In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were generals at all levels besides Sangong, Jiuqing and Shangshutai, who were also important officials of the central government. There are four generals in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty: the first general, the second general in title of generals in ancient times, the second general in chariot, the second general in guard, and the left and right generals. The general is above the three fairs, while the generals in title of generals in ancient times, the generals in chariot riding and the generals in Wei are below the three fairs. The former, followed by the left and right generals, were subordinate to Shangqing and were not often placed. After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, the Empress Dowager was called the imperial court, and the consorts were in power, often under the guise of returning to the fields by themselves. As a result, the general became the main official of the central government, and together with the three officials of the teacher, it was called the Fifth Academy. "General Examination, Official Examination" said: Since the emperor was peaceful and the imperial court declined, he began to take his uncle Geng Bao as a general and often lived in the imperial capital. Shun Di acceded to the throne, and the queen's father and brother became generals one after another, such as Sangong, which was still in existence at the end of the Han Dynasty. Liang Ji, Dou Wu and blades all used generals to record history, and they were all autocratic. The general is composed of Chang, Sima 1 men, all of whom are thousand stones. They are engaged in two people in "Army Commander" and "Six Hundred Stones". In addition, there are 29 members of the royal family and 3 1 member of the royal family, all of whom work in the government. General led the troops, all have Song. There are five general barracks, each with a captain of 1, who is in charge of the troops and is the military attache who commands the whole battalion or a certain arm. Sima Jun 1 person, more than the main soldier. Song, Qu, 1 soldiers, unified soldiers. There were chariots under the Song Dynasty, which were 1 person long and more than 200 stones. Where there is no captain's department, but the army is Sima 1 person. There are also fake Sima and fake Hou, all of whom are deputies. There is no limit to the number of soldiers. The rest of the miscellaneous generals, if anything happens, will be placed. If something happens, they will be ordered. If something happens, it will be finished. Buqu and Sima led the troops, and Yi and Shi were in charge of weapons and camp affairs. In the eighth year of Yongping, Ming Di (AD 65), General Du Liao was reinstated to protect Nanhan, and became a permanent general due to internal instability. When Emperor Ling set up "Eight Commanders of Xiyuan" to defend Luoyang in Kyoto, eunuchs took the main responsibility and set a bad example for eunuchs to lead troops. The government of the Eastern Han Dynasty also set up a variety of special officials for ethnic minorities, such as "making Xiongnu corps commander", "protecting Wu Huan as a captain" and "protecting Qiang as a captain". Local officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty still followed the old system of the Western Han Dynasty, and princes were juxtaposed with states, counties and counties. I. State (County) Officials In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was divided into twelve states, each state 1 person, and the state where the capital belongs 1 person. "Records of Officials in the Later Han Dynasty" records that there are 12 foreign states, and each state has a history of 600 stones ... Emperor Cheng is a state shepherd, ranking 2,000 stones. In the 18th year of Jianwu (AD 42), it became a secretariat again, with 12 people, each in a state, and one of them belonged to a captain in Li Si. The power of local officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty was much greater than that in the Western Han Dynasty. Captain Li Si, for example, not only led the seven counties of Sanfu, Sanhe and Hongnong, but also "corrected everything and ignored the three fairs". Shun emperor, often orders from the king's father, Cao Jie playing politics, Qiu attached to misfortune. At that time, Yang Qiu was a captain. He ordered Wang Fuhe Duan Qirui to be arrested and sent to Luoyang prison. Yang Qiu tortured him himself. Wang Fu and his son both died under the staff, and Duan Qirui committed suicide. As a captain, Mars often serves Zhang Rang's younger brother Zhang Shuo, who is the magistrate of the Wild King. He was greedy and helpless, and killed the pregnant woman for nothing. I heard that he had arrived and hid in the pillar of Zhang Rang's residence. Mars personally broke the column to win the new moon and was killed in Luoyang prison. At this time, the yellow door is often closed (fake) and dare not go out of the palace. Emperor Huan asked him why he was afraid of Li, a captain. Captain Li Si can participate in the "deliberation" of the Central Committee, and his seat is above Jiuqing. It is said in "The Biography of Xuanbing in the Later Han Dynasty" that Zhong Cheng (Xuan Bing), the special envoy of Emperor Guangwu, sat at the same table with a captain and an official in Li Si, so they were nicknamed "sitting alone for three". There are 12 officials belonging to Captain Li Si. Officials are engaged in it, and the main inspector is a hundred officials who break the law; Cao is engaged in the palace, taking charge of elected officials and all affairs; Without driving, a captain inspected the State Council, was quoted and recorded; Book Cao is engaged in, and the main wealth valley is a book. If there is military power, let soldier Cao be in charge of military affairs. In addition, there are counties, and each county has 1 person, so the main regulatory documents are illegal. All of them were moved by the state itself, and all of them were stones. 