First of all, it comes from the Han surname after Hao Tao.

According to legend, in ancient times, Emperor Zhuan Xu gave birth to a son, Levin, a child and a daughter, Hao Tao. Legend has it that Hao Tao, also known as Sin, was the great-grandson of Shao Wu, the leader of the ancient Dongyi nationality. Born in Qufu (now Shandong Province), he succeeded the leader of Dongyi nationality. Because Qufu is a wasteland, he was named Yan.

In the late patriarchal society, Yao was the leader of the tribal alliance and was chosen to help govern the world. After Yao became the leader of the tribal alliance, Shun was appointed as Dali.

Dali, also known as "scholar", was an official in charge of prisons in ancient times, later called the steward.

Hao Tao is famous for being good at managing criminals' prisons. He formulated five punishments: Mohe, sake, residual punishment, castration and pioneering, which were dealt with fairly according to the nature and circumstances of the crimes committed by criminals, convincing the whole world, thus stabilizing social order.

After Yu Jishun became the leader of the tribal alliance, he thought that Hao Tao was the most talented and was going to let Hao Tao be his successor, but before he gave up, Hao Tao died.

The descendants of Li inherited Dali's position. In Shang Dynasty, they named their surnames after their official positions and were called Li.

Why is it called last name instead of last name? It turns out that surnames and surnames in the pre-Qin period are not only closely related, but also two different concepts.

Surnames originated from the matriarchal clan system in primitive society and were related to the totem worship of ancestors.

In the early days of matriarchal clan commune, people thought that each clan had a certain blood relationship with some animals and plants, and often used this as the name of the clan, that is, the emblem of the clan. This is a totem.

"Totem" is an Indian language, which means "his kin".

Marx clearly pointed out in the abstract of Morgan: "The word totem represents the symbol and symbol of the clan." Some totems were later transformed into people's surnames.

Because children at that time only knew their mother and didn't know who their father was, surnames represented clan titles with the same blood relationship, that is, all members under a clan name came from a matriarchal ancestor.

The earliest form of the word "surname" is composed of "person" and "fate", which means that people are born and are surnamed because of fate; Later, it became composed of "female" and "born", which means that women are born with surnames and born with surnames.

Therefore, many ancient surnames in China in the early days, such as Ji, Yi, Yi, Jiang and Ying, all had the word "female".

History originated from patriarchal society and is a branch derived from surnames. It is the title of ancient aristocrats symbolizing the clan system, that is, only aristocrats can be called history.

Surnames are the basis for deciding whether you can get married-you can't get married with the same surname, and surnames are used to distinguish between high and low.

During the Warring States period, with the collapse of the patriarchal clan system of slavery, surnames were no different from surnames, and surnames became symbols indicating individuals and their families.

From then on, either the surname or both surnames have the same meaning, that is, they actually refer to surnames.

At the end of Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wang was overbearing and indulged in womanhood, which was deeply hated by the rulers and people.

One of Hao Tao's descendants named Li Zheng, out of loyalty, spoke frankly about Zhou Wang's mistakes and urged him to correct them. As a result, he angered Zhou Wang and was killed.

After hearing the news, Li Zheng's wife Qihe fled with her youngest son, Li Zhen.

Qihe's family was originally from Chen State (now Huaiyang, Henan Province), and wanted to escape to her family, but she was afraid of bringing trouble to her family, so she fled to western Henan. When she arrived at the "Houyi Market" (the place where Houyi once lived and was abandoned) in the yi river Valley in western Henan, the mother and son were already hungry and exhausted, especially Xiao Lizhen, who was starving to death.

However, this area is deserted, how can we find food? Fortunately, Qi Heshi found some "Mu Zi" in a nearby tree, so they picked them and ate them.

In this way, mother and son saved their lives by eating wild fruits.

Then, they went to eastern Henan and settled in Ku County (east of Luyi County, Henan Province) not too far from Huaiyang.

He Zizhen began to change Li's name to Li's in order to be grateful for saving his life, to avoid the pursuit, and because Li and he are common.

Second, change others' surnames.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liangping gave local ethnic minorities surnames such as Zhao, Zhang, Yang and Li after mourning for the old man.

Xianbei people in the Northern Wei Dynasty resumed their surname Li. After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang, he implemented the policy of sinicization and changed Chinese characters to Li.

Don Morris, a member of the Turkic Valerie (East Turkic), was originally named Ashina Seymour, and his leader was Valery Khan, whose name was Du.

