Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin, also known as tocopherol, and is one of the most important antioxidants.
The daily reference dose of adult nutritional vitamins: vitamin A is1.5 mg; Vitamin e 30mg.
Many health care products purchased now are also based on mg, so there is a conversion problem between IU (International Unit) and mg (Mg), which is convenient for everyone to measure and compare the dosage. I'm afraid a large dose will do more harm than good.
The conversion values of different elements are different (international regulations):
Vitamin A: 1IU = 0.3 ug and 1000ug= 1mg.
Vitamin E: 1IU = 1mg.
After calculation, the supplement amount of normal adults: vitamin A: A: 1.5mg is 5000IU；; Vitamin E is 30IU.
Function: Vitamin E has the most extensive function in human body, which is bigger than any nutrient, so it is called "guardian". It has a good antioxidant effect in the body, that is, it reduces cell aging. Maintain the integrity of red blood cells, promote cell synthesis, resist pollution and infertility.
Lack of vitamin E can lead to leg diseases such as atherosclerosis, anemia, cancer and cataract in the elderly. Form a scar; Will make the teeth yellow; Cause myopia; Causing disability and mental retardation; Cause male sexual dysfunction; Prostate hypertrophy and so on.
Source: Kiwi, nuts (including almonds, hazelnuts and walnuts), sunflower seeds, corn, cold-pressed vegetable oil, including corn, safflower, soybean, cottonseed and wheat germ (the most abundant one), spinach and kale, sweet potato and yam. Lettuce, cabbage and cauliflower are vegetables with more vitamin E. Milk, eggs and cod liver oil also contain some vitamin E.
Re-understanding vitamin e
Speaking of vitamin e, I believe everyone must be familiar with it. In life, middle-aged and elderly people often take vitamin E to delay aging, while women like to choose cosmetics containing vitamin E to beautify and rejuvenate their skin. However, we know little about the role of vitamin E in the prevention and treatment of diseases and how to choose and take vitamin E correctly. Recently, at the seminar on "Vitamin E and Human Health", relevant experts comprehensively introduced the latest discovery and research of vitamin E..
Found vitamin e
According to Yang Xiaoguang, a researcher at Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine 1922, foreign experts found that a fat-soluble dietary factor is very important for the normal reproduction of rats. This factor is named vitamin E in 1924. In subsequent animal experiments, scientists found that if mice lack vitamin E, their hearts, livers and muscles will degenerate and they will be infertile. If mice lack vitamin E, male mice will never have children, and female mice will never be pregnant with full-term fetuses. At the same time, there are symptoms such as liver degeneration and myocardial abnormality. Without vitamin e, monkeys will be anaemic, infertile and have abnormal myocardium. In the 1980s, medical experts found that if human beings lacked vitamin E, it would cause hereditary diseases and metabolic diseases. With the deepening of research, medical experts have realized that vitamin E plays a wide role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumors, diabetes and other complications, central nervous system diseases, sports system diseases, skin diseases and so on.
Natural vitamin E is gradually replaced.
Synthetic vitamin e
According to professionals engaged in vitamin research, many people buy vitamin E for health care and disease prevention, but they are generally synthetic vitamin E products. With the development of modern medicine and nutrition, scientists have found that natural vitamin E is actually more in line with human needs than synthetic products. These natural vitamin E are widely found in the green parts of plants and the germ of Gramineae seeds, especially in vegetable oil.
It is understood that natural vitamin E is separated and purified from soybean oil with high technology. Because there is no chemical reaction in the production process, this natural vitamin E maintains the original physiological activity and natural properties of vitamin E, is easier to be absorbed and utilized by human body, is safer than synthetic vitamin E, and is more suitable for long-term administration. Experiments have also proved that the antioxidant and anti-aging performance of natural vitamin E is dozens of times that of synthetic vitamin E. In addition, natural vitamin E is gradually replacing synthetic vitamin E in medical products, health food and cosmetics.
In China, natural vitamin E is expected to enter the market at a moderate price in the near future to meet the needs of public health.
Taking vitamin E varies from person to person.
