The ancient people's experience of drinking for health preservation can be summarized as follows:
Always drink wine with good quality and low alcohol content.
The ancients were very particular about the quality of wine. As early as the Zhou Dynasty, wine was divided into "five spirits" and "three spirits". "Zhou Li Tian Guan Re zai" is edited: "Distinguish the names of five qi, one is universal, the other is qi, the third is Angqi, the fourth is qi, and the fourth is qi." "distinguish three kinds of wine, one is wine, the other is wine, and the third is sake." Wuqi wine is divided into five grades according to its unique feeling and taste, and Sanqi wine is divided into three grades according to the brewing time and length of the wine. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" said: "Sage Cai, suitable for Yin and Yang, distinguishes the benefits of all things to make a living, so his spirit is healthy and his poison is long. Successful people who are long but not short never put off what you can do until tomorrow. Babi, care about injury. What is injury? Great sweetness, great acid, great suffering, great sorrow and great achievements are full of forms and will cause harm; ..... if you keep healthy, you know your roots ... if you eat them, there is no (other) strong taste, no (other) strong taste and heavy wine. " It is believed that people who pay attention to health care in future generations should not drink those spirits with high degree and poor quality, but drink a little wine with good taste and good quality in moderation. So what kind of wine is good wine? Gu Zhong, the lover, has made an incisive exposition in the Book of Nourishing the Heart:
Wine is best for the elderly, the more you watch, the better. Violent wine (refers to wine brewed in a hurry) must not be drunk, because drinking it will hurt people. This is the first one. Alcohol abstains from acid, is independent, healthy, cruel and cold; Clear and white spirit. Or that wine is too strict. But what is the most important thing? Mouth: Not bitter, not sweet, not good, not sour, not spicy, it is really good wine. Why don't you stop talking? Japanese: Speaking is not wine, not words and deeds. Why not say no to sweets? Japan: Once upon a time, there were clouds with the highest purity, followed by bitterness, followed by acid, smelly and sweet. How can you drink the sour taste of your husband? There is no need to make commandments. It is also said that it is difficult to drink wine without highlighting any of the five flavors (namely, bitter, sour, spicy, sweet and cooked). ..... cover bitter, sweet, successful, sour, refined, not Chen Ye. If it can be changed to good wine. It's Chen Yi, which can be used as the surname of wine.
Due to the limitation of conditions, although the ancients could not accurately determine the various components of wine, their experience gained in long-term life practice was very scientific. According to modern scientific determination, the higher the alcohol content in liquor, the higher the harmful components. For example, compared with fermented wine, harmful components mainly exist in distilled wine, while there are relatively few among fermented wine. In addition to high alcohol, highly distilled liquor also contains fusel oil (including amyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, isobutanol, propanol, etc. ), aldehydes (including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, sugar aldehydes, etc. ), methanol, hydroxyl acid, lead, aflatoxin and other harmful components. People will be poisoned if they drink butyl, an inferior wine with high harmful components, for a long time or in excess. Symptoms such as dizziness, headache, stomach trouble, cough, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, etc. may occur in light cases, and in severe cases, dyspnea, coma and even death may occur. However, low-alcohol fermented wine, mixed wine, such as yellow wine, fruit dew wine, medicinal liquor, milk and so on. There are few harmful components, but they are rich in nutrients such as sugar, organic acids, amino acids, sweet wine, dextrin and vitamins.
At first, the ancients thought that high-quality wines were mainly yellow wine, wine, osmanthus wine, chrysanthemum wine, pepper wine and so on. Later, it developed into liquor and various medicinal liquor based on liquor.
Fermented yellow rice wine is one of the oldest wines in China. It is rich in chloroacetic acid, various sugars, organic acids and vitamins. And has a high calorific value. Since ancient times, it has been regarded as "fairy wine" and "precious pulp" for health preservation and fitness, and it is deeply loved by people. This is also an important reason why Shaoxing yellow rice wine has been popular since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and even became a wine for court and state banquets.