Jie Li disturbed the Tang Dynasty many times. When the Tang Dynasty was disturbed in the fourth year of Zhenguan (630), Du Yu and Seymour were captured by General Tang and sent to Chang 'an (now Xi 'an).

Emperor Taizong thought that Sima Yi's loyalty and righteousness were commendable, and named him "Li", which put him in charge of the military department in Henan.

Li Tu, the chief of Ji Hong (distributed in Songhua River, Mudanjiang River Basin and the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang), paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty in the early Tang Dynasty, and later defeated the Turkic soldiers who attacked Youzhou. In the early years of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong appointed him as the right-back general and named him Li.

A member of the Spider Sheath clan, formerly known as Ru, Zi Chang, later moved to Youzhou and served as the northern department. Because of his meritorious service, he gave his surname Li and changed his name to Jiaqing.

His son, Li Huaiguang, was made a captain when he was in Tang Dezong.

Yuan Lee is Zhu Xie's surname, named Chixin, and the son of Zhu Xie, the leader of Shatuo Turks.

Xian Tong served as a recruit in Taiyuan camp for ten years (869). Because he defeated Pang Xunqin's rebel army with Kang, he was promoted to Khan Dadu, and he was given the surname Li Mingguochang.

* * * Li surname: Since the 7th century, a few Persians and * * * people have come to settle in China; Starting from the13rd century, some Central Asians, Persians and * * * people moved to China, and formed * * * people in the process of getting along with the Han nationality, * * * people and Mongols, also known as "* * *".

* * * is widely distributed, mainly with Han people living together, and distributed in northwest, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Yunnan, Anhui, Liaoning, Beijing and other provinces and cities. According to the statistics of 1982, there are about 72 1.9 million people.

Li's surname accounts for a high proportion in * * * *, some of which are directly from ancient Persia or * * *. For example, Li Xun, a poet of Shu five generations ago, whose ancestors were Persians, came to China and lived in Zizhou (now Santai, Sichuan).

Li surname of Miao people: Miao people live in the south, more than half of them are in Guizhou, and the rest are distributed in Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guangdong and Hubei provinces. They live with other brothers. 1982 There are about 5.03 million people.

Li occupies a certain proportion among the Miao people, and is one of the most popular ethnic groups among the Miao people in Weining area of western Guizhou.

The Han nationality's surname is Li and the Miao nationality's surname is Meng Enlu, which is a special way for them to implement the "father-son joint system".

Some of Miao Li's surnames are the product of national integration, while others have nothing to do with the original meaning of Li's surnames.

For example, in the Miao Uprising in Guizhou led by Xianfeng and Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, there was an insurgent general named Li Hongji, but his surname was not Li, and Li was the wrong spelling of his Miao name Zhun, which means "buffalo" in Miao language and "Acer" means "corner", so "Li Hongji" is.

According to relevant scholars' research, when the Qing government registered the household registration, it changed the single-tongued Miao surname of the male head of household into the Chinese surname with homonyms, thus forming the Han surname of the Miao nationality.

In this way, some Li surnames in the Miao nationality came into being.

Li surname of Zhuang nationality: Zhuang nationality developed from a branch of Baiyue in ancient times and is the most populous minority in China. According to the statistics of 1982, there are about133.78 million people, of whom more than 90% live in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and a few live in Yunnan, Guangdong and other provinces.

Li is a large number of Zhuang people, and has produced some influential figures, such as Li and Li Jingui, famous generals of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, all of whom are Zhuang people named Li.

Li surname of Yao nationality: Yao nationality mainly developed from a part of the ancient "Changsha Wu Lingren".

According to the statistics of 1982, there are about1400,000 people, who are distributed in the mountainous areas of Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong and Guizhou provinces, among which the number of Yao people in Guangxi accounts for about 70% of the total.

Li surname is one of the main surnames of the Yao nationality, ranking fifth among the original surnames of Yao nationality in 12.

Yao Li's surname is divided into several "families" according to blood relationship; Every room has a title, and the titles of generations are "Looking Forward", "Bobby" and "Nine Valley".

Li surname of Yao nationality has the spirit of resisting feudal oppression. In the Qing Dynasty, there were Li Ying, the leader of eight schools of Yao nationality in Guangdong, and Li Yuanfa, the leader of Yao uprising in Hunan.