According to Li Keji, a researcher in the Sports Medicine Research Office of Peking University Third Hospital, vitamin E deficiency is very rare, especially in China, where the dietary structure is dominated by plant food, the intake of vitamin E is generally high. If there is no fat absorption disorder, vitamin E provided in the diet can basically meet the normal needs of the human body. However, a large number of clinical experiments have proved that vitamin E does have the function of preventing and treating diseases, but its specific dosage and method of use are still inconclusive. Associate researcher Wang Fu of Shanghai Second Military Medical University introduced the clinical application of vitamin E in treating various diseases at home and abroad.
1, treating atherosclerosis
It has been reported abroad that daily intake of vitamin 100 mg can slow down the progress of mild, moderate and severe coronary atherosclerosis. Daily vitamin C supplementation or multivitamins can not slow down the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. It is also reported that after taking 200 mg of vitamin E and 90,000 units of vitamin A 6 to 65,438+00 weeks, the symptoms such as headache, insomnia, dizziness and tinnitus will be alleviated, and blood pressure, blood lipid and cholesterol will be reduced.
2. Treatment of congestive heart failure and angina pectoris For these patients, vitamin E of E200 mg to 400 mg per day can increase the exercise load, make angina pectoris disappear and have diuretic effect.
3. Preventive and therapeutic effects on tumors Experiments in vitro and in vivo show that vitamin E can control the growth of tumor cells and reduce or delay the occurrence of tumors in vivo. Epidemiological data also show that the intake of vitamin E in human body is negatively correlated with tumor.
For example, foreign studies have found that high-dose vitamin E can prevent hair loss caused by chemotherapy drug adriamycin. The general dose is 1600 mg per day, which should be taken 5 ~ 7 days before chemotherapy.
4, vitamin E and gynecological diseases Taking vitamin E capsules can cure some women's bleeding or menorrhagia after placing intrauterine devices. The method is: take vitamin E 100 mg orally every other day, 7 days for 1 course of treatment, and general treatment for 1 to 3 courses of treatment. Another literature reported that vitamin E can treat immune infertility, anovulatory infertility and habitual abortion.
However, the research results of Finnish male smokers show that vitamin E can reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction on the one hand and increase the risk of bleeding, such as cerebral hemorrhage on the other. Therefore, vitamin E should not be taken in excess. Researcher Li Keji finally reminded readers that vitamin E deficiency is a rare disease, and it must be carried out under the guidance of a doctor when it is used to prevent and treat diseases. Don't be as eager for success as calcium supplementation.
Matters needing attention
Vitamin e is usually nontoxic. When taken in large doses (per day 1, more than 200 international units), it can cause nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat and other adverse reactions.
Please consult your health consultant before taking vitamin E when you have the following conditions:
If you have high blood pressure.
If you are using an anticoagulant, such as sodium acetylcoumarin or benzyl acetylcoumarin.
Relationship with drugs
If vitamin E is taken together with acetone benzyl hydroxycoumarin (a coagulant), it will increase the possibility of abnormal bleeding. Cholesterol-lowering drugs called bile acid chelating agents (such as coletipol and coleenamine) will reduce the absorption of vitamin E, which will interact with cyclosporine (a drug for treating cancer) and reduce its curative effect.
Vitamin e (tocopherol)
biographical notes
Also known as tocopherol or pregnancy-induced phenol, it exists in edible oil, fruits, vegetables and grains. 1988 was successfully synthesized, and it has tablet, injection, suppository and other dosage forms.
As the name implies, vitamin E, also known as tocopherol or pregnancy-induced phenol, can maintain the normal function of reproductive organs, have a good influence on the metabolism of the body, increase the weight of the ovary, promote its function, promote follicular maturation, enlarge the corpus luteum, and inhibit the oxidation of progesterone in the whole body, thus increasing the role of progesterone. In addition, vitamin E has adjuvant therapeutic effects on menorrhagia, vulvar pruritus, leg spasm at night, hemorrhoids, etc. In recent years, vitamin E has been widely used in anti-aging, which can eliminate the deposition of lipofuscin in cells, improve the normal function of cells and slow down the aging process of tissues and cells.
