There are four main types of respiratory infectious diseases.
Zhao Min, director and chief physician of the Department of Miscellaneous Diseases of the 302 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, said that there are four kinds of respiratory infectious diseases that are easy to spread in spring:
Measles: Originally a common infectious disease of children caused by virus, it is fever with rash. However, children have been vaccinated against measles, so there are more cases of measles in adults at present. Fever is accompanied by other respiratory symptoms, such as cough, runny nose, sneezing, red eye and increased secretion. On the fourth day of fever, a rash broke out behind the ears and hair roots, and then spread all over the body. Measles itself is not terrible, but it can be complicated with complications such as pneumonia, laryngitis, encephalitis and cardiac insufficiency. If it happens to children, it can be life-threatening. Adult measles has severe symptoms, but a good prognosis and relatively few complications.
Mumps: commonly known as mumps, it is a disease of various glands in the whole body caused by mumps virus. Clinically, parotitis, submandibular adenitis, orchitis and pancreatitis can be seen. Mumps patients and healthy carriers are the sources of infection of the disease. The virus invades the oral cavity and nasal mucosa of healthy people through air droplets and multiplies in large quantities, then enters the blood and reaches the parotid gland through blood circulation, causing parotid gland lesions. Another way is that the virus directly invades the parotid gland through the orifice of the parotid gland. Therefore, breathing air droplets containing mumps virus or touching the food, tableware and toys recently used by mumps patients can cause diseases. The prominent manifestations of mumps patients are fever and swelling and pain under the ear. The disease is more common in children and adolescents, but adults who lack resistance to mumps may also be infected. Because mumps virus can spread through respiratory tract through droplets, improper protection can cause local epidemic, especially in places where people gather, such as kindergartens, schools and military camps. In addition to fever, the disease is accompanied by swelling and pain of local glands, meningitis in children and pancreatitis and orchitis in adults.
Encephalomyelitis is the abbreviation of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, which is a purulent meningitis caused by meningococcus and spread through respiratory tract. The source of infection is a patient or a carrier. Most of the patients are teenagers and/kloc-children under 0/5 years old, and the prevalence rate is the highest among children aged 6 months to 2 years old. Meningitis diplococcus is often hidden in the nasopharyngeal secretions of patients and carriers, and mainly spreads through droplets produced by coughing, sneezing and talking, and enters the human respiratory tract to cause infection. At present, it is known that this pathogen has at least 13 serogroups, such as A, B, C and D. In China, more than 90% of meningococcal cases are caused by group A. February-March is the high incidence season of meningitis, which can lead to local epidemic and sporadic cases. The incubation period of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis is 1~ 10 days, usually 2~3 days. The disease is generally characterized by sudden high fever, severe headache, frequent vomiting, listlessness and stiff neck. In severe cases, coma and convulsions may occur, which may be life-threatening if not rescued in time.
Rubella: It is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by rubella virus. Air droplets are the main route of transmission, and daily close contact can also be contagious. Patients discharge droplets with virus into the air by coughing, talking and sneezing. People with low resistance may be infected by inhaling air with virus. In addition, the virus excluded from the feces and urine of rubella patients can pollute tableware, clothing, supplies and other contact infections. The incubation period is generally 14 days to 2 1 day, with an average of 18 days. Its main manifestations are low fever, headache, anorexia, burnout, sore throat, cough, sneezing and other upper respiratory symptoms within 1~2 days before onset. Usually, a rash will appear on the first or second day of a fever. Within a day, the rash began on the face and spread to the whole body in the order of trunk and limbs, but most of the palms and soles did not have the rash.
Intestinal infectious diseases should not be underestimated
Jiang Tianjun, deputy chief physician of the Department of Infectious Diseases, introduced that there are six kinds of intestinal infectious diseases that are easy to spread in spring:
Bacillary dysentery: This is a common and frequently-occurring disease caused by Shigella dysenteriae when the weather gets warmer. Most of them are caused by dysentery bacilli after eating unclean food. Bacteria are excreted with the feces of patients or carriers, and susceptible people spread through contaminated hands, contact with life, contaminated food or water, or flies. Mainly manifested as fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, feeling of defecation, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, dry mouth and general weakness.
Food poisoning: With the arrival of spring, the temperature rises gradually, bacteria are easy to multiply, the floating population traveling abroad increases greatly, and the catering industry is overloaded, creating opportunities for the spread of diseases. People will get sick if they eat food contaminated by bacteria or bacterial toxins. The incubation period is short, usually several hours to 2 days, and the shortest is 1 hour. The main manifestations are chills, fever (low or high fever), nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea (watery stool, mucus stool, purulent bloody stool or bloody watery stool), and severe cases can cause dehydration, blood pressure drop, acidosis and even shock. The severity of the disease is related to the number of bacteria ingested and the body's defense function, so people who eat together can get sick collectively.
Cholera: It is a serious intestinal infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. It was infected after eating an unclean diet containing Vibrio cholerae. The disease develops rapidly, and if it is not treated in time, it can die of multiple organ failure, spread rapidly and spread on a large scale. China's Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases lists it as one of two Class A infectious diseases. The source of infection of this disease is patients and carriers. People are generally susceptible through water, food, daily contact and the spread of flies. The incubation period is 3 hours to 7 days, and the main manifestations are severe diarrhea and vomiting. Vomiting can be like rice swill, generally without abdominal pain and fever. In severe cases, fluid loss shock, dry skin, wrinkles and dry mouth may occur.
Acute enteritis: "diarrhea" is very common in life. Acute enteritis is the most common disease in diarrhea. Once people overeat and eat rotten and polluted food, acute enteritis often occurs. Mostly caused by microbial infections such as bacteria and viruses, mainly manifested as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever and so on. In severe cases, dehydration, electrolyte disorder and shock can be caused.
Typhoid fever: occurs after eating unclean food containing typhoid Bacillus. The incubation period is about 10 day, and its length is related to the number of infected bacteria. Food-borne epidemic can be as short as 48 hours, while water-borne epidemic can be as long as 30 days. The main manifestations are persistent fever, rash and depression. The source of infection is patients and carriers. Patients can excrete bacteria from feces in the incubation period and urine in 1 weekend, so it is contagious during the whole course of the disease, especially within 2~4 weeks of the course. Typhoid Bacillus is transmitted through sewage, food, daily contact, flies, cockroaches and other media after being discharged from the feces and urine of patients or carriers.
Hepatitis A: After eating food containing hepatitis A virus for about 1 month, virus-infected people are the main source of infection, and a large number of viruses discharged from their feces will pollute water sources, food and surrounding environment. Once the normal population is exposed to these pollutants, it may lead to illness. The incubation period is about half a month to one month. Most patients have the symptoms of fever, fear of cold, fatigue, lack of food, nausea, vomiting, aversion to oil, etc. The average patient will have a fever after a few days, but the urine color will become darker, the eyes will turn yellow, the skin will be jaundice, and the liver area will be painful. At this time, liver function is abnormal (transaminase is as high as hundreds or even thousands of units, bilirubin is obviously increased) and hepatosplenomegaly.
According to the prevention and control of infectious diseases mentioned above
1. Strengthen personal protection. Exercise more, strengthen nutrition and drink more boiled water. Protection and isolation should be strengthened for sick children. You can persuade him to go home for illness.
2. Pay attention to indoor ventilation and keep the indoor air fresh. Offices, homes and public places should be ventilated at any time, especially in schools or hospitals where people with colds are found to prevent large-scale spread.