1. For the definition of keywords in classical Chinese, it is necessary to implement every word of classical Chinese translation, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. We should try our best to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it. We shouldn't rush to translate it from the beginning. When we encounter difficult words in translation, we can temporarily put them down and wait until the translation context is finished. In order to prevent mistranslation, omission and Song translation, the basic methods of classical Chinese translation are literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as relative as possible. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the meaning of the translated sentence is difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the meaning is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages. It is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text can't be realized literally. These two translation methods should be literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, the specific methods of classical Chinese translation: leaving, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing. "Leaving" means retaining. Words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places and things, can be translated. (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Make up the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets. "Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I" with "I" and "er, such as" with "you". "Adjustment" means adjustment. Invert ancient Chinese. In order to conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese, "change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, related words can be enlivened, such as "calm waves" and "calm on the lake". In the past two years, the investigation of classical Chinese translation in college entrance examination has changed from choosing right or wrong to translation, which has increased the difficulty of answering questions, and all of them are questions, as if there is no trace to find and no way to start. Actually, there is no way to start. Play a wonderful Classical Chinese Translation Quartet: 1. Attention should be paid to supplementing omitted sentence elements in translation. Ellipsis exists in classical Chinese, such as omitting the subject, omitting the predicate verb, omitting the preposition and omitting the object. When doing translation questions, you must pay attention to supplement the sentence elements omitted from the original text first, otherwise the translation will be ambiguous and unreasonable. 2. Translation should pay attention to adjusting word order. There are four types of classical Chinese: subject-predicate postposition, attributive postposition, prepositional structure postposition and prepositional object postposition. Only by adjusting the word order in translation can translation be easy, otherwise it will be easy to upset and give people the feeling that "two monks are at a loss". 3. Pay attention to flexible use in translation. Some notional words in classical Chinese can temporarily change their parts of speech and usage in a certain language environment, which is flexible use. There are mainly verbs, adjectives and so on. Adjectives and nouns are used in a conative way, nouns are verbs, nouns are adverbials, etc. In translation, we should grasp the temporary meaning of words. 4. When translating, we should grasp the key words, contact the context and make key breakthroughs. In classical Chinese reading, some sentences often affect the understanding of the whole sentence because of individual words. This word is the key word. We should understand and comprehend it in the context. To sum up, it is not difficult to translate classical Chinese correctly as long as you work hard and master it flexibly. Mastering the Key Points and Skills of Classical Chinese Translation In 2005, "sentence patterns and usages different from modern Chinese" were included in the college entrance examination. The examination of this knowledge point is probably reflected in the translation questions. Therefore, how to translate classical Chinese well has become the focus of candidates' attention. First, look at parts of speech-grasp the preparation countermeasures from the flexible use of parts of speech: flexible use of parts of speech is the content of the college entrance examination in 2005. It is a unique grammatical phenomenon in classical Chinese, mainly including the flexible use of nouns, verbs and adjectives. When translating, we should be good at determining the part of speech and meaning of flexible words by analyzing the grammatical structure of sentences. Second, observe the sentence pattern-grasp the preparation countermeasures from the characteristics of the classical Chinese sentence pattern: the classical Chinese sentence pattern has been included in the proposition scope of the college entrance examination in 2005, which requires us to master the different characteristics of the classical Chinese sentence pattern, especially the judgment sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and prepositional object sentence. Generally speaking, these sentence patterns have linguistic markers, so we can judge which sentence features they belong to by identifying these linguistic markers. Third, understand the meaning-grasp the preparation countermeasures from the meaning of key notional words: the so-called key notional words refer to those words that play a key role in a sentence, and their definitions are usually different from those of modern Chinese or have multiple meanings. In a sentence, verbs are the most important notional words, followed by adjectives and nouns. In addition, we should also pay attention to loanwords and ancient and modern meanings in sentences.