Wine contains more sugar and minerals, as well as helium-based acids, citric acid, vitamins and other nutrients. It is also a kind of health wine that the ancients loved. Cao Pi, Wei Wendi of the Three Kingdoms, once praised that the consolidation of the Tao of "being willing to bend tillers, being good at drunkenness and being easy to wake up" is the evil of salivating and loving food! "Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, not only loves to drink, but also personally sees the Governor. Minister Wei Zhi is good at making wine. He once wrote a poem praising his wine for "being drunk for a thousand days and not waking up for ten years". "The newly revised Materia Medica has listed grapes as tonic wine, which is considered to have the effects of" warming the waist and tonifying the kidney, preserving color and keeping out the cold ". Hu Sihui, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, said that it had the functions of "invigorating qi, regulating middle energizer, fighting hunger and aspiring". Li Shizhen also said that wine has the function of "color preservation and cold resistance". Gao Lian also listed it as "health wine" in Eight Chapters of Yun Sheng.
Osmanthus wine was drunk by the ancients as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Qu Yuan said in "Nine Rest": "Yao Hui steamed Xi Lan chicken, Yunnan ghost wine Xi Jiaojiang." The osmanthus wine used in this ceremony is osmanthus wine brewed with osmanthus, which was also called osmanthus sugar, osmanthus vinegar and osmanthus syrup in ancient times. The ancients believed that osmanthus fragrans was the best medicine, so the wine brewed with osmanthus fragrans could be "delicious and dry for many years". According to "Today's Four People Month", osmanthus wine in Han Dynasty is a good product for people to worship their ancestors. After the sacrifice, the younger generation respects this wine to the elders, and the elders will live long after drinking this wine. In addition, osmanthus wine is the top grade for people to entertain guests. "History of rites and music in Han Dynasty" says: "Honorable for a long time, Bimba Township." Many feudal emperors also gave osmanthus wine as a gift to ministers. Scholars of all ages also praised osmanthus wine. Bai Juyi once praised osmanthus wine with the poem "The red cherry is colorless and the foam is fine". Su Shi's poems on osmanthus wine in Song Dynasty show that the ancients cherished osmanthus wine.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the ancients knew the medicinal and edible value of chrysanthemum. Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, thinks that chrysanthemum "helps to prolong life, and the moss is expensive." Su Shi also believes that the flowers, leaves, roots and responsibilities of chrysanthemum are all "longevity drugs". In the Han dynasty, people used drugs to make wine with flowers. Liu's Miscellaneous Notes on Xijing: "Chrysanthemum is suitable, and it is brewed with stems and leaves and miscellaneous millet. Drink it when it is ripe on September 9 next year, so it is called chrysanthemum wine. " The ancients thought that chrysanthemum was a flower that did not fade after frost, so chrysanthemum wine could resist aging. Medical books such as Compendium of Materia Medica say that chrysanthemum has the effects of dispelling wind and improving eyesight, calming the liver and clearing heat, which is particularly beneficial to the hearing and vision of the elderly. Therefore, ancient chrysanthemum wine is favored and is a must-have for the Double Ninth Festival.