25 people on the left, the main book records your affairs and saves the files. The gate pavilion is at the main entrance of the state. A selection of calligraphy assistants of door gongcao. Master Xiao Jing invigilated. The Moon Order was taught by the master at the art festival. Law teachers uphold the law. Book Cao is the main book. Each county has a 1 document, and each county has its own document, which is supplemented by county officials and replaced once a year. A captain's headquarters was set up in 12 state. In the eighteenth year of Jianwu (AD 42), the state animal husbandry was changed to secretariat. Every August, the secretariat often visits all counties and countries, records prisoners, and gives them the most. The secretariat of the Western Han Dynasty was originally a patrol sent by the Central Committee. Their task is to visit counties and townships, spy on the political situation, and then go back to Beijing to play at the end of the year. Originally, they were not regular administrative officials. But in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the secretariat had a certain administrative office and its own yamen, and sent officials to report to Situfu every year. Under the old system of the Western Han Dynasty, incompetent officials as state animal husbandry directors beat 2,000 stones, all of which were sent to Sangongfu for historical investigation, and then retired. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guangwu refused to be a high official, and his power was returned to the secretariat. If it is broadcast illegally, it will be withdrawn, and the authority of the secretariat will be heavier. His officials are all engaged in history, and their personnel are similar to Li Si's, but none of them are engaged in official business, but they are all engaged in meritorious service. In the fifth year of Emperor Zhong Ping (A.D. 188), he changed the history of secretariat to state animal husbandry. Since then, the secretariat has changed from an inspector sent by the central government to a local administrator. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the local administration changed from the county-level system to the state, county and county-level system. Second, there were 105 counties in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Excluding the seven counties under Li Si, there were 27 kingdoms, 7 1 county. There are 6 counties in Yuzhou, 9 in Jizhou, 8 in Yanzhou, 5 in Xuzhou, 9 in Bingzhou, 6 in Qingzhou, 7 in Jingzhou, 6 in Yangzhou, 0/2 in Yizhou, 0/2 in Liangzhou and 0/2 in Jiaozhou. "The History of the Later Han Dynasty, E.N.T. Branch" says: The prince is crowned king, and his county is the country. Put one symbol and one item at a time, that is, 2000 stones ... items are like satrap, with a long history, such as. There are also 1' s lieutenants, all of which are 2000 stones. For example, the chief thief, the doctor of 1 and the servant of 1 are all 1000 stones. Langzhongling is the chief health officer, such as Wang, Doctor, Langzhong, and has 1 servants in charge of horses and chariots. There are books, 600 stones, such as ministers. Salute, 400 stones, at the disposal of the king. There are also owners, guards, medical foreman, immortals and priests, all of which are more than 400 stones. "Historical Records" also said: "The county where Liehou eats is the state of Hou ... the county with great credit and the township pavilion with little credit." Hou state-owned 1 person, such as county magistrate, does not serve Hou, but pays rent to Hou, which is limited to the number of households. /kloc-more than 0/000 households, Jia Cheng 1 household, 65438 illegitimate children; If there are less than 1000 households, there will be no Jiacheng. The titles of counties, townships, and pavilions were created in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the governors in the Eastern Han Dynasty only held false names, and their power was far less than that in the Western Han Dynasty. The politics of its vassal States were presided over by Fu Xiang sent by the central government, and the so-called princes and Fu Xiang were actually local officials sent by the central government. Counties, each county has 1 magistrate and 2000 stones. Luoyang is the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Henan County is the seat of Gyeonggi, so it is called Henan Yin. Its position is higher than that of the satrap. Yin Fengchao, Henan, please be like Jiuqing, ranking two thousand stones. Each county has 65,438 +0 people in charge of the people, and the county is in the border area, with 65,438 +0 people in charge of the military forces, all of which are 600 stones. There is also a county Sima, under the long history (there is also a Sima under a surname, and the two cannot be confused). The prime minister of the kingdom and the magistrate of Lieqing all govern the people and can be virtuous. In addition to being cunning, the county to which the Spring Festival belongs also advised the people to plant mulberry to help the poor. It's harmless to send officials in autumn and