2. Notes on the full text of ancient Chinese prose (1) The word "generosity" means that music touches people's hearts and fascinates them with pleasure. Yan refers to facial expression, spirit, thoughts and feelings. ⑵ gracefu: Young and beautiful. ⑶ "Precious color" sentence: It means that beauty is more important than Taoist cultivation. (4) Flying down: the sun and the moon set. Here, time flies. 5] Xia Zike: refers to the immortal. [6] Yaotai: the abode of immortals.

This poem accuses the "evil son" of being favored by beauty, not by Taoist cultivation. People like Dong Yan (Han Dongyan was once loved by Princess Guantao and was extremely expensive for a while, and died at the age of 30). "Color is expensive or not" is the theme of the whole poem.

The first four sentences are for prosperity, and the implication causes what has happened. Four sentences about Chen Qi. There is an intertextuality between Peter and America, which means that beautiful and frivolous people, birds of a feather flock together and look for each other. A smile is also intertextual, which means that this generation belittles wealth with flattery. The last two sentences go straight to the theme of the poem. Playing the piano echoes playing the harp and strings. It is not enough than a fairy, which is the negative side of Li Bai's thought.

3. Ask someone to teach China the complete works of classical Chinese annotations. Title: Cao Gui Debate Author or Source: Zuo Zhuan

In the spring of ten years, the army of Qi attacked our country of Lu. Duke Zhuang is going to fight. The king asked to see Lord Zhuang. His fellow countryman said, "People in power will plan this. Why do you want to participate?" ? ""Those in power are short-sighted and unable to think deeply, "Cao Gui said." Then they went to the court to see the duke. "What are you fighting for?" Cao Gui asked. Zhuang Gong said, "I never dare to know what to eat and wear. I must give it to the ministers around me." Cao Gui replied, "This little favor cannot be extended to the people, and the people will not obey you. Zhuang Gong said, "I never dare to exaggerate the number of pigs, sheep, jade articles, silks and so on. I must tell God the truth." . Cao Gui said: "Mix has no credit and cannot be trusted by the gods. The gods will not bless you." . "."Zhuang Gong said, "Even if you can't see all the litigation cases in Mix, I must be based on facts." Yes: "Loyalty belongs to you. You can go to war. Please follow the war. "

Multiply it. Fight for a long spoon. Zhuang Gongzheng wants to order drums. "Not now," said Cao Gui. "Wait until after Qi Jun drummed three times. Cao Gui said, "You can play the drums. "."Qi Jun was completely defeated. Their duke ordered the horse to be chased by the horse. "Not now," said Cao Gui. Then he got off the chariot, looked at the tracks of Qi Jun's wheels, climbed on the chariot, supported the front railing of the chariot and looked at Qi Jun's formation, and said, "We can pursue. "."So, the pursuit of Qi Jun was pursued.

After winning, the king asked him why he won. He said: "It takes courage to fight. High spirits, then decline, three exhausted. I am exhausted and profitable, so I will beat it, and my husband will be a big country, which is unpredictable and terrible. I regard it as chaos and look at its flag, so I chase it. "

Translation or annotation:

In the spring of the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, the Qi army attacked Lu. Duke Zhuang of Lu is ready to fight. Cao Gui asked for an interview. His fellow countryman said, "They are all high-ranking people with rich salaries. Why should they participate?" Cao Gui said: "Powerful people are short-sighted, lack knowledge and cannot see far." So the court went to visit Duke Zhuang of Lu. Cao Gui asked, "Why are you fighting?" Duke Zhuang said, "I dare not have clothes and food for my health, so I must give some courtiers." Cao Gui replied: "Small favors have not affected ordinary people, and ordinary people will not listen." Duke Zhuang said, "Don't dare to make false reports about the sacrificial cows, sheep, pigs, jade and silks. You must tell God sincerely." Cao Gui replied: "This little sincerity cannot be trusted by God, and God will not bless it." Zhuang Gong said: "Even if I am not good at scrutiny, I should handle cases with different severity according to the facts." Cao Gui replied, "This is something that I have done my duty. You can use this condition to fight a war. If you want to fight, please allow me to follow. "