In addition, pit liquor, chrysanthemum wine, chinese wolfberry wine, lotus seed wine, ginseng wine, Meiling wine and other nourishing wines are also good wines for health and longevity. Taking wine as a waiter and abstaining from drinking has always been a way of keeping in good health that the ancients attached great importance to. They believe that the purpose of drinking is to "borrow things to support things" rather than "serve things", and drinking must be done according to one's ability and enough is enough. No matter how good the wine is, it will also damage your health if it is not controlled. In view of the harm of drinking alone and drinking too much, the ancients have always been committed to banning alcohol by legal means and persuading people to consciously quit drinking and drinking with moral cultivation. Classic works such as The Book of Changes and The Book of Songs admonish cowards to abstain from drinking and drinking. Xi que, a famous doctor in the warring States period, said: "if you drink for a long time, you will lose your marrow, steam your tendons, hurt your spirit and hurt your life." Bai Juyi, who called himself an alcoholic in the Tang Dynasty, also said that "delicacies and delicacies, wine is believed to be rotten sausage paste." Su Shi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, also strongly emphasized the importance of abstinence from drinking. Hu Sihui's Eating Wine in Yuan Dynasty said: "Too much wine is the source of death." Mao Ming elaborated the relationship between drinking and keeping in good health in Dietary Guide. He believes that if people want to last for a long time, they must first control drinking. He said: "There are many kinds of wine with different tastes, including sweet, bitter, sour, weak and bitter, all of which are hot and toxic. Most of them help the fire to produce phlegm, faint and soften the body, hurt the muscles and bones, hurt the spleen and stomach, consume lung qi, and die. " Compendium of Materia Medica quotes Shao's poem: "Good wine and good drink teach you to be slightly drunk. This is the beauty of drinking. The so-called drunkenness is not about wine, and the pot is high. If the husband is too ill and drunk as usual, it will lead to illness and failure, and even national subjugation, which is more harmful than words. This big shovel is so careless, and the Duke of Zhou wine is so harmonious, which is also a warning to the world. " In his book "240 Sentences of Drinking", enthusiast Liang listed many dangers of alcoholism and called on people to give up drinking.
Modern science has proved that these understandings and statements of Gu Ding are correct. Excessive drinking will not only make people's perception, thinking, emotion, intelligence and behavior out of control, but also get carried away. It will also destroy people's health, lead to malnutrition, mental disorder, gastrointestinal discomfort, liver damage, and even cause serious consequences such as heart and cancer and poisoning. The prevalence of long-term excessive drinking is extremely high, and the mortality rate is also very high. If a person drinks too much for a long time, his life span will be shortened by ten to twelve years.
Correct drinking method
Some people may think that drinking is a very simple thing, but it is not. Drinking is actually an artistic enjoyment, with a high level and a lot of knowledge. Especially in ancient times, people not only paid attention to the quality of wine, but also emphasized the moderation of drinking, and paid great attention to the environment and methods of drinking, such as when to drink, when not to drink, where to drink, what to drink, how to drink and so on. There are many rules and regulations. For example, regarding the ideal drinking environment, Hao Bin made the following summary:
People who drink: elegant, chivalrous, straightforward, forgetful, confidant, old friend, jade man, Kerr.
Drinking places: Huaxia, Bamboo Forest, Gaojian, Painting Boat, Youguan, Qushi, Pingxi and Lianhua Pavilion. In addition, spring drinking is suitable for the court, summer drinking is effective, autumn drinking is suitable for the ship, winter drinking is suitable for the room, and night drinking is suitable for the bright moon.
Drinking time: spring effect, flower time, love autumn, petal green, inch fog, snow, new moon and cool night.
Products: light, wonderful today, union, fragrance, flowers, music, and tempering.
Prohibition of alcohol: on birthdays, staying up late, earnestly persuading alcohol, quarreling, avoiding alcohol, being evil, indecent and pretending to be drunk.
Drinking stalls: walking, singing pillows, sitting on rocks, parting, fishing, going ashore, boiling springs, throwing pots (Volume III of Complete Works of Hao Bin's Wine Administration).
Specifically, the ancient drinking experience and methods are mainly manifested in:
(1) Be in a good mood when drinking.
The ancients believed that wine should not be drunk indiscriminately, but only when the body and mood were normal. Don't drink alcohol when you are unwell, too sad or angry. Otherwise it will damage your health. When talking about food hygiene, enthusiast Tsui Hark said: "When it comes to food hygiene, it is not suitable to eat when you are angry or depressed in summer. Food is indigestible and easy to get sick. This is what everyone should quit. " According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, when people are angry, the liver qi rushes up, the face turns red, and they have a headache and dizziness. If they drink again, the situation will add fuel to the fire, which is more suitable to get out of control and cause unimaginable consequences.