In view of so many functions of vitamin E, some media have greatly "marveled" at the product, and even unilaterally exaggerated the beneficial effects that large doses of vitamin E may play in the body, leading to the phenomenon of vitamin E fever and indiscriminate eating of vitamin E in the market.
Fat solubility:
Stored in liver, adipose tissue, heart, muscle, testis, uterus, blood, accessory kidney, pituitary gland, etc.
It used to be measured by weight, but now considering the function of living things, its measurement is measured by IU (International Unit). One international unit of vitamin E is equal to 1 mg of vitamin E; It consists of eight compounds called tocopherol, namely α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ,
η and θ, among which α -tocopherol has the strongest effect;
The enemy of vitamin e
High temperature, oxygen, sub-zero temperature, food processing, iron, chlorine and mineral oil.
General function
Vitamin E has a strong antioxidant effect, which can prevent the oxidation of fatty compounds, vitamin A, selenium (Se), two sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamin C.
Improve the effect of vitamin a;
Vitamin E is an important vasodilator and anticoagulant.
Adding 25mcg selenium to 200IU of vitamin E can improve the efficacy of vitamin E.
efficiency
Delaying the aging of cells due to oxidation and maintaining a young face;
Provide oxygen to your body to make you last longer;
Together with vitamin A, it can resist air pollution and protect the lungs;
Prevent blood coagulation;
Reduce fatigue;
It is an external medicine (which can be absorbed through the skin) and an internal medicine for local trauma, which can prevent scars;
Accelerate the recovery of burns;
Lowering blood pressure through diuretics;
Prevention of abortion;
Helps to relieve leg cramps and stiff hands and feet;
Reduce the chance of ischemic heart disease.
normal requirement
[Normal human needs]
The recommended daily intake for adults is 8 ~10iu;
60% ~ 70% of daily intake will be excreted with excrement. Different from other fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin E has a short storage time in human body, which is the same as vitamins B and C; Medical experts believe that the common oral dose of vitamin E should be 10 to 100 mg each time, 1 3 times a day. Large dose means more than 400 mg per day, and long-term use means continuous use for more than 6 months. Vitamin E contained in the general diet can fully meet the needs of the human body. Therefore, it is not only unnecessary for the elderly to take vitamin E for a long time, but also unsafe and has side effects.
Too much
Is taking a large dose of vitamin E really beneficial and harmless? Robert, an American medical expert, suggested that taking large doses of vitamin E for a long time would cause various diseases. Among them, thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism, or both occur at the same time, because large doses of vitamin E can cause platelet aggregation and formation; When blood pressure rises, blood pressure can be reduced or returned to normal after drug withdrawal; Breast hypertrophy can occur in both men and women; Headache, dizziness, dizziness, blurred vision, muscle weakness;
Chapped skin, cheilitis, angular stomatitis, urticaria; Symptoms of diabetes or angina pectoris are obviously aggravated; Hormone metabolism disorder, prothrombin reduction; Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels increased; Platelets increase, vitality increases, and immune function decreases.
Vitamin e poisoning
Adults take relatively large doses of vitamin E(D-α- tocopherol 400~800mg/d) for several years without obvious damage. Those who take 800~3200mg/d occasionally have muscle weakness, fatigue, vomiting and diarrhea. The most obvious toxic effect of vitamin E > 1000 mg/d is to antagonize and enhance the effect of vitamin K.
lack
Vitamin e deficiency
Red blood cell destruction, muscle degeneration, anemia, reproductive dysfunction.
food source
Foods rich in vitamin e
Malt, soybean, vegetable oil, nuts, Brussels sprouts, green leafy vegetables, spinach, nutritious flour, whole wheat, unrefined cereal products, eggs.
Nutritional supplements
Both fat-soluble capsules and water-soluble tablets are acceptable.
Generally sell 100 ~ 1500 IU of vitamin e. Water-soluble vitamin E is suitable for people who don't eat greasy food or people who eat greasy food will cause skin lesions, especially middle-aged people over 40 years old.