Zhuang Gong sat with him in a chariot. The armies of Lu and Qi are fighting with spoons. Duke Zhuang intends to drum and order the March. Cao Gui said, "No." Qi played drums three times. Cao Gui said, "You can attack." The Qi army was defeated. Zhuang Gong wants to drive after him. Cao Gui said, "No." So he looked down at the marks left by the wheels of the Qi army, boarded the crossbar in front of the car, looked at the Qi army and said, "That's enough." I pursued the Qi army.

After defeating the Qi army, Zhuang Gong asked the reason. Cao Gui replied, "Fighting depends on courage. The first drum beat inspired courage, the second drum beat suppressed courage, and the third drum beat destroyed courage. Their courage disappeared, and our army was full of courage, so we defeated them. A big country is hard to estimate, and it is afraid of an ambush. I saw that their tracks were chaotic and their flags were falling, so I went after the Qi army. "

4. Translation of the classical Chinese word Wolf Pu Songling's original text: A butcher came home late at night and ate all the meat, leaving only bones.

On the way, the two wolves traveled a long way. Eliminate fear and throw it at the bone.

The wolf has a bone to stop, and the wolf still comes from. After the re-voting, the post-wolf stopped and the former wolf came again.

The muscles and bones are exhausted, and the two waves drive together. Tu was embarrassed. He was afraid of being attacked by the enemy.

There is a wheat field in Gu Ye, where the landowner earns a lot of money. Tu Naiben leaned against it with a knife on his shoulder.

Wolves are afraid to go forward, eyeing each other. When I was a child, a wolf left and a dog sat in front of him.

After a long time, my eyes seem to be useless and very idle. Tu suddenly and violently, wielding a knife to cut the wolf's head, killed several times.

Fang wanted to go, but when he turned to his salary, he saw a wolf hole in it, which was intended to attack him in the tunnel. The body is half in, and only the tail is exposed.

After the slaughter, he died of a broken stock. It was the wolf who fell asleep before enlightenment, and covered it to lure the enemy.

The wolf was afraid, too, but he was killed twice in an instant. What is the geometry of the beast? Stop laughing. A butcher came home at night, and the meat in his burden had been sold out, leaving only bones.

I met two wolves on the road and followed them for a long time. The butcher was afraid and threw the bone to the wolf.

A wolf got a bone and stopped. Another wolf is still following him.

The butcher threw the bone to the wolf again, and the wolf who got the bone behind stopped, but the wolf who got the bone in front came again. The bones have been thrown away.

But the two wolves chased the butcher together as before. The butcher was embarrassed and anxious, and I was afraid that he would be attacked by wolves.

The butcher saw a threshing floor in the field. The owner of the threshing floor piled firewood in the threshing floor and built a hill. The butcher then ran over, leaned over the pile of firewood, put down the burden and picked up the butcher's knife.

The two wolves dared not go forward and stared at the butcher. After a while, one wolf went straight away, and the other wolf squatted in front of the butcher like a dog.

After a long time, the wolf's eyes seem to be closed, and it looks very leisurely. The butcher suddenly jumped up, cut off the wolf's head with one knife and killed the wolf with several knives.

The butcher just wanted to leave, but he turned and saw the back of the firewood pile. Another wolf is digging a hole in the firewood pile, intending to drill a hole to attack the butcher's back. The body has been drilled into the middle, showing only * * * and tail.

The butcher cut off the wolf's thigh from behind and killed the wolf. The butcher realized that the wolf in front pretended to sleep, which was originally used to lure the enemy.

The wolves were too cunning, but after a while, both wolves were killed. How deceptive can animals be? It's just a joke. Second, the word 1. Flexible use of parts of speech: hole: nouns are used as verbs, making holes.

