First, he was born in a noble family in Jiangdong. Zu, a Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty man, was the adjutant of Emperor Xiao Wu, who made outstanding achievements and was named Hou of Jin 'an. Father Tao Zhenbao, deep antidote, son-related history, official to Jiangxia Xiaochang. Tao lived in seclusion, a thinker, doctor, alchemist and writer during the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, and helped to revise the Notes on Materia Medica. Mr. Bai Zhen died. One of the representatives of Maoshan School of Taoism during the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. Because I have seen through the troubled times, although I am in Zhumen, I don't care about foreign things, but only study. After living in seclusion, Qushan, but every time the country conquers great events, it always asks for teaching. There are often several letters in the middle of the month, which people call the Prime Minister in the Mountain.
Tao Hongjing was born into a noble family in the Southern Dynasties. Descendants of Yaodi, General Wu Zhennan in the Three Kingdoms Period, and later promoted to Shangshu. Grandpa Long Tao, good martial arts, the antidote. Father, Tao Zhenbao, is a country-heavy, civil and military all-rounder. Since he was a child, he has been extremely clever. At the age of ten, he read Ge Hong's Biography of Immortals, and he decided to keep fit. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, he tried to find mountain records.
At the age of 20, he was cited as a servant of the kings, and later worshipped General Zuo Houtang. Thirty-six-year-old Liang lives in seclusion in Huayang Cave, Qushan. Liang Wudi knew Tao Hongjing in his early years. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he wanted him to be an official and assist in state affairs. Tao drew two cows, one grazing freely and the other wearing a golden halter, led by a man with a whip. Liang Wudi knew what it meant as soon as he saw it. Although he is not an official, he has been writing letters and he often discusses court affairs with him. He is called the Prime Minister in the Mountain. Tao Hongjing's life spanned the three generations of Song, Qi and Liang, and his experience was complicated. Although Liang Wudi was very kind to him, Heather was also called the prime minister in the mountains. However, during the Southern Liang Dynasty, Tao Hongjing, as a representative of Maoshan Taoism, was forced to travel far. Finally, as a master of Taoist Puritanism, I went to Ashoka Tower in _ county to commit suicide and practice Buddhism and Taoism. It is this that avoids the death of the new Shi Tian Dao. I like Kou Qianzhi. Later generations regarded this as an example of the blending of Buddhism and Taoism in Qi and Liang Dynasties, but never analyzed the real reason of Tao Hongjing's ritual Buddhism. Wang Jiakui, a doctor of Shandong University, believes that Tao Hongjing's move is not voluntary, but to safeguard the survival of Maoshan Taoists. In Tao Hongjing, there is a poem in memory of my friend Shen Yue: I have a few lines of tears that I haven't shed for more than ten years. Today is the end of your life. Sprinkle it before the autumn wind comes. Dr. Wang believes that this is Tao Hongjing's painful mentality after he was forced to be ordained in the name of mourning Shen Yue. According to the Song Dynasty's Biography of Huayang's Seclusion, there are 32 kinds of Dow's works, with as many as 233 volumes. Unfortunately, most of them have been lost. Up to now, there are still some international classics, such as True Patent, True Spirit Industry Map, Secret Recipe of Climbing Truth, Notes on Materia Medica, Tao's Herbal Medicine for Living in Seclusion, Prescriptions for Medicine, Health Guide, Records of Nourishing Health, Collection of Prescriptions of then and Huang Bai, Collection of Taiqing Zhu Dan, etc. And astronomical astrology calculation, imperial calendar, Huayang Road seclusion collection and so on. From this point of view, Su Dongpo's regret for life is the same at all times, and a man as broad as Tao Hongjing is no exception. Tao Hongjing's Gong Cao Li Xing Shu is particularly wonderful. He has some research on calendars, geography and medicine. Sorted out the ancient Shennong herbal classics and supplemented the new drugs used by famous doctors in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Seven volumes of Classic of Materia Medica were collected, and 730 kinds of drugs were recorded, which created a classification method of drugs used so far, including jade, vegetation, insects, livestock, fruits, vegetables and rice, which had a certain impact on the development of materia medica. Its contents were collected and circulated in herbal books of past dynasties.
Heather and Liang Shu both said that Tao Hongjing was made a concubine by her father, so she never got married. He also said that he respects Buddha, and Zeng Mengfo gave him a bodhi record called Victory Bodhisattva. It means that Ashoka Tower, the immortal of Yunxian, swore an oath and received five precepts.
Second, the ideological overview Tao Hongjing is knowledgeable and versatile. Subjectively, of course, it is to study the art of feeding and recuperating for cultivating immortals, but objectively, it has made outstanding contributions to natural sciences such as medicine, metallurgy and astronomy. In religious belief, he believes in both immortal Taoism and immortal Buddhism. In religious theory, he not only lives in Lu, Yang and He, but also helps the world and Buddhism.
On the question of the origin of the universe, although he advertised as. Laozi is the foundation, but it is different from Taoist philosophy. Zhen Chen ordered the cloud: Taoism is mixed, it is vitality, vitality, and then Tai Chi. Taiji is the mother of heaven and earth, and Tao is Austrian. It is believed that vitality is the product of Tao, Tao is the origin of the universe and the spiritual origin of supernatural matter. Tao Te Ching said: Tao is natural. According to the Taiping Jing, the vitality is the same, and the two are inseparable. The Western Ascension Scripture written by Taoist priests in Wei and Jin Dynasties also said that nature is the foundation of Tao, while Tao Hongjing believed that Tao gave birth to vitality, and vitality was the beginning of all things in the universe.
