works:
People should face the world, take everything as their heart, live in groups, learn from the body, and be complacent about the world [15].
Learn from others and return to nature. Everything is one, and the four seas are one family [16].
Meihuifu famous mountains, real people are important. Keep everything healthy, and take Tao as fun [17].
What a secluded cave, please ask my teacher gently. Climb to the top of the mountain in the morning, and I don't know hunger at night. Xuanju raises the soul and lives for thousands of years [18].
Ji Kang fully believes in the existence of immortals. Ji Kang firmly said in his famous health preserving theory:? Immortals are invisible, but they are recorded in books and circulated in previous history. In comparison, there must be. It seems that it is specially influenced by external factors. Naturally, it cannot be achieved by accumulated learning. As for rational guidance and breeding, you can be over a thousand years old, hundreds of years old, or you can have ears. ? [19] Ji Kang believes that according to records and previous history, immortals definitely exist. However, due to the particularity and detachment of immortals, most people can't learn. So-called? Can't it be achieved through product learning? . However, in order to strengthen his confidence in immortals, Ji Kang also believes that immortals can't learn, as long as they are physically and mentally? Is the guidance reasonable? A life span of several hundred years should also be possible and natural. If a person is not convinced by foreign things and plays with things tirelessly, then believe in the past and Hyunri will be full? , so it can be achieved? Harmony with nature, taking virtue as a teacher and a friend, and playing with the changes of yin and yang will lead to eternal life; Let nature support life and make heaven and earth immortal? Fairy realm [20]. The laissez-faire outlook on life can be said to be particularly evident in Ji Kang's thoughts. That kind? Let nature take its course General feeling? Only a free and unfettered fairy can do it. Mr. Tang Yongtong believes that being bound by the world lies in the heart. If the heart can be put down, there will be no burden on the world. Therefore, Ruan Ji believes that people have two aspects, that is, the visible God and the detached God, so carefree means wandering. ? [2 1] Ji Kang's poems describe this kind of freedom in large numbers, and he can come and go freely and enjoy himself? Fugue? Realm, such as "Eleven Four-character Poems", the first 10: the famous mountain of Grachev, what real people want. Everything is healthy and the Tao is free [22].
The second part narrates the two poems;
What a secluded cave, please ask my teacher gently. Climb to the top of the mountain in the morning, and I don't know hunger at night. Xuanju raises spirits and has been growing for thousands of years. [23]
Ji Kang wrote in the group poem "Rewriting Ten Six-character Poems":
Thinking with Wang Qiao, traveling around octupole. Rapidly turning over the five mountains, suddenly trillions. Give me magic medicine to grow my own wings. Excessive breathing, changing color in practice. Song to say, think and do octupole [24].
Visiting Zhongshan, I drive in the city. The shade above is full of flowers, and the one below is like English. Was promoted to purple pavilion by the queen mother. Free and easy, live forever. Song in the word, wandering in the city [25].
And "four-character poems eleven" eight:
Miao township Luan, Yi Shu is too clear; Overlooking Chen Zi, looking up at Su Ting. Ling Shen is mysterious and uncertain. Outside the tourist area, whistling couples can sing. God does not exist, who has an independent sign [26]?
Ten:
Yu Huayue, super clear. Cloud cover gently blows, six Long Piaopiao. Pepper and cinnamon on the left and orchids on the right. Lingyang praised it and the prince offered it. Meihuifu famous mountains, real people are important. Everything is healthy and the Tao is free [27].
Are you online? Drifting away? 、? Xuanming? In fairyland, can immortals? Traveling by cloud? ,? Suddenly trillions? ; You can eat fairy medicine, give birth to your own wings, preserve your health, and have fun with the Tao. Wonderland is so beautiful. The shade above is full of flowers, and the one below is like English. From the queen mother to the purple court? This is really the most beautiful realm in the world, in fact, it is also an internal appeal and external transcendence of the poet to his spiritual home after seeing through the reality. Ji Kang imagined this transcendental and immortal scene in a poem "Wandering Immortals", which said:
Looking at the pine trees on the mountain, the valley is lush. No matter how high you meet, independence is unparalleled. If you want to swim under it, that road will never pass. Wang Qiao abandoned me and rode six dragons in the clouds. Wandering in the mysterious garden, Huang Lao Road met. Teach me the way of nature, if you are broad-minded, you will never lose your childlike innocence. Collect herbs in Zhongshan corner to change your appearance. Cicadas shed filth and fatigue and make friends. Playing Jiu Shao, what is a song in a song? Long and vulgar, who can see its trace [28]?
Ji Kang not only believes in the existence of immortals, but also remembers the happiness of immortals and the imaginary beauty of fairyland. He also practices the belief of keeping fit and prolonging life. Ji Kang thought he was immortal? Not to study? , but? If you have a good relationship with Peng Zu in peacetime, you can get what you want? That is to say, it can be obtained through health care. As mentioned above, Wei Jin people are world-weary, but they are never tired of life. Their concept of life is still very strong. So in that troubled times, the idea of keeping a low profile was very popular? [29]。 Ji Kang's "Theory of Health Preservation" is an important theoretical work focusing on this aspect.
