Garden art is called "urban ecology-life cell", which not only spiritualizes the ancient architectural system in China, but also profoundly affects the ways and methods of pursuing perfection and ecological artistic conception in modern architecture and planning.
However, the classical gardens that have long been proud of are too narcissistic. From the house to the city, a multi-level system of harmonious coexistence between man and nature has been buried. Being intoxicated with the artistic conception of poetry and painting for a long time has lost its essence, direction and vitality, and even flowers have become opium, and the pool water has formed a rotten ditch.
In recent years, modern urban planning and architectural design are also in full swing, and they are also suspected of being arty. Pavilions and pavilions are planted indiscriminately, and pools and ponds are everywhere, regardless of the actual natural conditions, human environment and economic situation. As a result, piles of regrettable visual garbage are formed, resulting in a huge waste of manpower and material resources, which is quite "winding and secluded". For example, after the new mayor of a county-level small city in North China took office, in order to implement the "achievement project", the first fire turned nearly 5 hectares of land in front of the municipal government into Chinese squares and pavilions, which were simply piled up and poorly designed, and the consequences could be imagined. No matter whether the local environment is suitable for large-scale construction of gardens and architectural forms that are contrary to its own cultural characteristics formed by its long history, it can be judged that this is an irresponsible "muddled project" and "corrupt project" in terms of its natural conditions of water shortage and financial resources that cannot make ends meet, which will leave an unbearable burden for future generations.
It seems that it is really necessary for our decision makers, especially designers, to bend down, calm down, re-understand the essence and characteristics of China's classical gardens, and make a profound reflection, because developing countries can't stand the heavy blow brought by blind construction without learning and argumentation.
The aestheticism of China's classical gardens has formed its own systematic characteristics, so let's make a rough interpretation.
★ First of all, "the sum of two halves is a wonderful piano, and the opposite is like a game." The beauty of ancient gardens in China is that there are only half types, mostly attached to various buildings, integrated with the other half of the main functional area, and the system is optimized. The two-in-one structure of ancient buildings in China is like Qin Pi couple, Yin and Yang gossip, and even everything. It is semi-garden-like, unique and full of vitality.
The deep structure behind this is the fusion of double life: fatigue and rest, rigor and arbitrariness ... joining the WTO and being born. People are natural people and social people, so they have a double life. Accordingly, there are two functional areas in the building, and the garden is the more natural half. In the ancient world, the ancient buildings in China fully reflected this two-in-one lifestyle, and its essence lies in this, connecting the preceding with the following, and showing the future.
Whether it is a palace, a royal palace, a mausoleum, a residence, a restaurant, a teahouse, a garden or even a romantic venue, it embodies the architectural concept of "two halves in one". Such as: Ningbo Tianyige Library Building, with fire-fighting pools, pavilions, flowers, trees and rocks; Meizhou Meihua College is located in Yangzhou, Mei Duo, Loutai, Chixie and Tingshege Road; Jiangning County Guild Hall has gardens; Yangzhou Qingzhi Pharmacy is attached to the "Twelve-room Garden"; There are dozens of ancient elms outside Zhongning Temple, and there is a big stage inside. The garden on the mountain is a fish pond; The handicraft workshop of Liulichang in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty was also a "shady place outside workshops and shrines, full of smoke and water". There are eight views in the temple above Yangzhou; Yin Hui Temple has Deer Garden and Yinglin, and the Water Affairs Bureau is the best. ...
Moreover, various types of buildings such as houses and temples are intertwined and integrated with gardens. Take the residence as an example: According to the History of Classical Gardens in China edited by Zhou, the vast majority of private gardens in China are home gardens, attached to the residence; Small and medium-sized gardens in Suzhou are mostly located on the east or west side of the house, "all sides are study or living room"; Most of the large-scale ones are behind, and they are well combined, so we can't talk about them in isolation. Taking Humble Administrator's Garden as a representative, the unity of dual life in a round house is understood from the organic combination of functions and the integration of the overall spatial structure.
In a word, the garden is by no means an art for viewing only, but a rich living place, in which spiritual enjoyment is also the interest of life. Every house does not necessarily have a garden. But as a type, it is generally combined with gardens. It can be seen that various types of gardens are one of the main features of ancient architecture in China.
★ Furthermore, "make true poems and paintings false, and distinguish between literature and books". Although the aestheticism of classical gardens emphasizes that gardens = recreation = appreciation = art, in essence, even if gardens are larger than houses or independent bodies, their essence is different from poetry and painting. It has at least seven non-artistic features: first, the artificially optimized ecology-living environment; Second, the sports ground; Third, a secluded place to study and work; Fourth, the leisure and self-entertainment of family members; Five for socializing; Sixth, out of religious needs; Seven is to make money.
The mode of integration of gardens and all architectural types has become a living cell of urban form, which has directional significance. This is different from European classical gardens, which are not integrated into all architectural types and fail to achieve mutual penetration in function and space. The house is self-contained, the garden is self-contained, and so is Versailles.