Tao Hongjing practiced Buddhism and Taoism, and built two temples of Buddhism and Taoism in Maoshan Taoist Temple, and worshipped every other day. Tang Shi Fallin's Theory of Right and Wrong Volume 6: maoshan taoist worships He Zi and Tao Hongjing and always respects Buddhism as their career, but when they meet monks, they always worship; There is a Xi 'an Buddha statue in the cave. Self-guided disciples learn, repent day and night, and constantly recite Buddhist scriptures. Liang Shu Tao Hongjing Cloud: Ashoka Tower in Yunxian County swore an oath. Five precepts. Appendix to Tao Zhenbai: Hua Yang lived in seclusion in a secluded hall, and was given a life by the victorious Bodhisattva. Disciple of Buddha Sakyamuni, the highest Taoist priest. Six degrees of Mahayana, three truths. The Biography of Nan Shi Tao Hongjing also contains Tao Xun's living will: because of his old clothes, he wore an upper ring skirt, arm clothes, socks, a crown and a towel, recorded a cymbal on his left elbow, put a medicine cymbal on his right elbow and wrapped it under his left armpit. Wear a circle around your waist, tie it in front, and tie your hair on your bun. Cover your head and feet with a big cassock. There are chariots and horses, Taoist priests, Taoist priests on the left and Taoist priests on the right inside the door. It means both Buddhism and Taoism.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the dispute between Buddhism and Taoism left behind historical documents, including Hongmingji and Guanghongmingji of Buddhism, Yi Xia Lun by Gu Huan of Taoism, Three Discontinuities of Daoqi by Zhang Yimen, Lao Zi by Wang Fu and Hu Jing. Tao Hongjing adopted a dual-cultivation and integration attitude towards these two religions. In Tao Tao's seclusion in Huayang, orthodox Taoist books are good, and there are two kinds of books about answering courtiers' visits to immortals and worshipping Buddha. It is believed that Buddhism and Taoism discuss the life and death of form and spirit. He said: now, its positive body, where the quality is like a knot, but the shape is spiritual. Form and spirit are one, and people are things; If form and spirit are separated, it is spirit and ghost. It is inseparable and is taken by Buddhism; It is also the separation and combination, and the fairy road depends on it. The way out of Buddhism is to seek the separation between god and form, and the garden should be silent, and the form should be exhausted without the immortality of god. It is believed that the pain of life is due to the failure of the body, so that it falls into reincarnation. If you want to get rid of reincarnation, your body will be extinct forever and your spirit will be happy forever. Taoism, on the other hand, takes the lifting of emptiness as the primary task, and depends on form and spirit to live forever and enter the realm of immortals. Tao Hongjing believes that what people value is what people value. The foundation of the living God, the form of God, man is also a living God, and the man entrusted by God is also a form. Divine parting is death. Therefore, Tao Hongjing pays equal attention to form and spirit, and pays equal attention to practice and practice. Answering the courtiers' two photo albums of visiting immortals and worshipping Buddha also means that immortals are extremely refined and sensible. When it is planted as a vessel, it is soil, but it is different from soil. Although it was dry and not burned, it was wet or broken, and it was not cooked when burned, and it was quickly destroyed. With sufficient firepower and solid appearance, rivers and mountains can be exhausted, which is indestructible. Those who are immortals in their leisure time refine their shapes with medicinal stones, shine with spirits, cultivate their qualities with kindness, and solve their entanglement with kindness. Legal * * * communication, without hindrance or delay. If you want to be together, ride a dragon. If you want to go, just _ solute; Never give up, live or die, so follow the cause and practice learning, and gradually it will become endless, full of teaching, and eventually it will die. It shows that Tao Hongjing advocated Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in religious thought, but Xian was the first.
Comparing Tao Hongjing's theory of form and spirit with Fan Zhen's theory of Liang Dynasty's spirit, there are obviously two opposite schools.
In terms of religious teachings, Tao Hongjing also has many humanitarian aspects in aiding Buddhism, such as the canon of the truth of immortality given by Zhen Zhen is very similar to the relevant contents of Buddhist scriptures, the period when Zhen Zhen assisted the prosperous times, Zhen Zhen's subtle interpretation, Du Feng's chronicle of ghosts and gods, Gzero's netherworld, the fact that people died in the Six Heavenly Palace and so on. , so as to introduce the doctrine of reincarnation and hell afterlife into Taoism. What Zhu quoted is that he stole Buddhist scriptures, and that's what he meant.
Three. Conclusion Tao Hongjing experienced the Southern Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty and Liang Dynasty. He got along well with the imperial clan of Liu and Song Dynasties, but he didn't get along well with Emperor Gao and Emperor Wu of Qi. He was loyal to Xiao Yan's rule of Qi. His political career was not smooth. He has never been a big official in his life, and he has no ambition. Academically, he has profound attainments in medicine, metallurgy, calendar calculation, art of war, calligraphy and many other aspects. He was a knowledgeable and versatile scholar in the Southern Dynasties, and made beneficial contributions to the development of medicine, metallurgy and astronomy in China. He has a comprehensive understanding of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and advocates the unity of the three religions. He was the most influential figure of Taoism in the Southern Dynasties, and had a far-reaching influence on the development of Taoism in later generations.