First, research on some problems of sports culture theory.
The discussion of sports culture theory is an important content in the discussion of sports culture in China in recent years, which involves many problems. The following only introduces the basic theoretical issues related to the meaning of sports culture.
(A), the definition of sports culture.
The application of the concept of sports culture in sports humanities and social sciences is quite confusing and vague. In the field of physical education, there are different opinions on the definition of sports culture. Since 1980s, people have been arguing about the meaning and content classification of sports culture, and there is still no unified understanding.
In the discussion on sports culture in China in recent twenty years, people not only investigated the recent concepts of sports culture at home and abroad, but also defined sports culture from different angles. When talking about sports culture, almost every commentator will inevitably make his own choice or put forward his own point of view in the existing meaning of sports culture, so that there are dozens of definitions of sports culture put forward by China in this period. This paper selects three representative types for brief explanation.
1. Define sports culture with the binary relationship between matter and spirit.
This definition is copied from the definition of culture in Cihai Wenwen-"Culture refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human society in a broad sense". Scholars who hold this view believe that sports culture is the sum of material civilization and spiritual civilization related to sports, that is, the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by people in a certain society through long-term sports practice.
2. Define the concept of sports culture with cultural structuralism.
Some scholars in China tend to define sports culture from the level of cultural structure. At present, there are many theories about cultural structure, such as: material culture and spiritual culture are divided into two parts, and material culture, institutional culture and spiritual culture are three parts; Four-layer theory of material, system and behavioral psychology; Material, social relations, spirit, art, language integration and customs are six subsystems.
The phenomenon of sports culture is complicated. When we classify sports cultural phenomena, there is no unified standard in the face of such complex cognitive objects. Therefore, the concept of sports culture is inconsistent in this definition. For example, sports culture refers to the sum of human sports material, system and spiritual culture. Sports culture refers to various forms of sports activities created and preserved by people in the process of social practice, as well as the general name of the development level, degree and quality of sports spirit and sports system. Sports culture is people's attempt in sports practice, including sports mode, spiritual significance, scientific invention and value determination.
3. Define sports culture with a narrow cultural concept.
This view limits sports culture to sports spirit phenomenon or social ideology related to sports activities and its corresponding system and organization, which is also called narrow sense sports culture theory. Sports culturists in a narrow sense advocate that the extension of the concept of sports culture is limited to the spiritual field, and think that sports culture is those aspects related to people's spiritual life in the process of sports activities with physical activity as the basic form, physical competition as the special means and physical perfection as the main goal.
The above-mentioned definition of sports culture admits that people are the main body of sports culture creation, and brings people's sports activities into the cultural category, trying to reveal the dialectical unity of subject and object and its infinite mobility from the relationship between culture and sports activities.
(B) Research on the theoretical category of sports culture
The theoretical category of sports culture mainly refers to the extension part related to its meaning, such as the characteristics, structure, functions and types of sports culture.
1. Characteristics of sports culture
Recently, many domestic sports scholars have talked about the characteristics of sports culture, but so far no consensus has been reached. The characteristics of sports culture mentioned here generally refer to the non-essential characteristics of sports culture. This paper summarizes the relevant discussions in the sample articles as follows:
(1) The times and nationality of sports culture
The so-called epochal and national character of sports culture is actually the problem of time-space relationship in cultural research.
The epochal nature mentioned here refers to the sports culture of all nationalities in the world at the same time or at the same stage of social development, which is suitable for that time. Times and nationality are different aspects of sports cultural characteristics, which are closely related, mutually restrictive and mutually beneficial. The times are eternal, the nation is cosmopolitan, and sports culture can be accumulated and spread. Maintain our nation's excellent sports culture tradition, so that it can survive and develop in the forest of national sports culture in the world.
(2) Inheritance and integration of sports culture.
The inheritance of sports culture reflects the vertical sports cultural connection, and it is the absorption and promotion of sports cultural achievements created by predecessors by future generations. Sports cultural achievements created by ancestors in human sports cultural activities; The younger generation always grasps the achievements of sports culture created by predecessors through their own sports cultural activities, and creates new sports culture under the new historical conditions.
(3) The class nature and * * * same sex of sports culture.
Sports culture has promoted the positive development of many aspects of society, and at the same time, sports culture also reflects the economic status of different classes or strata in society. Like most other social environments, sports culture has a class nature.
For example, people in the lower classes are more inclined to participate in sports such as football and basketball, which have lower requirements for venues and equipment. And those sports, such as polo, tennis, golf and so on, make people at the bottom of society flinch. Because they can't afford a golf membership card with their income for several years.