A wolf hole. Tunnel: Nouns are used as adverbials from tunnels.

It is going to dig a tunnel to attack the rear. Dog: Nouns are adverbials, like dogs.

A dog is sitting in the front. 2. The interchangeable word "stop" is the same as "only", but.

There are only bones left. 3. Polysemy: just like "only", only the remains of bones are left.

Stop it, the wolf will get the bone. Meaning expression, meaning what leisure.

Yes, it means that authentic people should attack the back. If the enemy attacks, he will be afraid of being attacked by the enemy.

Enemy, cover and seduce the enemy. In front, I am afraid of being attacked by the enemy.

Go forward, the wolf dare not go forward. 4. Function word usage: (1) pronoun, indicating that the wolf was killed by several knives.

Auxiliary words, yes, the changes of animals are geometric. Auxiliary words, syllable adjustment, no translation, long time.

Auxiliary words, located between the subject and the predicate, are not translated, but the two wolves still drive together as before. (2) throwing bones with prepositions.

Preposition, used to cut the wolf's head with a knife. Conjunction, the purpose will follow.

Conjunction, used as a cover to lure the enemy. (3) the meaning of "its" ① Fear of being attacked by enemies before and after.

(of wolves). (2) Wages accumulated by the owners.

(of a threshing floor). (3) Tu Naiben relied on it.

(of firewood piles). (4) a wolf hole in it.

(collecting firewood and grass). (5) The intention is to dig tunnels and let people attack the rear.

(of a butcher). (3) After slaughter, its shares are broken.

(of wolves). 5. Common words: fear: fear.

Follow: follow. So: it's the same.

Drive; Catch up. Embarrassed: embarrassed.

Fear: I'm afraid. C: Yes.

Close your eyes. Violence: Suddenly.

Kill: kill. Femur: thigh.

May: Sleep. Hey: Cunning.

Third, the analysis of Wolf is selected from Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio Three Wolves. "Three Wolves" tells the story of butchers killing wolves in different situations.

The first part focuses on the greedy nature of wolves, and the second part focuses on the wolf's cheating tricks. The third part focuses on the description of the wolf's claws, but they were all killed in the end, so the author affirmed the butcher's just behavior and clever strategy in killing wolves.

All three stories have vivid and tortuous plots, which are independent but closely connected, forming a complete unity and expounding the theme from different sides. This article can be divided into three paragraphs: the first paragraph describes two wolves chasing the butcher, who sometimes gives in and is forced to resist in self-defense.

This passage is divided into three layers, from "a butcher came home late" to "a long trip", and briefly describes the time, place and situation when the butcher met the wolf. A butcher who sold meat and came home late was targeted by two wolves when he was "carrying all the meat in his bag, leaving only bones", but pedestrians were cut off and isolated.

A few strokes outline the critical situation and tense atmosphere, which is really exciting and paves the way for the butcher's struggle strategy to be described later. Facing the sudden wolves, the butcher is "afraid" at first.

So he adopted the strategy of accommodating and "throwing bones". At first, the butcher thought that as long as the wolf's greed was satisfied, he could escape.

It seems that as he expected, the situation of two wolves "being far apart" has temporarily changed, and the writing style is very tortuous. However, after the result, the wolf only stopped temporarily, "the former wolf came again"; Until the bones are cast, the hungry wolf is not satisfied, but "the same as before", so the butcher is more dangerous.

This fully exposed the greedy nature of wolves and proved the failure of the butcher's concession and accommodation strategy. This is the second floor.

"Tuda's Embarrassment" shows that at a critical moment, he had a fierce ideological struggle. He knew that he was faced with a choice between life and death, either eaten by a wolf or killed by a wolf.

Fear of death is useless, concession is useless, and the only way is to kill the wolf. The butcher has learned a lesson in the face of facts and began to consider how to change the unfavorable conditions of "being attacked before being defended".