In order to achieve the best mood when drinking, the ancients also explored some methods that seem exemplary so far:
Choose the right time: if the moon is cool and the wind is good, it will snow when it rains; Bloom full court, new wine cooked; Old friends, drinking when they meet again after a long separation, can achieve the desire of both sides to rape each other; Moxibustion is dry during the day and rainy on cloudy days; When I get home near dusk, I feel irritable and unexpected, but when I have other appointments, I should not drink alcohol.
Choose the right occasion: whether it's the open air, boating in the open air or the restaurant in the house, as long as it makes people feel elegant and comfortable, it's the best occasion for drinking.
The ancients had the habit of "mountain drinking", "water drinking", "suburban drinking" and "wild drinking", and they also loved drinking when they were sightseeing. Therefore, the place where they drink is often not in the elegant hall or downtown, but at the top of the mountain, by the stream, or in the countryside, in the green. Zhou Muwang drinks in Yaochi, Cang Kun, doing nothing alone on the Lotus Peak. Why is he drunk in Zhongshan? Huan Wen drinks at the top of Longdong Mountain, and the guest is on the boat. Li Bai, "We sing to the tune of the breeze; There is also Du Mu ". Being in this beautiful scenery and breathing fresh air will make people feel happy and relaxed, and the interest in drinking will naturally multiply. The "windy day" in Xiangyang and the "big waves" in Shiyu Lake made the poets Wang Wei and Jie Yuan in the Tang Dynasty extrapolate, saying, "Drunk my old heart! Sitting on the Eight Hills with a long spoon, I carefully poured wine in all directions. The breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains made Su Shi, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, drink in the Chibi River and wrote the poem "Red Cliff Fu" handed down from generation to generation. Li Bai once said, "The road is long, but it's Xiu Yuan, and the middle of the lake returns to the bright moon. "The poem" Bai Ou can't shut up and fight for booze "describes the joy of drinking in the intoxicating artistic conception of lakes and mountains and Bai Ou. Its taste is really hard to understand under the bright candles of Gaotang.
Drinking together: Juck Zhang, a native of the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, mentioned the benefits of drinking together for his friend Huang Jiugu in his Little H: "Build friends to get together and forget everything." Only by going back and forth can you feel good. "Tsui Hark also thinks:" When eating, you should eat with your family or friends, eat with the same case, smile gently and talk casually, so that people will relax, listeners will be happy, and their digestion will be enhanced, which is most in line with the purpose of hygiene. Try to think that people should talk fast and talk dark, increase their diet, and some of them are unconscious. When you are angry or sad, you write about the present and feed yourself. The reason can be imagined. "Eating and drinking together is still so good for ordinary people. This is especially true for the elderly. Old people are most afraid of loneliness. Our modern cultural life is rich, and the elderly can participate in various cultural and sports activities to achieve the purpose of entertainment and health preservation. In ancient times, it was different. Except for children and grandchildren, most of the ancients liked to get together with friends and drink for fun. In fact, the purpose of their party is not to eat and drink, but mainly to exercise muscles and relax.
