Gynecology of traditional Chinese medicine is one of the important parts of traditional Chinese medicine, which is gradually formed, developed and enriched. The history of TCM obstetrics and gynecology can be divided into ten stages:
Traditional Chinese Medicine in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
(265438 BC+097 ~ 770 BC) Ancient ancestors in China accumulated drugs and medical technology in their work and life. In the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were theoretical records about dystocia, seeds and prenatal education. For example, there is a dystocia record of "cutting the chest and giving birth to a contract" in Historical Records of Chu Family. There is a record of taking Gu Rong for contraception in Shan Hai Jing ·Xi· Shan Jing. There is a record of prenatal education in the biography of the fierce woman.
(770 BC ~ 22 BC1) Bian Que, a famous doctor in this period, was called "the doctor who took the doctor down" (gynecologist) because he specialized in obstetrics and gynecology. There are also theoretical records of gynecology in Neijing, which laid the foundation for the development of obstetrics and gynecology in traditional Chinese medicine. There is a dystocia record of "Zhuanggong was born" in Zuo Zhuan. There is also a record that "men and women have the same surname, but they are born the same", which clearly points out that consanguineous marriage is harmful to future generations. This view is more than 2500 years earlier than Darwin's 1858, and it is also meaningful for today's eugenics research.
(2265438 BC+0 ~ 220 AD) There were records of gynecological medical books in the Qin Dynasty. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Cang Gong, Taicang Gong was interested in creating a "diagnosis book", among which the medical records of "Korean women can't catch up with the cold month" and "pregnant without breastfeeding" were the earliest gynecological medical records.
In the Han Dynasty, obstetrics and gynecology developed further, and "female doctors" appeared in the medical system. Medical abortion, conjoined fetus and surgical removal of stillbirth were recorded for the first time, and a number of monographs on obstetrics and gynecology appeared.
Among the cultural relics unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb is the Book of Fetal Birth, which is the earliest extant monograph on obstetrics and gynecology. The book puts forward some opinions on the health care during pregnancy, which reflects the understanding of pregnancy and fetal health at that time.
Zhang Zhongjing wrote three articles about women in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, discussing the syndrome and treatment of pregnancy vomiting, pregnancy abdominal pain, postpartum fever, heat entering the blood room, leukorrhagia, amenorrhea, hysteria and other diseases, and put forward external treatment methods such as vaginal washing and medication. Many experiences and prescriptions at that time are still valid today. Warren, a contemporary physician of Zhang Zhongjing, was a famous surgeon in ancient China. He not only successfully performed a laparotomy, but also successfully performed an operation to remove the stillbirth. The Biography of Hua Tuo in the later Han Dynasty said: One LUN said:' The stillbirth is boring, and it cannot be born by itself.' If you let people explore (take it far away), you will get a stillbirth. Its human form is recognizable, but its color is black. Aaron's stunts are all like this. "Visible at that time, obstetrics and gynecology has developed to a considerable level.
This period (from AD 220 to AD 6 18) was mainly the achievement of pulse science and etiology syndrome, which promoted the development of obstetrics and gynecology. According to the principle of "difficult classics", Pulse Classic written by Wang Shuhe in Jin Dynasty summarizes the knowledge of pulse science before the 3rd century, making the theory and method of pulse diagnosis systematic and standardized.
Among them, in obstetrics and gynecology, he put forward the theory of "staying in meridians" and "avoiding years", pointing out that "the ruler is endless, the fetal pulse is true" and the pulse condition distinguishes men and women, and described the "separation from menstruation" during childbirth, that is, "pregnancy is separated from menstruation, its pulse is floating, and abdominal pain is placed behind, so that today's life can be achieved".
Sui dynasty traditional Chinese medicine
(A.D. 6 10), Chao's Theory of Staging Diseases and Syndrome was a masterpiece of TCM pathology at that time, including five branches: internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and five senses.
There are eight volumes of gynecological diseases in the book. The first four volumes discuss gynecological diseases, including menstrual diseases, leucorrhea, vaginosis and mastopathy, and the last four volumes discuss obstetric diseases. According to the classification of pregnancy, childbirth, dystocia and postpartum, the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical findings are discussed item by item, which is quite rich in content.
(AD 6 18 ~ AD 907) Following the Sui system, the Tang Dynasty established a relatively complete medical system, and established the "Great Medical Department", which was the highest medical education institution and medical institution in the Tang Dynasty, specializing in training medical talents. The development of medicine is characterized by gradual specialization.
Sun Simiao, a famous doctor in the Tang Dynasty, listed the situation of women's fetal production at the beginning. This paper extensively discusses the problems of seeking children, pregnancy, dystocia, premature delivery, menstruation, leukorrhagia, miscellaneous diseases, etc., and also brilliantly discusses the contents of labor and postpartum care. Wang Tao's Secret Stories outside Taiwan also recorded some methods of abortion, and paid attention to birth control.
At this time, an important feature of the development of obstetrics and gynecology is the emergence of China's existing obstetric monograph with relatively complete theory, namely "Producing Treasures" written by Yin Xie.
(960 ~ 1279) Obstetrics and Gynecology in Song Dynasty has developed into an independent specialty. Obstetrics is one of the nine subjects set by National Medical Education Regulations. For example, "Yuan Feng Bei Dui" contains: "There are 300 people in nine departments of Taiyi Bureau ... 10 in obstetrics ..." During this period, some important monographs on obstetrics and gynecology appeared. Such as Yang Zijian's Ten Productions, Chen's Complete Collection of Women's Prescriptions, Zhu's Guide to Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li's Theory of Production, Guo Jizhong's Women's Prescriptions, etc. The greatest achievement in obstetrics and gynecology in this issue is Chen He's book "Prescription of Gynecological Diseases". This book systematically discusses the treatment of common gynecological diseases, especially dystocia. It is a famous monograph on obstetrics and gynecology in China and an outstanding work at that time. It has been popular for more than 300 years and has a great influence on later physicians.