winter (fair and decent, no harm in vain), and interrogate prisoners so that they can get what they deserve, and there is no injustice. The most important thing for an official is to teach. There was a county magistrate in the Western Han Dynasty, with more than 2,000 stones. He commanded the county soldiers to guard against thieves. According to the Records of Guan Baizhi in the Later Han Dynasty: "In the sixth year of Jianwu (AD 30), he was the governor of all counties in the province and served as the magistrate." In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the county magistrate and the prefect merged into one, which shows that the prefect of the Eastern Han Dynasty not only listened to the words of the county government, but also ordered the county soldiers. Therefore, the Eastern Han Dynasty satrap was also called "the county general". However, in border counties, it is always better to have a surname or a surname, and it is better to have a county to govern its people than a small county. For example, in the first year of Yongyuan (AD 89), Xihe River was established, and Shang Jun was the county chief. In fifteen years (AD 105), he served as a captain in western Liaodong. To the west of Andi, Qiang took the surnames of You Fufeng and Jing Zhao Huya for three auxiliary crimes. The satrap juxtaposes Cao Yu and Shi. Have a history of meritorious service, and the main selection department has contributed (that is, the supervisor has been transferred and recorded merits); Set up five official posts to manage Cao Cao's merits and demerits and other Cao affairs; There are five Du You books supervising counties; There is a door pavilion 1 person long, the main house door; There is a history of chief clerk, a history of chief clerk and a history of notification. Adults and Cao Cao each have a book assistant, a cadre and a main book. Third, the county road is the county below the official county, the queen princess food city is the city, and the road is the place where ethnic minorities live together ("Road" has existed in the Western Han Dynasty). Big county ordered 1 person, 1000 stone, followed by long county, 400 stone, small county, 300 stone. The prime minister of the state of Hou, whose rank is like a county magistrate or county magistrate, is in charge of governing the people, persuading the good and punishing the evil, managing lawsuits and prisons, and prohibiting thieves. In autumn and winter, the number of households and the number of thieves entering and leaving Qiangu will be reported to their respective counties and countries. Under the county magistrate and mayor, there are 1 county officials; County commandant, Daxian 2, Xiaoxian 1. Cheng Guan documents, code warehouse, captain is a thief, rank 400 to 200 stones. He is a long-term official. Under the hundred stones, there is a rank of fighting for food and auxiliary history, which is a small official. The history of Cao Yu is roughly like the history of a county. There are master books, meritorious deeds, prison officials, and three old people in the county are in charge of education. Below the county level is the township, with a rate of ten miles. There are classes, misers and people wandering in the countryside. Every big town is appointed by the county, ranking 1, ranking 100 stone. Small towns, county appointments 1 person. Everyone is in charge of a township, understands the good and evil of the people, and has decided to corvee. Understand the rich and poor among the people and formulate their taxes. People who are loyal, filial and righteous, and legalists all preach good and evil. You swim around patrolling, and rape and theft are forbidden. There are also township helpers and lords collecting taxes. There are pavilions and pavilions under the country. The Lord asked to catch the thief. Commandant, Youyou and Tingchang all learn five soldiers, namely crossbow, halberd, rafter, sword and armor. Under the pavilion is Li, where he lives, and there are hundreds of surnames in his palm. Why is it under the government, what is long, and the main ten family matters. Under what circumstances, there are five officers, five captains and five masters who are prosecutors; People have good and evil, so tell the prison officer. Wu is a grass-roots person. Border county has a barrier to guard the frontier fortress to prevent foreign enemies from invading. Baili County 1 person, 2 people in the stone room and 2 people in the bathroom, patrolling the frontier fortress. Where there is much salt in the county, salt officials are appointed, and the main tax collector is salt. For those who sell more iron, set up iron officials, advocate casting drums, craftsmen and workers, advocate industrial tax, set up water officials, and advocate collecting fish tax in a flat level. It is not included in the establishment of county officials to use this matter to set up officials. In a word, the characteristics of the official system in the Eastern Han Dynasty are: (1) centralization is strengthened, which can be seen from the organization of "Shangshutai"; (2) Form a three-level system of state, county and county at local level, and strengthen local control at all levels. However, due to the heavy responsibility of "state grazing", the warlord regime was formed at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. (3) Pay attention to minority affairs and set up special officials to govern minority areas. This not only strengthened the control of minority areas, but also played a certain role in the development of border areas.