According to historical records, in the forty-nine years before Emperor Xuandi of the Western Han Dynasty (73 BC), after the resignation of Dawning, a teacher, and Shu Wei, a young teacher, they lost money on gold and silver and often "sold gold to buy wine and make old friends". Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, named himself "Xiangshan Jushi" and was very happy to have friends at dinner. At the age of 70, he invited eight old people, including, Lao Qin, Zheng Zhu, Chu Zhen (originally advised), Zhang Hun, Chan Mu and Lu (formerly Henan Yin), to get together for drinking. Later people called it "Nine Old Clubs" and gave it "Nine Old Bones". In the Northern Song Dynasty, Li was supplemented. After retirement, he also learned from Bai Juyi and organized a new "Nine Old Societies". When Qiuwen Yanbo was in Luoyang, he also called the thirteen miners with medium and high looks in Luoyang "the Association for the Aged". Shi Hao of Nanwei, when he was eighty, was careless, and once he was "good at buying wine". He got together with his 84-year-old sister and his brothers in their sixties and seventies. It was a great moment. This kind of gathering and drinking for the elderly continued until the Qing Dynasty. In the thirty-third year of Kangxi (A.D. 1694), twelve old people, including Qian Liu, Sun Xu, Sheng, Xu, Xu, You Ge, He Jie, Huang, Wang Rizao, Gou, Zhou Jinde and Qin Songling, got together for drinking in Suiyuan. The total age of twelve people is 842. To this end, the famous court painter specially drew a picture of drinking in the back garden.
(2) Drink with warm wine
The ancients drank more enthusiastically. The warm wine vessels in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are a strong proof. Why do you want to drink wine warm? Jia Ming, a native of Yuan Dynasty, said: "All drinking should be warm, not hot", but drinking cold wine is not good, and he thinks that "drinking cold wine becomes a hand war (that is, trembling)." Lu Rong, an Amin, recorded his personal feelings and experiences in Miscellanies of the Tang Dynasty: "When I heard a doctor say' wine is not suitable for cold drinks', I was quite careless and said that this was unknown to Danxi theory. A few years later, I got dysentery in autumn, which led to this treatment. Yun said, "Do you drink more cold wine?" Zi claimed that in order to obey Danxi's words, he often used cold drinks and alcohol in summer. Medical cloud:' Danxi knows the harm of hot wine, but I don't know that cold wine is especially harmful! Hot wine can hurt the lungs because of its good nature, but it is mostly for promoting qi and blood circulation; Cold wine is harmless to the lungs, and the stomach hates cold. Drinking too much will lead to qi stagnation. For the pavilion to drink, the lid is neither too hot nor too cold, which is suitable for it and harmless. "
Both of them have a point. Because in addition to ethanol, wine also contains harmful substances such as methanol, fusel oil, ethyl cheese and lead. Methanol is harmful to eyesight. Ten milliliters of methanol will lead to blindness, and more people will be in danger. But the boiling point of methanol is 64.7 degrees Celsius, which is lower than that of ethanol, which is 78.3 degrees Celsius. Heating with boiling water or alcohol fire will turn into gas evaporation. B-wake is the main component of the spicy smell of wine. Excessive drinking will lead to dizziness and other drunkenness, and its boiling point is only 2 1 celsius, which can be volatilized with slightly hot water. At the same time, in the process of wine heating, alcohol will also volatilize, so that the harmful components in wine will be much less and the harm to human body will be less. Of course, the temperature of the wine should not be too high. If the wine is overheated, it will damage your health. Second, too much ethanol will volatilize, and even the best wine will be tasteless.
(c) "Drinks must be swallowed"
Many of us in modern times often pay attention to drinking toasts. It seems that a glass of dry talent is painful and generous. In fact, it is unscientific to drink like this. The correct way to drink should be to drink lightly and slowly. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" said: "Anyone who keeps in good health, ... must swallow it lightly and be straight." Long Ming Zunchai said in "Gentleman's Words on Diet": "Drinking alcohol should not be rushed, otherwise it will damage the stomach and lungs. The lung is the most important part of the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and lung, just like the hood of the emperor's car, which can't be particularly damaged. " Zhu Yizun, my lover, also said in "The Secret of Eating Fairy Red": "Drinking should not be rough and fast, and rough and fast will hurt the lungs. The lung is covered by five internal organs, so it must not be hurt. And the speed is rough and there is no product. " Tsui Hark also thinks that "it is not appropriate to wash in a hurry", so we should chew slowly, so as to taste and help digestion, so as not to cause an excessive burden on the spleen and stomach. It is more clearly stated in Tiaodingji that wine is "not suitable for quick drinking".