He looked around the wheat field smartly, quickly "ran" under the accumulated salary, put down his baggage, picked up his knife, and used the favorable terrain of the wheat field to change the situation that two wolves were driving side by side on the way and avoid the situation of being attacked by both sides. "The wolves dare not move forward" is the initial effect of the butcher's daring to fight, not that they begin to give in.

"eyeing up.

5. Classical Chinese Interpretation The county magistrate (Wang Ji ornaments) has to pretend to be respectful to visit (Sima) every day.

Ordering Miao to be respectful, the Japanese went to North Korea as if he were respectful. Order Miao to respect each other and visit each other every day.

Jianghan dynasty lived in the sea, and the Yangtze River and Hanshui River all flowed to the sea.

So he went to appear before Wang Wei and then to appear before Qi Weiwang.

The third call aggravated his national affairs and two generations. He gave him a real heart and planned world many times, and the loyalty of the old minister (I) in the two dynasties seemed to be about Zhuge Liang's poems.

I didn't listen to the DPRK for many years and didn't listen to (care about) political affairs.

Looking back, the autumn and winter breeze landed on the shore, looking back. There is a cool breeze in autumn and winter, which is like human thinking.

Take a bullock cart, take a bullock cart from an official, and the official will follow.

Go to Jiangling in the evening, leave Bai Di in the morning and arrive in Jiangling in the evening.

Sitting on an ox cart, following officials and soldiers,

Multiply the soldiers and droughts, and the world will be defeated. War and drought break out one after another, and social wealth is extremely scarce.

Take advantage of favorable situation to adapt to convenience, that is, take advantage of favorable situation.

Kill the world, split the mountains and rivers and never turn over, right?

In December of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong in Yu Yu, it was snowed since the capital ... As for Tai 'an.

In December of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, I braved the 1 snowstorm from Beijing to Taian.

I hope to ride the wind and waves. I hope I can rely on strong winds to break the waves.

The multiplication of soldiers and droughts is a great disaster in the world, and the intersection of soldiers and droughts is bitter in the world.

To the trend of Wancheng, the order of eight States in the same column reached the right of Wancheng (four horses and one carriage), which made the leaders of eight States arrange in the same direction.

Overrider 300 takes more than 300 cars.

Use Wei Xian to be the teacher of Twelve Cows.

