It says, "since I ascended the throne, everything I have done has made the world miserable, so I can't regret it." From today on, if there is anything that hurts the people and destroys the world, let it go. " In 89 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty offered sacrifices to the gods in Shilu Mountain and confessed to the world that he had implemented an expansion policy since he acceded to the throne, which led to the emptiness of the national treasury and the unbearable burden of the people. The imperial edict on the wheel platform also became the crowning touch of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. He faced up to his mistakes and corrected them actively, and was called the emperor by later generations. The belligerence of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is certainly related to his own ambition, but it is also related to the excessive recuperation of Wenjing rule. According to Pinghuai Historical Records, I am only a few years old now. For more than 70 years, nothing happened in the country. Except for floods and droughts, the people were given enough possessions and had enough to eat, while the state treasury was full of goods and financial resources were rolling in. There is too much money in the capital to teach. The millet in Taicang, agarwood overflowing, is too heavy to return, so that it is corrupt and inedible. There are horses in the streets and alleys, and there are crowds between buildings, but those who take characters are not allowed to get together. This book is Tai Shigong's praise for the rule of Wenjing, describing the social status quo of the country's prosperity and people's security in the early days of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. However, Tai Shigong inadvertently exposed the crisis brought by Wenjing rule to the Han Dynasty. In the early Han Dynasty, people's livelihood was depressed, agriculture was emphasized and commerce was suppressed, and Han inherited the disadvantages of Qin. Husband from the old and weak army to the whole grains, the play is too expensive. Since the son of heaven can't have a military career, he will ride a horse or ride an ox cart with the general, and there is no hidden cover for the people. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the country had just experienced war and people's livelihood was depressed. Grandfather's uncle Liu Bang started, and four horses of the same color could not be prepared. However, businessmen have accumulated a lot of wealth by hoarding goods, buying low and selling high. In order to stabilize the people's hearts, Liu Bang ordered the Jiafu people not to pay taxes by car again, embarrassing them. During the period of honoring Huidi and Lv Hou, after years of recuperation, the country has got rid of war and the people barely have enough to eat and wear. In order to further promote economic development, the restrictions on businessmen were relaxed and businessmen became active again. The people's livelihood is still suffering from floods and droughts due to the rule of Wenjing, and the government urgently levies taxes, which are levied from time to time. Some people sell half Jia, and the dead get double interest, so there are people who sell farmland houses and children to pay for their responsibilities. By the time of Emperor Wendi, more and more rich people gave up agriculture and accumulated money by selling goods and lending. After wealth has accumulated to a certain extent, some people become rich and some people become businessmen. In every disaster year, poor peasants have to borrow money from businessmen and rich people, and when they can't afford the loan, they have to sell their farmland and children to pay off their debts. Although there were many restrictions on businessmen in the laws and regulations of the early Han Dynasty, the influence on businessmen was actually not great because of the rule of Huang Lao's inaction. According to Hanshu Shihuozhi, if you cultivate the land of the rich, you will see what the tax is. When poor peasants rent land from Hao Min again, they will pay up to 50% of the land rent. Therefore, the rich can get a lot of wealth without labor, while the poor peasants can work hard to eat and wear warm clothes, and the gap between the rich and the poor is getting bigger and bigger. Talking about the importance of Xiaomi and the way to alleviate social contradictions is to let the people take Xiaomi as a reward and punishment. Today, we recruit people from all over the world to be Su Xian county officials, so as to worship the Lord and get rid of sin. In order to alleviate social contradictions, Chao Cuo sent a book "On Precious Chestnuts" to Emperor Wendi, explaining the importance of agriculture with emotion and reason, hoping that Emperor Wendi could attach importance to agricultural production. Emperor Wen of Han listened to Chao Cuo's advice and improved the status of chestnuts. People pay chestnuts to the imperial court, and reward different officials according to the quantity to avoid corvee or crime. The relationship between grain and officials, corvees, crimes, etc. Has been established, thus improving the enthusiasm of farmers in agricultural production. Thirteen years later, in the second year of Emperor Xiaojing, the people were required to pay half of the land rent and collect one thirtieth of the tax. During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, the burden on the people was reduced again, from one fifteenth of the original tax revenue to one thirtieth. From this perspective, Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han really took the concept of sharing interest with the people to the extreme. It is conceivable that a series of policies are inclined to agriculture, the people will inevitably turn to agricultural production, and agricultural production will certainly develop rapidly, which is in line with the political concept of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce in feudal society. But there are advantages and disadvantages. Land annexation measures did not benefit most people. Rich people have titles, farmers have money, and Xiaomi has something. If the husband can get the title of Xiaomi, there are more than enough people; If we are inexhaustible, then the poor will suffer. The so-called loss is more than enough to make up for it, and those who make it will also benefit. Chao Cuo's ideal situation is that rich people have official titles when they pay grain, and farmers have money when they pay grain. However, in the case of land annexation, many farmers have no land. They rent the land from the landowner for farming and pay 50% of the rental to the landowner. When paying taxes, farmers still have to pay taxes to the court for various reasons. It is half of the twelve-year tax paid by the imperial edict to the people. Next year, taxes on private land will be abolished. Later, Emperor Wendi cut taxes or even halved them. In fact, it is a great advantage for landlords, who can have more food to buy officials and increase their wages, while ordinary people just want to eat and wear warm clothes. However, because the burden on farmers has been reduced, the national economy is on the rise in the overall trend. In addition, the enrichment of the national treasury also ensured that the court had enough confidence to deal with various disasters. In this regard, Chao Cuo's "On Precious Chestnuts" eased social contradictions to some extent. It is gratifying and extravagant, and the ceremony collapses and the music is bad. The imperial clan has land, the official doctors compete for luxury, and the RV clothes are illegal. In the early days of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was almost no ritual system in the country, and there was no frugality during the Emperor Gaozu and Wenjing periods, and luxury prevailed. "Book of Rites" says that there are big and small ceremonies, and there are obvious and hidden ones. The big ones can't be damaged, the small ones can't be benefited, the obvious ones can't be hidden, and the small ones can't be big. Gifts should be suitable for your own situation, not more or less. However, due to the increase of wealth, officials and scholars disregard etiquette and compare with each other. You can imagine how corrupt the country was at that time! Beggars were ordered to be kings, each with its own reasons, and returned to the same place by different roads, saying that they did it for the people and pursued the customs for control. What are the expectations of negotiators who regard public symmetry as archaic? Korea is also a family matter, so what's the future? This can be seen from the fact that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered ministers to formulate etiquette system after he ascended the throne. After decades of development, the Han Dynasty was rich as an enemy, but morally bankrupt. People compete with each other and lack manners. The function of courtesy is to control people's desires. If people don't control themselves, they will get angry if their desires are not satisfied, and getting angry will violate the law. At that time, the country will be in chaos. After the rule of Wenjing in the Han Dynasty, the country became rich and strong, which gave the capital for the expansion of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. However, things have ups and downs, and they will change. Excessive solidarity with the people has caused serious land annexation, excessive gap between the rich and the poor, lack of etiquette and moral decay, but it is also a fact. (Image source network, if there is any infringement, please contact the author to delete! ) resources:

Historical Records, Hanshu, Book of Rites, History of Zi Jian, full edition, original hardcover, Historical Records, 6 volumes, no abridged comments, original Historical Records by Zhonghua Book Company plus the youth edition of Twenty-four History of China and Zi Jian by Sima Qian, RMB 34.8+00.