(4) Don't mix drinks.
In the book "Dietary Instructions", Yuan said: "Diet is the way of keeping in good health, but I don't know that its physical properties are contrary to each other. It's gossip, five aspects are not harmonious, but it's a disaster. It is also harmful to health. So is wine. Besides ethanol, different wines have other different ingredients, some of which are not suitable for mixing. Drinking a variety of wines will produce some new harmful ingredients, which will make people feel uncomfortable and have a headache. " "Qing Sheng Lu" once said to people: "Wine should not be mixed. After drinking it, although the drinker is drunk, he is deeply loved by his drinkers. Well, for example, "Hu Shi, a scholar in Ye Wan, visited Japan in winter and used the wine left by various families as a tool. Halfway through the banquet, the guests were scared, and they warned each other privately. When in doubt, when asked, one person said,' A certain gentleman's family has Bai's milk.' "
In addition, medicinal liquor is not suitable for banquets. Medicinal liquor generally contains a variety of Chinese herbal medicine ingredients. For example, some medicinal ingredients may conflict with some ingredients in food, which makes people uncomfortable.
(5) Don't drink on an empty stomach.
There is an old saying in China called "Never drink when you are angry on an empty stomach", which holds that drinking must be accompanied by delicacies. Don Sun Simiao's Dry Gold for Grain also reminds people not to drink on an empty stomach. Because alcohol will be decomposed by the liver after entering the human body. In the process of liver decomposition, various vitamins are needed to maintain and assist. If there is no food in the gastrointestinal tract at this time, ethanol is most easily absorbed quickly, leading to muscle disorder and liver damage. Therefore, drinking should be accompanied by dishes and fruits with high nutritional value, which is also a trick to drink for health. Of course, it is not advisable to drink alcohol after meals.
(6) Don't drink hard liquor.
When drinking, you can't force others to persuade you, you can't win in anger, and you can't drink. Zhang Chao said in the introduction of Huang Jiu's "A Brief Introduction to the Reception": "There are three kinds of people who drink. Good drinkers need not be persuaded, and those who refuse to drink cannot be persuaded. Only one person who can drink so he doesn't drink should be persuaded, but if he can drink so he doesn't drink, he has deceived himself first, so what can I do to persuade him? So, it means that you don't ask to be a guest, you can drink it if you like, and you don't need anyone to persuade me. " My lover Ruan Kuisheng quoted Chen Jiting in the book Tea for Guests: "If you are struggling to persuade people to get drunk, iFLYTEK will be a guest, otherwise, you will change your mind. A gentleman drinks alcohol and honestly measures his feelings. There is always a reason why literati are timid and elegant. Husband is just a servant in the government, and takes pleasure in courtesy, generosity and drunkenness. " Although there is contempt for the labor force in his speech, it is extremely desirable for him not to persuade people to get drunk.
(7) Drink less tea.
Since ancient times, many drinkers often like to drink tea after drinking, thinking that drinking tea can relieve alcohol. Actually, it is not. Drinking tea after drinking is very harmful to your health. Li Shizhen said: "Drinking tea after drinking hurts the kidney, the waist and feet are heavy, the bladder is cold and painful, and the sputum is swollen and thirsty." Wei Yizun also said: "If you drink it, you will be thirsty. Don't drink water, sip more tea. Tea is cold and enters the kidney with wine, which stops poison for water. Today, my waist and feet are falling heavily, and my bladder is cold and painful, which means edema and thirst quenching, twins. Modern science has confirmed what they call the damage of drinking tea to the kidneys. According to the ancient way of keeping in good health, it is advisable to use fruit to sober up after drinking, or use sugar cane and white radish to sober up.
The above are from other places ... for reference only.