(AD 1 1 15 ~ AD 1234； 127 1 ~ 1368) The Jin and Yuan Dynasties were a period of contention among medical schools, which began to rise. Liu, Zhang, Li and Zhu have made contributions to obstetrics and gynecology from different angles. In Yuan Dynasty, there were 13 departments in medicine and 1 3 departments in obstetrics.
The academic development of the four masters in Jin and Yuan Dynasties broadened the thinking of diagnosis and treatment of gynecological diseases. For example, Liu's book "Pathogenesis and Qi Should Save Your Life" says: "Women, children and young days are all deficient in yin; If the weather gets better, we should start with Jueyin. Heaven has passed away, but it belongs to the lunar classics. " This paper expounds the regularity of women's physiology, which becomes the theoretical basis for girls to tonify kidney in middle age, regulate liver in middle age and regulate spleen in menopause.
Zhang's book Confucianism holds that "food supplement is the main method for health preservation, and poison attack is the main method for treatment", and sweating, vomiting and purgation are used to drive away diseases. This view is also commonly used in gynecology. The book also records a successful case of hooking up a stillbirth. Volume 7 says: "There is another woman in labor ... her baby died in her belly ... so she needs to hold a scale hook and continue to hook her stillbirth with a strong rope ..." It pioneered the traditional Chinese medical obstetric instrument midwifery. Li Guo believes that "internal injury of the spleen and stomach causes all diseases", and the treatment focuses on strengthening the spleen, promoting yang and eliminating dampness, which is also widely used in gynecology and has achieved good results. In his book "The Secret Collection of the Blue Room", he said: "A woman's blood collapses because she can't keep fire due to yin deficiency of kidney water." It has guiding significance for the treatment of menstrual diseases (mainly "dysfunctional uterine bleeding"). Zhu Zhenheng's theory that "Yang is often surplus and Yin is often insufficient" attaches importance to the preservation of yin essence in treatment, which has certain reference value for some treatment principles put forward for gynecological prenatal and postpartum diseases. Zhu Zhenheng said in the conception theory of Ge Zhi Yu Lun: "Yin and Yang have copulation, and pregnancy is coagulation. The hidden place is called the uterus, which is tied below and has two forks, one to the left and the other to the right. " The shape of the uterus was clearly described for the first time.
(A.D. 1368 ~ A.D. 1644) The medical system and medical education in the Ming Dynasty set up 13, and according to the records of Guan Bai in the Ming Dynasty, there was a women's department. During this period, many monographs on gynecology appeared. There are Xue Ji's Medical Records, Gynecology Summary, School Women's Prescription and so on. Wan Quan's Notes on Bo Shi, Female Secrets, and Wang Kentang's Criterion of Gynecology Based on Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment.
Wu's Outline of Saving Yin. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, Textual Research on Eight Veins of Strange Classics, and Hu Ling's Pulse Studies; Zhao manuscripts. Zhang Jiebin's "Pure Moon Encyclopedia" and so on. These monographs and related expositions on obstetrics and gynecology have incisive expositions on gynecological diseases and greatly enriched the contents of obstetrics and gynecology. Among them, Wan's Gynecology, Guangsiyao, Gynecology Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment Standard and Quanshu Fugui were excellent works of obstetrics and gynecology at that time.
(A.D. 1636 ~ A.D. 1949) Obstetrics and Gynecology was collectively referred to as Gynecology or Gynecology in Qing Dynasty. There are many books on obstetrics and gynecology in Qing dynasty, which are widely circulated. For example, Fu Shan's Fu Qingzhu Gynecology, Xiao Geng's Gynecology Economics, Ji Zhai's Sheng Da, et al.' s Twenty Volumes of Gynecology, Janice's Medical Records, and Chen Nianzu's Essentials of Gynecology. Ao's Three Feet of Gynecology, Wu Daoyuan's Essentials of Gynecology, Chen's Complete Collection of Gynecology Tips, Yan Chengzhai's Heart Method of Fetal Life, Wang Puzhai's Heart Method of Obstetrics, Shan Yangxian's Complete Collection of Fetal Life, Zhang's Pregnancy Collection, Gaicuo, Tang.
During the period of the Republic of China, there were relatively large gynecological works, including Zhang Xichun's "Introduction of Medical Ways to the West" and Zhang's "Notes on Gynecology in Shen Shi".
In recent years, there have been dozens of monographs on obstetrics and gynecology in Qing Dynasty, among which Fu Qingzhu Gynecology, Sheng Da, Zong Yi Jinjian Gynecology, and Shen Shi Gynecology have great influence in theory and practice.
Development of gynecology after the founding of the People's Republic of China TCM
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) (A.D. 1949), the cause of Chinese medicine has made great progress, and the gynecology of Chinese medicine has been further sorted out and improved. After 1956, colleges of traditional Chinese medicine were established one after another in various provinces and cities, and five editions of unified teaching materials of gynecology of traditional Chinese medicine were compiled continuously, and the Encyclopedia of Medical Gynecology of China and Reference Series of Teaching of Gynecology of traditional Chinese medicine were published. A number of textbooks and monographs on gynecological internal medicine have also been compiled in various places. Medical education at different levels of doctor and master has been carried out, and a large number of gynecological talents of traditional Chinese medicine have been trained.