From the perspective of the city as a whole, gardens have penetrated into all kinds of buildings, and together with the natural landscape of the city and suburbs, * * * has formed an urban structure of harmony between man and nature. Yuanming Sanyuan, Summer Palace, Beijing Sanhai and Summer Resort are good proofs.
★ Finally, "beyond the new misunderstanding between heaven and earth". Once the two-in-one mode of garden rushes out of the beautiful valley, the world changes suddenly and the concept falls.
First, the ancient architecture in China is a comprehensive large-scale system. As a horizontal subsystem, landscape architecture is intertwined with other subsystems, and the system is optimized and its vitality is multiplied. Just like nuclear fusion, it inspires new directions such as large-scale integration and multi-functional flexibility. This is the lack of infiltration and integration between European traditional architectural types, which does not have the characteristics.
Secondly, the multi-level integration of heaven and man from home to city has new reference value for exploring the global urban ecological environment model.
Thirdly, gardens can not be separated from other associations, and can not be separated from people's natural and social attributes. At the same time, work is more important than recreation, and the park is attached to various main functional areas, adjusting life at any time and changing space nearby, which complement each other. If we separate them, we will lose both ends, the gardens will lose their extensive support, and all types will lose their optimized ecological environment, especially the essence and special value of the ancient buildings in China.
Fourthly, there are many buildings in the garden, accounting for 30% (small garden) or 15% (large garden) of the whole hospital, which is obviously different from the ancient gardens in Europe and Japan. The advantages of classical gardens in China lie in their rich functions, strong organic structure of dual living space and landscaping. The disadvantage is that greening and water bodies need to be scrutinized, and the ecological function is weakened. Therefore, on the basis of maintaining the basic functional content, the proportion of ornamental buildings should be appropriately reduced, especially pavilions should be avoided to increase the ecology.
Fifth, stacking stones is a major feature with many functions and high achievements. However, relatively speaking, the construction of pure rock often competes for greening and water land, which is not conducive to ecology and microclimate. It is not as good as a little stone vegetation, which is both seamless and conducive to greening.
Courtyard water is also an important part of the basic elements of gardens. Whether it is nourishing life, combining rigidity with softness, enhancing vitality, attracting aura and enlightening wisdom, the role of water is irreplaceable. It has both ornamental value and environmental protection value, and even can adjust the microclimate. The Royal Book pointed out: "Spring is the blood of the family." Therefore, the perfect building community must be equipped with water to make the finishing point.
As one of the important decorations in gardens, plants also play a very special role. Plants usually have strong vitality. Planting a large number of healthy plants will create a fresh and energetic environment, help reduce the radiation and static electricity generated by various daily necessities in modern furniture, and release oxygen through photosynthesis to provide fresh air for buildings. Many plants, because of their special texture and function, have played a protective role in life, and some people call them the patron saint of architecture.
Sixth, economically speaking, the disadvantages of building a building by piling stones outweigh the advantages, so we should stop and strive for twice the result with half the effort. At this point, we should take a warning from the danger of taking stones from a distance.
Seventh, gardens and main functional areas are complementary in form, which is the characteristic of ancient architecture in China. If only one of them is used to summarize the tradition, both of them are biased. In the west, classical architecture only pays attention to symmetry, while modernism only advocates asymmetry, which is extremely undesirable. If the two are suitable, the clever combination will become more and more exciting.
Eighth, the existing catalogue of ancient gardens is very incomplete in types and styles, and the theoretical exploration is quite one-sided. Mainly manifested in the single type of objects in the park, the style is difficult to return to the original, and there are many misunderstandings about the unity of heaven and man in concept.
Take the successful "Beijing Xishan Courtyard" project developed by Vanke Group as an example, which gives people a brand-new feeling of "situational experience". "Beijing Xishan Courtyard" is located in the north of the Summer Palace. In order to undertake the cultural mission and respect the regional context, the designer carefully arranged 26 single buildings with their own characteristics, starting from the commercial street and moving along the green axis, skillfully using the layout and garden planning to enclose the 13 main courtyard. In addition to its innovative architectural structure, in order to create the flavor of "humanistic mansion", the original creator has also made great efforts in many details: (1) the bolt horse stone and hanging flower gate found in Beijing; The facade is inlaid with traditional flaky; Transplanting old trees suitable for local climate; Reduce the scale of the buildings in the park, be cordial and pleasant ... and form a perfect style of massiness, implication, respect for history, relying on reality, practicality and beauty as a whole.
In a word, we can open up a new world by re-understanding the ancient architectural gardens in China, transcending the shallow connotations such as poetry and painting, deepening the essence and clarifying the main features. We don't have to be trapped in the high school of aestheticism. The preference of art supremacy obliterates the vitality of gardens. You are welcome to call you an "assistant" of garden art, which is a disaster of garden art. As far as the combination of garden and other building types is concerned, this urban ecological-living cell model has a wide range of reality. For example, the relationship between the enjoyment of space, indoor or rooftop gardens, overhead and sunken greening and architecture, which is popular in contemporary times, reveals many new opportunities and directions, and coincides with the spiritual essence of ancient architecture in China.
What is left to us is sober, accurate and good at grasping!