Li surname of Bai people: Bai people call themselves "Bai Zi" and "Baini", mainly living in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, and scattered in Bijiang, Yuanjiang, Kunming, Zhaotong and Bijie of Guizhou Province, with a population of about1135438+0000001982.

Du You, a historian in the Tang Dynasty, was an envoy of Lingnan and was familiar with the situation of southern ethnic minorities. He recorded the surname of the Bai nationality in the General Code: "There are dozens of tribes ... with dozens of surnames, with Yang, Li, Zhao and Dong as celebrities, each depending on mountains and rivers and not subordinate to each other." It can be seen that Li is the most popular surname among the Bai people, with a history of at least 1000 years.

Tracing back to the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu, gave Zhang's surname to Longyou, the leader of the Na people living in Yunnan, and other leaders gave Yang, Li and Zhao's surnames.

This also shows that the Bai people in Yunnan had a surname of Li more than 700 years ago.

After the Three Kingdoms, many Li moved to Yunnan, and over time, they merged with the Bai people. For example, Yang, Li, Zhao and other surnames in Er He Ren during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty all claimed to be * * *.

No wonder some people say that it is hard to tell who is Han and who is white in Yunnan.

There have been Bai celebrities named Li in history, such as Li, the minister of Dali Prefecture in Song Dynasty, Li Yuanyang, a writer and historian in Ming Dynasty, and Li Chongjie, a scholar in Qing Dynasty.

At present, Li is still one of the four surnames of the Bai nationality.

Li surname of She nationality: She, which means burning hazelnuts for farming, that is, burning the vegetation in the field before sowing and using ash as fertilizer.

She nationality is named after its cultivation (slash and burn). They call themselves "She" or "Shanke". According to the statistics of 1982, there are about 368,000 people, who are distributed in some mountainous areas of more than 60 counties (cities) in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Anhui provinces, with Fujian and Zhejiang provinces as the most.

They generally speak Chinese, mainly engaged in agriculture, and have lived with the Han people for a long time, which is very close.

According to the genealogy of the She nationality in Xiapu County, Fujian Province, "In the second year of Tang Guangqi (886), there were more than 360 people, including Pan, Lan, Lei, Zhong and Li. The king of Fujian was a township official and came to Fujian from the sea", indicating that there was a Li surname of the She nationality in Fujian at the end of Tang Dynasty.

Li Zhifu, the leader of Fujian peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty, was called She nationality.

Li surname among Jews

Jews were called "Hebrews" in ancient times. They lived in Palestine in the13rd century BC, and established the kingdom of Israel and Judaism in Hebrew (Semitic language family belonging to Semitic language family) in the 1 1 century BC.

1 During the reign of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century, most of them were driven out of their places of residence, and some of them were persecuted and slaughtered in Europe, or combined with local ethnic groups.

The introduction of Judaism into China began in the Tang Dynasty. More people came to China in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty.

The ancestors of these Jews who entered China in the Northern Song Dynasty left their Jewish homeland in the 1970s BC and moved to Mumbai, where they settled for more than 1 100 years. In the middle and late 20th century, they moved eastward along the coastal road and arrived in China.

They came to Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), paid tribute to the emperor and presented Xibu.

The emperor accepted their tribute and agreed that they would "leave the capital of song dynasty".

As a result, the Jewish family settled in Kaifeng, taking * * * as their surnames respectively.

At the same time, there are still some Jews scattered in Luoyang, Beijing, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Quanzhou and other places, but the largest number are Jews living in Kaifeng.

This Jewish immigrant living in Kaifeng, headed by Li, has Li, An, Ai, Gao, Mu, Zhao, Jin, Zhou, Zhang, Shi, Huang, Nie, Jin, Zhang, Zuo, Bai, etc. 17 surnames, among which Li, Jin and Zhang are "different families with the same surname".

In the third year of Jin Shizong Dading (1 163), they bought land to build a temple in the southeast of Kaifeng (now the southern suburbs pass through hutong), which means that "the pure are unique, and the true are just and innocent". It was named * * * Temple, commonly known as Worship Temple, as the center of Jewish religious activities in Kaifeng.

This temple is the earliest, longest-preserved and most famous Chinese Jewish worship temple in the history of China.

In the Ming Dynasty, Kaifeng Jews entered its heyday, and the number of Christians grew to more than 500, about 4,000.