6. Translation of short essays in classical Chinese requires about 60 words of the original text, about 100 words. Accurately speaking, few words, fish crossing the sea, have the name of squid, surrounded by water, water black. Playing on the shore, afraid to see yourself, put the water ring up and cover yourself. Seabirds are suspicious, know their own fish and grab it. Alas! I only know how to cover up my whole, but I don't know how to hide my tracks, so I am peeped by voyeurs. Alas! There is a kind of fish in the sea, called squid, which can spray ink to make the sea water black. Once, it climbed to the shore to play. It was afraid that other animals would see it, so it spit out ink and hid it. Seabirds became suspicious when they saw the dark sea water. Knowing that it must be squid, they fished it out of the water without hesitation .4438+0. Although a man listened, he thought with all his heart that a swan was coming and he tried to shoot it with his bow. Although he learned from it, it was too much for him. Why is he wise? Japanese: Of course. -Translating Mencius Gao Zishang is just one of all the skills, and you can't learn it without concentration. Qiu Yi is the best chess player in the country. Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play chess, and one of them will concentrate on learning from Qiu Yi and listening to Qiu Yi. Although another man was sitting in front of Qiu Yi, he always thought that a swan would come and shoot it with a bow and arrow. Although this person keeps up with the last one, he is far from being as good as the last one. Is it because this person is not as clever as the last one? Actually, it's not like this. Dolphins feed on their dead mothers. The day before yesterday, he said, "Qiu also tried to swim in Chu. If you see a dolphin feeding on its dead mother, you should abandon it and leave. If you can't see yourself, you can't be like him. Those who love their mothers do not love their shapes, but also love to shape them. " -Confucius, the translation of Zhuangzi de Chongfu. After a while, they all ran away in a panic. Because they see that the sow no longer looks at them with her eyes, they don't look like a live pig. Piglets love their mothers, not only in the shape of sows, but also in the spirit of enriching their shapes. 3. "Day:" So I am a prostitute. "So, please buy it. The gold content is not enough, but it is also beneficial. What you get, you should pay attention to the river. -Wu, as the special envoy of King Jing, visited Pakistan. On the way, he met a man with poisoned wine on his shoulder and asked, "What is this for?"? "The man replied," It is used to poison people. " So Wu bought poisoned wine from him, but he didn't have enough money on him, so he put it on the accompanying car. After buying it, it was all poured into the river. The eighth chapter of Tao Te Ching says that water is good for everything, but this is indisputable. It is evil for all, so it is good for Tao, residence and land. Heart, goodness; Harmony and kindness; Words, integrity; Politics, good governance; Things, good energy; When I moved and reconciled, my husband didn't care, so it was nothing special. The kindest person is like water. Water is good at nourishing everything without competing with it, staying in places that people don't like, so it is closest to the Tao. The kindest people are good at choosing places, having unfathomable peace of mind, being sincere, friendly and selfless, being good at keeping promises, and being good at streamlining politics. Action is good at timing. The best people do what they do because of their undisputed virtue, so there is no fault, so there is no blame. The four excerpts from The Drunken Man's Drinks Are All Gods. One day, the mouth said to the nose, "What can I do to rank above me?" The nose said, "I can stop smelling, and then the children can eat, so I am above you." The nose says to the eyes, "What can children do and I can't?" The eyes said, "I can see beauty, ugliness and things, and I have contributed a lot. I should live on you." The nose said, "If so, what can eyebrows do to live by me?" Eyebrows said, "I don't want to argue with you either. If I live under my eyes and nose, I don't know where to put your face "? Eyebrows, eyes, mouth and nose are all spiritual. One day, the mouth said to the nose, "What skill can you have over me?" The nose replied, "I can recognize the smell and smell, so that I can be above your position." The nose said to the eyes, "What skill do you have over me?" The eyes said, "I can observe good and evil, beauty and ugliness, and I can overlook things." My contribution is not small, so my position is above you. " The nose added, "If so, what can eyebrows do?" Eyebrows said, "I can't argue with you." If I am under my eyes and nose, I don't know where to put your face? " I have never met a man who is old and white-headed, crying on the road, or asking him, "Why are you crying?" The man said, "I didn't meet many officials. I hurt myself when I was old and lost my time." The man said, "Why don't I know them?" When I was a teenager, I learned to be a cultured person and made great achievements in literature and morality. At first, I wanted to be an official. When I was old, my master knew martial arts. No sooner had he started practicing martial arts than Master died. I was a teenager when I was young, so I never met him. Once upon a time, there was a man who wanted to be an official. His hair turned white when he was old. Answer: "I tried to be an official several times, but I was not taken seriously." I feel sorry for myself, because I am old and have no chance, so I cried. " Others said, "Why didn't I become an official once?" A: "When I was a teenager, I studied literature, learned moral articles well, and prepared to be an official. The king likes to use old people. The king who used the old man died, and later the king used a military commander. (Wait for me) I studied the art of war, and the king who used military commanders died again. The young king has just ascended the throne and likes to use young people. I am old again, so I didn't ask for an official. " Shang Tang sees Yi Yin Xizhe Tang. Don said, "I'm going to see Yi Yin." Peng's son said, "Yi Yin is the best in the world. If you want to see it, you can ask him and he will give it to you! " Don said, "You don't know. After taking the medicine here, my ears will be better and my eyes will be brighter, so I will talk and eat. My husband Yi Yin is a good doctor and a good medicine for our country, but my son doesn't want me to see Yi Yin.