The average daily intake is 200 ~ 1200 IU.
Drug combination
Inorganic iron (ferrous sulfate) can destroy vitamin E, so it cannot be taken at the same time. If you take a nutritional supplement containing a small amount of ferrous sulfate and take vitamin E at the same time, it must be 8 hours apart;
Special purpose
People whose diets are rich in polyunsaturated fats (vegetable oil and fish oil) must take more vitamin E;
Organic iron such as ferrous gluconate, pepsin, citrate and crotonate will not destroy vitamin E;
People who drink tap water poisoned by chlordecone must take more vitamin E;
Women who take birth control pills, hormones or during pregnancy and lactation must take more vitamin E;
In order to increase the intake of vitamin E in menopausal women, it is recommended to take tocopherol complex, 400 ~ 1200 IU per day.
Vitamin e will not reduce the incidence of heart disease.
A recent study in Canada found that taking vitamin E does not reduce the incidence of heart disease. If you take vitamin E every day for 4 to 6 years, the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or death from heart disease is not lower than that of people who take placebo every day.
Vitamin E is a low oxidation antioxidant. Oxidation is a natural reaction related to aging and diseases, including arteriosclerosis. In the recent research experiment, the researchers randomly divided the subjects over 55 into two groups, one group took vitamin E supplement containing 400 international units, and the other group took placebo. Each subject had heart disease or diabetes, or at least one risk factor for myocardial infarction or stroke. Through research, it is found that after 46 years, there is no difference in test results. The number of people who suffered from myocardial infarction or stroke was similar between the two groups, and the number of people who died of cardiovascular diseases was roughly the same. This proves that although no side effects are found, taking vitamin E will not offset the negative effects of smoking, eating fatty foods and other unhealthy lifestyles.
Negative effects.
Drug name: vitamin e
Alias: tocopherol
Category: vitamins and minerals in western medicine and internal medicine
Main ingredients: Function: It has antioxidant effect. It can enhance skin capillary resistance, maintain normal permeability, improve blood circulation, regulate fertility function and resist aging. Can be used for treating coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, habitual abortion, muscular dystrophy, muscle spasm, scleredema neonatorum, lupus erythematosus,
Dermatomyositis, scleroderma, nodular vasculitis and so on. Dosage form: capsule: 5mg,10mg,100mg. Injection: each tablet 1 ml contains 5mg and 50mg. Oral: 10 ~ 100 mg each time, three times a day. Intramuscular injection: adult 10 ~ 100 mg twice a day.
Adverse reactions: nausea, headache and dizziness may occur when large doses are taken orally. Long-term use will produce menorrhagia or amenorrhea. Note: Not suitable for use with sucralfate and mineral oil. In over-the-counter drugs, rubber pills are used.
(Character and stability) Vitamin E is a yellow transparent viscous liquid; It is odorless, turns black when exposed to light, is sensitive to oxygen and is easy to be oxidized, so it can protect other oxidizable substances (such as unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A) in the body, and will slowly oxidize and deteriorate when exposed to air or ultraviolet rays.
(In vivo process) Tocopherol can be absorbed by intestinal tract after oral administration (bile salt is required), for example, 2 grams is taken orally once, and the absorption rate is 55%. After lymphatic absorption, it reaches the blood in the form of chylomicrons, and then binds with plasma β-lipoprotein, and the binding amount is about 74% of plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of normal adults is about1.05 0.32 mg, which is distributed in various tissues after absorption, with the highest content in pituitary, adrenal gland and testis, and the lower content in thymus and uterus. Vitamin E is distributed in mitochondria and microsomes of these tissues and organs. It can be oxidized to reproductive quinone in tissues, and then reduced to β-reproductive hydroquinone, which combines with glucuronic acid in the liver, mainly secreted into the intestine through bile, and excreted with feces, rarely in urine.
(Drug action) (1) Anti-free radical: Free radical is an active group widely existing in various chemical reactions and plays an important role in normal physiological metabolism of human body.