In September of the 15th year of Chongzhen (1642), the Ming army dug the Yellow River levee, submerged the rebels in Li Zicheng, reduced Kaifeng to Zeguo, and Kaifeng Jews fled the whole country. Until the first year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1662), Kaifeng City was rebuilt, and the surviving Jews returned to Kaifeng with Han and * * *, and then the * * temple was rebuilt on the original site of the temple.

In the early Qing Dynasty, Kaifeng Jews had seven surnames: Li, Ai, Zhao, Zhang, Gao, Jin and Shi, with Li still ranking first.

At present, Kaifeng Jews still have four surnames and Li surnames, and they have fully accepted China culture.

Third, change your surname.

The given surname in feudal society is that the supreme ruler erases the existing surname of others out of his own will and replaces it with another surname; Because the surname of the emperor is the noblest, it is called the "national surname", so most of the surnames given by the emperor to his subjects are his own.

The emperor gave the surname, often out of praise, love and netting, with the aim of consolidating his rule; Being given a surname is a great honor and will make the whole family feel disgraced.

The wind of giving surnames by emperors in the Tang Dynasty prevailed in all previous dynasties, from the founding emperor Li Yuan to the last Zhao Zong Ye Li.

(594-669), whose real name was Xu, was a famous scholar. He was born in Lihu, Cao Zhou (now southeast of Dongming, Shandong).

This family is very rich. At the beginning of the Zhai Rang Uprising, he joined the Wagang Army. Because of his work, Wagangjun was awarded the title of Duke of the East China Sea. After his failure, he fell to the Tang Dynasty. Li Yuan was appointed as the general of the right marquis of Wu, named Cao Guogong and given the surname Li. Because he avoided the names of Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin, he had only one name.

Li Fen, a native of Huazhou, was appointed general of Tunwei in Sui Dynasty. After Tang Gaozu tang gaozu entered the customs, he led his troops to the Tang Dynasty and was named Zong Zhengqing, lord protector and Li.

Li, a native of Pucheng, whose real name is Guo, was an official of the Sui Dynasty. He once moved to Yulin because of crime. In the early years of Tang Gaozu Wude, he was appointed as the general manager of Lingzhou. Later, he followed Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin to quell the Liu Heita Uprising. Because of his meritorious service, he was given the surname Li and sealed the country.

Li Baoyu, whose real name is An, is from Hexi, the descendant of Hero An, whose original name is good at riding and shooting.

Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, changed his name to Baoyu for his meritorious service in Hexi.

When An Lushan rebelled, An Baoyu guarded Nanyang and wrote to the court, saying that he was ashamed of being the same clan as the rebellious An Lushan, and asked to change his surname, so Tang Xuanzong changed his surname to Li.

Li, a native, whose real name is Dong and Qin, joined the army as a teenager. He is determined and knows nothing about books, but he works hard. Because of his merits, Li Hengci named him Li.

Hexi people, whose real name is Ann, are muscular and were named General Yunhui by Li Hengci.

Li Ren, originally the adopted son of Governor Gao, was loyal and righteous, supplemented by the word, and rebelled against An Lushan, Shi Siming and other subordinates in the Tang Dynasty with An and Shi.

76 1 year, Shi Siming died, and he died in five states: Heng, Zhao, Shen, Ding and Yi. He was established as the minister of rites, given the surname Li, given the name Bao Zhong, and sealed Zhao Guogong.

Li Guangjin, whose ancestral home is Hequ (now the meandering place of the Yellow River in the southeast of Qinghai Province) and surname is Eddie, belongs to Yoshida County in the middle of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty. Guangjin followed Guo Ziyi to quell the Anshi Rebellion and recovered two capitals. During the calendar year, Li Yuci was surnamed Li.

Li, whose real name is An, was raised by eunuch Luo Fengxian, and later changed his surname to Luo, named Yuan Guang. He is brave and resourceful. When he was in Tang Dezong, he accepted the capital of Li Sheng. During the Zhenyuan period, due to heavy security, the war with Tubo was avoided, so the surname Li was given.

Li Quanlue, surnamed Wang, whose name is Rizhen, was given Li Hengci's full name because he was my navy division and the secretariat of Cangde Prefecture.

Li Maoxun, a descendant of Abs, a Uighur family, was highly valued by Zhang Zhongwu, a senior minister of the Ministry of War, after the Tang Dynasty, and was named Li Maoxun by Chen Lici of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty for his meritorious deeds.

Li is the most popular surname in China today, with a population of over 100 million, accounting for 7.9% of the Han population in China.