Knowledge point induction
Unit 5 Other Life in the Biosphere
Chapter 1 Animals in Different Environments
▲ Classification of animals:
(1) Animals can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates according to whether there is a spine in the body.
(2) Animals can be divided into three categories according to their living environment and modes of movement: terrestrial animals, aquatic animals and aerial animals.
Section 1 Animals Living in Water
0 1, fish:
Life habit: Fish live in water.
(2) Morphological characteristics of fish:
Body shape: spindle shape
Body surface: scales; Secrete mucus
Body color: white abdomen and dark back (protective color)
Body distribution: head, trunk and tail
Sensory organ: lateral line (sensing water flow, measuring direction)
Motor organs: fin, tail (to control and maintain the forward direction), chest and abdomen (to maintain balance).
The tail and trunk (which produce forward power) play a coordinating role as a whole.
Breathing and inhalation: gill, gill filament (covered with capillaries, which is conducive to gas exchange) mouth and gill cover alternately open and close.
(3) Characteristics of fish adapting to life in water:
Fish can live in water, so it has two important characteristics: one is to swim with fins to get food and defend against enemies, and the other is to breathe in water with gills.
A, swimming: swimming with fins (fins are moving organs)
Swimming by the swing of tail and the coordination of fins, the motive force of progress is the swing of tail, the pectoral fin, ventral fin and dorsal fin maintain the balance of fish, and the tail fin determines the direction of movement; Gills are the respiratory organs of fish, and the gill filaments are densely covered with capillaries, which can absorb oxygen dissolved in water. Warm animals that lay eggs.
B. Breathing: Breathing with the gills (gills are respiratory organs)
(4) The main characteristics of fish:
A, the body surface is often covered with scales; B, breathing through the gills; Swim by swinging the tail and coordinating the fins. D, living in water.
(5) The reason why fish can't live without water:
Fish's respiratory organ is gill, and there are many gill filaments in the gill, which can be unfolded in water, but can't be unfolded without water, so they don't get enough oxygen and die.
(6) The four major fishes are grass carp, herring, silver carp and bighead carp.
02. Other aquatic animals:
(1) coelenterate: it has a mouth but no anus. Such as anemones, jellyfish and corals.
(2) Molluscs: Molluscs are protected by shells. Such as octopus, squid, mussel, snail, etc.
(3) Crustacea: There are hard nails on the body surface. Such as shrimp, crab, Daphnia, etc.
(4) Other aquatic animals: dolphins, whales, seals, turtles, turtles, etc.
03, water environment protection:
(1) Urgency of water environment protection
(2) A successful example of water environmental protection.
(3) Protecting the water environment starts from me and starts from the side.
Section 2 Animals Living on Land
04. Characteristics of terrestrial animals adapting to the environment:
(1) The land climate is relatively dry; Accordingly, animals living on land generally have structures to prevent water loss. For example, reptiles have horny scales or nails, and insects have exoskeletons. [Scales, nails, exoskeleton (to prevent water loss)]
(2) Land animals are not affected by the buoyancy of water, and generally have organs that support their bodies and movements. [with special moving organs]
(3) Except for earthworms and other animals, animals living on land can generally breathe air. Various respiratory organs located in the body, such as trachea and lungs. [Special respiratory organs (except earthworms)]
(4) Animals living on land generally have developed sensory organs and nervous systems, which can respond to the changing environment in time. [developed nervous system and sensory organs]
05. Earthworms: (Earthworms adapt to the characteristics of land life)
(1) lives in humid soil rich in humus. (2) Feed on the dead leaves and roots of plants. (3) make the body squirm through the cooperation of muscles and bristles; Body segmentation makes body movement more flexible. (4) Breathe by the body wall that can secrete mucus and keep it moist all the time. (5) Earthworms are annelids,
06, the main characteristics of annelids:
(1) The body is composed of many similar annular segments.