If excessive free radicals lead to free radical chain reaction, it will lead to lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membrane, and a large number of newly produced lipid peroxides will damage protein and nucleic acids in cell membrane and cells, thus causing damage to the body. The anti-free radical effect of vitamin E is due to the fact that the free radical itself is a derivative of benzopyran, the benzene ring has active hydroxyl, which is reducing, and then there is saturated side chain on the five-carbon ring, which determines that vitamin E is reducing and lipophilic. When free radicals enter the lipid phase and have a chain reaction, vitamin E plays a role in capturing free radicals. Vitamin e has a highly effective anti-free radical lipid peroxidation effect.
(2) Vitamin E and anti-aging: It has been studied for decades, and there are different opinions at present. Generally speaking, vitamin E has little effect on the longest life span of population aging, but it can prolong the average life span, so the anti-aging effect of vitamin E is only a health care function.
(3) Vitamin E and immunity: the lack of vitamin E has an impact on the immune function of human beings or animals, which not only reduces the body immunity, but also has a great impact on the cellular immunity.
(4) Vitamin E and cardiovascular diseases: A large intake of vitamin E can reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis, which may be related to the fact that vitamin E can hinder the "foaming" of arterial endothelial cells and balance the cholesterol metabolism of endothelial cells.
(5) Study on vitamin E and liver: In 1980s, it was clarified that vitamin E was one of the important protective factors for hepatocyte growth. American scholars have found that one of the last ways of liver cell death is the depletion of vitamin E in liver cells, and its mechanism is different from that of calcium ion, but it uses the form of phase itself in cells to play its role as a cytoprotective factor. Vitamin E has a protective effect on acute liver injury and a delaying effect on chronic liver fibrosis.
(6) Vitamin E and skin: Vitamin E itself is a good antioxidant, which can enter skin cells and has a chain reaction against free radicals. Theoretically, it is superior to superoxide dismutase (SOD) and can be used to prevent skin keratinization.
There are many manifestations of vitamin E deficiency, but it is most important for reproductive, muscular, cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems.
Reproductive system: The long-term lack of vitamin E in male rats leads to the degeneration of epithelial cells, resulting in irreversible infertility. In female mice with vitamin E deficiency, the pregnancy was terminated at about 10, when the fetal mouse died.
Muscular system: Many animals will suffer from muscular dystrophy after eating vitamin E-deficient feed. But there is no evidence that vitamin E is deficient in human muscular dystrophy.
Cardiovascular system: Skeletal muscle injury caused by vitamin E deficiency is also obvious in the myocardium of some animals. Although the heart is usually slightly involved, it is rare, but sometimes myocardial damage will be accompanied by ECG changes, pathological changes, and even heart failure.
Hematopoietic system: Vitamin E deficiency is related to anemia. When anemia in some patients cannot be treated with conventional drugs, large doses of vitamin E can be effectively treated.
As an over-the-counter drug, vitamin E is considered as a nutritional supplement and can be used as a therapeutic agent to treat various diseases caused by free radical damage.
Commonly used in habitual abortion, threatened abortion, infertility and menopausal disorders, progressive muscular dystrophy and so on.
(Adverse reactions and precautions) Vitamin E is relatively nontoxic at a certain dose. Long-term large dose (400-800 mg a day) can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, chapped skin, cheilitis, angular stomatitis, gastrointestinal dysfunction, diarrhea, mammary gland enlargement, fatigue and weakness.
Overdose (daily dose >; 800 mg), coagulation time was prolonged, endocrine metabolism (thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland) and immune mechanism were changed in some patients. Women can cause menorrhagia, amenorrhea and sexual dysfunction. And may lead to the risk of thrombophlebitis or embolism.
(Drug Interaction) (1) Vitamin E can promote the absorption, utilization and liver storage of vitamin A, and prevent vitamin A from hyperemia.
(2) Vitamin E metabolite can antagonize vitamin K and reduce blood coagulation, so it should be avoided to take it together with dicoumarin and its derivatives.
(3) Drugs that reduce or affect fat absorption, such as sphingosine and neomycin. Drugs such as sucralfate and mineral sugar oil will interfere with the absorption of vitamin E.