In a word, this hierarchical sports culture phenomenon that tends to (or is far away from) a certain sport is passed down from generation to generation.
In this sense, the above characteristics of sports culture are interlinked, and * * * explains the basic characteristics of sports in the cultural family.
2. The structure of sports culture
The influence of structuralism and structure-functionalism prevailing in the West on China's cultural theory circle is obvious, which makes the issue of cultural structure become a topic of domestic cultural discussion in recent years, thus further affecting the research on sports cultural structure by domestic scholars. The author synthesizes many model essays and discusses them from four aspects: material state culture, system culture, behavior culture and psychological culture.
(1) Sports culture layer of sports culture
The cultural layer of material state is the sum of human material production activities and their products, and it is a perceptible cultural thing with material entities. It forms the foundation of the whole cultural creation. At this level, sports includes human sports forms and all sports material conditions and equipment, mainly manifested in sports facilities, stadiums and other infrastructure. It provides the foundation for the existence and development of sports and directly reflects the development level of sports in society.
To develop sports, we must attach importance to the material foundation, explore the economic value of sports itself, rationally allocate resources through the market, and improve the equipment level of sports in China, especially mass sports, in order to meet the needs of the people.
(2) The institutional culture layer of sports culture.
Institutional culture consists of various social norms established by human beings in social practice. While recreating material wealth, human beings have also created a series of social environments that belong to human beings. These social environments not only serve themselves, but also constrain themselves.
The rules of various sports and games in sports are the expression of norms formed in sports activities. Especially in competitive sports, competition rules and referee methods have the nature of imitating social laws and regulations, which are not only restricted by words, but also controlled by athletes' consciousness, such as referee, inspection and arbitration system.
(3) The behavioral culture layer of sports culture.
The so-called behavior culture is mainly composed of established habits in interpersonal communication. It usually appears in the form of folk customs, with distinctive national and regional characteristics. It is both social and collective, passing down in time and spreading in space.
Our research on folk sports culture is an obvious manifestation of behavior culture. (4) The psychological and cultural layer of sports culture.
The psychological and cultural layer is composed of values, aesthetic tastes and ways of thinking developed by human beings in long-term social practice and conscious activities. It is the core part of culture and has strong independence. At this level, sports is mainly manifested in sports cultural awareness. In other words, people should realize that they are the main body of sports activities and take sports as the need of human survival and development consciously and purposefully.
To sum up, although physical culture, institutional culture, behavioral culture and mentality culture of sports culture have their own emphases, they are integrated into an organic whole in a specific structure-function system. There are both connections and differences between all levels of this organic whole. In the process of development and change, the structure of sports culture at all levels has a gradual deepening trend from the outer layer to the middle layer and then to the core; At the same time, they are interdependent, interpenetrating, restricting and promoting each other, forming a complete organic whole.
4. Types of sports culture
The word "cultural type" first appeared in the book "Research on People" written by Ralph Linton, an American national psychologist, in 1936. Stuart, a modern American evolutionist, thinks that "cultural type" mainly refers to the essential differences between different national cultures.
In recent years, the term "sports culture type" frequently appears in newspapers and periodicals related to sports culture research, but the achievements of raising it to the category of sports culture theory research are rare. At present, most domestic scholars divide sports culture into three categories: school sports culture, competitive sports culture and social sports culture. Ren Lianxiang of the Institute of Physical Education of Shanxi Normal University made a detailed division of sports culture from the perspective of species in the article "Outline of Sports Culture":
"We can divide sports culture into three categories: school sports culture, competitive sports culture and social sports culture from different activity subjects, different activity modes and different activity goals. From the historical process of sports development and evolution, we can divide sports culture into three categories: ancient sports culture, modern sports culture and modern sports culture. From the spatial distribution of sports, we can divide sports culture into two categories: eastern sports culture and western sports culture from the largest level, and China sports culture can be divided into central and eastern sports culture and western sports culture from the middle level. We can also divide sports culture into enterprise sports culture, community sports culture, military camp sports culture, campus sports culture and rural sports culture from a smaller aspect. From the internal quality of sports culture, it can be divided into sports concept, sports thought, sports theory, sports science, sports spirit, sports art, sports morality, sports laws and regulations, sports fashion and so on. Judging from the cultural carrier attached to sports activities, it can be divided into three parts: stadium culture, sporting goods culture and sports film and television culture. "
The causes of different sports culture types can be understood from the following two aspects:
First, any type of sports culture is the result of the joint participation of social members in the unique time (historical evolution) space (sports culture ecological environment) system. Secondly, the type of sports culture does not refer to the sum of all its characteristics, but refers to the characteristics that can best reflect the essential attributes of sports culture in the system of sports culture forms.
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