(2) Bristles and developed muscles are used for exercise.
(3) You can breathe when you are wet, and there is no special respiratory organ.
▲ annelids: in addition to earthworms, there are also nereis and leeches.
07. Rabbit: (The characteristics of rabbits suitable for land life)
(1) The forelimbs are short and the hind limbs are long, which is convenient for jumping. (2) The incisors (cutting food) and molars (grinding food) are developed, but there are no canine teeth (tearing food), and the cecum is developed, which is suitable for vegetarianism. (3) The body surface is covered with hair, and the lungs are used to breathe. The heart structure and blood circulation are the same as those of human beings, and it is a warm-blooded animal. (4) viviparous and lactation are mammals.
08, the main characteristics of mammals:
(1) body surface coating; (2) Teeth are divided into incisors, canines and molars; (3) There is a diaphragm in the body cavity; (4) breathing with the lungs; (5) The heart has four completely separated ventricles; (6) Constant body temperature; (7) the brain is developed; (8) Most of them are viviparous and breastfeeding.
▲ Diaphragm is a unique feature of mammals.
09, the difference between temperature-changing animals and warm-blooded animals:
Mammals and birds can keep their body temperature constant by self-regulation. They are all warm-blooded animals. The body temperature of other animals changes with the change of the surrounding environment, belonging to the temperature-changing animals.
10, animal habitat protection:
(1) Basic environmental conditions for terrestrial animals: adequate food, water and shelter.
(2) The reason why the giant panda is endangered: the habitat of the panda has been destroyed.
(3) Animal habitats provide sufficient food, water and shelter for terrestrial organisms. After being destroyed, the survival of animals is threatened. Therefore, we should protect the habitat of living things.
Section 3 Animals Flying in the Air
1 1. Birds: (characteristics of birds suitable for flying)
(1) developed an airbag, which can reduce weight and breathe twice. (2) The digestive system is developed, the rectum is short, and food residues are discharged quickly. (3) The sternum is keel-shaped, which is convenient for the development of pectoral muscles. (4) The body is streamlined, the wings and feathers overlap, and the heart is developed. (5) High and constant body temperature, spawning.
12, Insects: (Insects are the only flying animals among invertebrates)
(1) Features: The body is divided into three parts: chest and abdomen. Wings and feet are born in the chest, and the muscles developed in the chest are attached to the exoskeleton. (2) The function of exoskeleton: to support and protect the internal soft tissues and prevent water evaporation in the body. (3) Insects are the only flying animals among invertebrates. Flying expands the range of activities and is conducive to foraging and reproduction.
13, the main characteristics of arthropods:
The body consists of many segments, and the body surface is divided by exoskeleton, foot and antenna.
▲ Common arthropods are: all insects, spiders, centipedes, shrimps, crabs, etc.
14, the main characteristics of amphibians:
Larvae live in water, breathe through gills, adults live an amphibious life, breathe through lungs, and use skin to assist breathing.
▲ Common amphibians are frogs and toads.
▲ Known animal species 1 0.5 million, including more than 4,000 species of mammals, more than 9,000 species of birds and more than 0/10,000 species of insects.
Chapter II Animal Movement and Behavior
(1) A series of activities carried out by animals that are conducive to survival and reproduction are all animal behaviors.
(2) List various sports forms of animals: flying, swimming, crawling, walking and running.
(3) The description of animal movement depends on a certain structure.
Section 1 Animal sports
15, the composition of the vertebrate movement system:
(1) Motion system: bones (including bones and bone connections) and skeletal muscles.
(2) Joint structure: joint head, joint fossa, joint cartilage, joint capsule and joint cavity. (See the joint pattern diagram on page 29)
▲ The function of articular cartilage: it is elastic and can reduce the friction between bones.
▲ articular surface: composed of articular head, articular fossa and articular cartilage.
▲ Dislocation: the phenomenon that the joint head slides out of the joint socket.