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Ji Kang's contribution to Taoist theory of health preservation and longevity is represented by health preservation theory. In a sense, his theory of keeping in good health is a book that teaches people how to keep in good health and prolong life.
In the theory of health preservation, Ji Kang not only expressed the right? Fairy exists? This firm belief also teaches people how to preserve health and prolong life. Of course, the primary problem of health preservation is to maintain the longevity of the body. In the theory of health preservation, Ji Kang expounded how to maintain the body and live forever. He said:? He who knows the shape and stands by God is a gentleman, and God will exist in the shape. If you realize that physiology is easy to lose, you know it will hurt your life. Therefore, practice nature to protect the gods and set your mind at ease. ? [30] That is to say, form and God complement each other, and human life is easy to lose, and even sin is harmful to life. Therefore, to realize this, we must try our best to cultivate our body and calm our mind, so as to maintain our spiritual integrity and physical health. If there is no difference between love and hate, sadness and joy, then? Love and hate are not emotionally entangled, and worry and joy are not in my heart. Simple without feeling, but calm, breathing, feeding and strengthening; Make a blind date, both inside and outside. ? [3 1] Ji Kang especially criticized those who want to live forever and are reluctant to part with their desires outside, saying that they? Or suppress your feelings and forbearing desires, and abandon your wishes, while hobbies are often in front of you, hoping for decades to come. Who is afraid of losing both sides, hesitating internally, fighting internally, luring from outside, relying on credit, and thus losing? [32], this hesitant healthy mentality is doomed to failure. What about people then? Rushing in front of the world religions, fighting for the glory and honor? ,? With the support of wine color, longevity is boring? , just the pursuit of a temporary sensory experience, in Ji Kang's view, this is all? Is there no owner in it, borrowing foreign things to play? , is it? Serve the body with things, tired of desire? Performing, especially not keeping in good health. In Ji Kang's view, there are five reasons why it is difficult to maintain health in the world: Why? Fame and fortune are immortal? For what? Don't get rid of anger? For what? Keep quiet? For what? Endless taste? For what? Thinking about forwarding? [33]。 If so? If these five are not in my mind, then the letter will be smooth and Hyunri's economy will be complete? , so it can be achieved? Harmony with nature, taking virtue as a teacher and a friend, and playing with the changes of yin and yang will lead to eternal life; Let nature support life and make heaven and earth immortal? The ideal realm of life is the realm of immortals.
In Ji Kang's view, everyone who is good at keeping in good health knows the secret of keeping in good health. Jingtai, Qing Xu, has few selfish desires. As we all know, the position hurts morality, so we suddenly don't camp; No desire is just forbidden. Know the harm of thick taste, so abandon it and care about it; Not greedy and then restrained. Foreign things are tired but don't exist, and the spirit is pure white. No worries, no worries? [34], distinguish between internal and external things, know that external fame is not conducive to cultivating a person's moral character, greed will frame a person's true temperament. So, what are the external fame and internal greed of people who are good at keeping in good health? Tired? What can you do? Don't worry, don't worry. Keep as one, keep as one? , so as to achieve? Harmonious economy, like Dashun? A state of happiness. What if I can? Then ganoderma lucidum steamed, liquan moistened, bathed in the sun, soaked in five strings, complacent, wonderful and mysterious? , is that okay? Forget happiness, and then be happy; Survival after death? [35]。 In this way, such people can live longer than jealous people and compete with Wang Qiao for many years.
In order to preserve health and prolong life, Ji Kang personally went up the mountain to collect herbs. His brother Ji Kang said, where is Ji Kang? Have a good sex life, eat and take medicine often? [36] Once I went into the mountains with Wang Lie to collect herbs, and once I followed Sun Deng for three years. Both Wang He and Sun are semi-immortal images, which reflects Ji Kang's enthusiasm for immortal belief. Take medicine to eat, live in style, have to? Natural way? Living like a fairy is Ji Kang's lifelong hobby. Even when Sima was ready to cure him, he was still there, taking medicine while the iron was hot. In fact, Ji Kang really yearns for a healthy and chic life. He doesn't want to do anything against nature, but wants to live a comfortable life suitable for human nature. Ji Kang's ideal showed that the belief in immortals was quite attractive to intellectuals at that time.
In a word, the upper movement of Taoism and the spread of immortal belief met the psychological needs of frustrated literati at that time, and the sinister political and social environment in Wei and Jin Dynasties created a realm of immortals who were divorced from real life and pursued freedom? You xian? Mentality. Only in the Taoist belief in immortals can they gain a kind of spiritual freedom that they can't find in the real world. Ji Kang, as an important representative of literary and ideological circles at that time, his belief activities were obviously typical. Because of the dissatisfaction with the false name religion in reality, being more famous and being at a loss about right and wrong is its natural spiritual outlet; Because the immortal is carefree, it is the inevitable pursuit of his life to take medicine to preserve health and prolong life.
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