(4) Iron deficiency anemia, when iron is supplemented, the demand for vitamin E increases.
(5) Oral contraceptives can accelerate vitamin E metabolism and lead to vitamin E deficiency.
(6) Vitamin E can enhance the cardiotonic effect of digitalis and the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.
(7) When estrogen and vitamin E are used together, if the dosage is large and the course of treatment is long, it can induce thrombophlebitis.
(Usage and dosage) Oral. The conventional dosage of OTC drugs is 5- 10 mg once, three times a day; The larger dose is 50- 100 mg once, three times a day, and if it exceeds 400 mg a day, please see a doctor. External use: 2% cream, 1-2 times, daily 1 time.
The function of vitamin E is to start from the inside, help the skin become strong, have the resistance that is not easy to be hurt, and the skin naturally looks beautiful. Vitamin E can help the skin resist stress, especially in the urban environment, which is damaged by dirty air, exhaust gas and smoke every day. The pressure from life, work and schoolwork often makes the skin unable to maintain normal work and rest time. Internal troubles and foreign invasion will also accelerate the pace of aging, so vitamin E is a good partner if you want to stay young forever.
Skin-beautifying effect of vitamin E
Free radical scavenging skin is naturally healthy. The most powerful ability of vitamin E is to neutralize free radicals, eliminate free radicals caused by sun exposure, pollution and stress, and protect skin tissues. Can take care of the roots of the skin, so that the skin will not appear fine lines and slack prematurely. It can also promote the microvascular circulation of the skin, make the blood in the skin bright and clean forever, and make the face look naturally rosy and full of vitality.
How to preserve vitamin E in skin care products
Transport to the inner layer of skin by means of transport such as microparticle molecules. Because of its high stability, it is not easy to be damaged by the external environment. Therefore, it can be simply added to skin care products without worrying about deterioration or ineffectiveness caused by instability.
Factors affecting vitamin e
Vitamin e is only afraid of high temperature environment, and other things like light and water are not too big a threat to it, so as long as you don't put skin care products in direct light, there is basically no problem.
Which foods contain vitamin e
Wheat germ, beans, spinach, eggs and Chinese cabbage are all rich in vitamin E. If you want to supplement more vitamin E, eating it will be better than rubbing it. Because the effect of releasing vitamin e through skin intake is still limited. Eating vitamin E food or nutritional supplements can resist oxidation from the inside out, and achieve the purpose of delaying aging from the inside of the body to the appearance of the skin.
In the past two years, vitamins have really caused a sensation in the beauty industry. The beauty of eating goods is popular in Europe and America; And cosmetic companies have increased the proportion of vitamins in skin care products. Studies have found that many vitamins are closely related to the health of skin and hair. By direct application, it can directly act on the skin where it is needed.
What are the main physiological functions of vitamin E and its deficiency?
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a fat-soluble organic compound. At present, eight compounds are known to have similar physiological functions.
The most prominent chemical property of vitamin E is antioxidation, which can enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells and maintain the integrity of various cell membranes. Participate in various metabolic processes of some cells and tissues in the whole; Maintain the activity and receptor of membrane-bound enzyme. Some people think that vitamin E has many important physiological functions.
Function. For example: anti-aging, anti-coagulation, enhancing immunity, improving peripheral blood circulation, preventing arteriosclerosis, and maintaining the integrity of red blood cells, white blood cells, brain cells and epithelial cells, thus maintaining the normal functions of muscles, neurovascular and hematopoietic systems. It is also found that vitamin E has physiological functions similar to ginseng, such as protecting gastric ulcer; Can promote the synthesis of DNA and protein; Prolong the life of red blood cells; Enhance disease-free activities; Delaying blood vessels and
Tissue aging, etc. , remains to be studied.
Long-term lack of vitamin E can lead to giant cell hemolytic anemia, and the content of vitamin E in patients' blood decreases. The dietary supply of vitamin E is not stipulated in China, but it is stipulated in the United States as 12 ~ 15 international units per person per day.