General situation of Qinghai-Tibet railway
Building the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council at the beginning of the new century. It is a landmark project for the development of the western region, which is of great significance for accelerating the economic and social development of Qinghai-Tibet province, enhancing national unity and benefiting people of all ethnic groups. The railway was opened to traffic at 9: 00 on July 1 2006.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway runs from Xining City, Qinghai Province to Lhasa City, Xizang Autonomous Region, with a total length of 1956 km. Among them, 8 14km, 1979 and 1984 from Xining to Golmud were paved and put into operation. The Golmud-Lhasa section under construction starts from Golmud City, Qinghai Province, and goes south along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway to Lhasa City, the capital of Xizang Autonomous Region, with a total length of 1 142 km, of which the existing line from Golmud to Nanshankou is newly built112 km, with a reconstruction of 32 km. The construction of Qinghai-Tibet railway is facing severe challenges of frozen soil, cold and lack of oxygen and ecological fragility. This project is arduous, demanding and difficult.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway started construction on June 29th, 20001year. In that year, the investment was11.80 billion yuan, and the reconstruction of the existing line from Golmud to Nanshankou was completed. The subgrade from Nanshankou to Wang Kun was basically formed, and the frozen soil test section was started, which won the first victory. In 2002, it invested 5.32 billion yuan; The main project under Golmud-Wangkun line was completed, the main project under Wangkun-Chumar River line was basically completed, and the main project under Chumar River-Buqiangge line was completed by more than 80%; Track laying began on June 29th, and it reached Kunlun Mountain smoothly at the end of the year. This year is a comprehensive year for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, with a planned investment of 5.6 billion yuan. By the end of July, the total investment was 2.39 billion yuan and the total construction started was 8.89 billion yuan. At present, the frozen soil project in the northern part of Tanggula Mountain is taking intensive measures, laying tracks and erecting beams to advance to the hinterland of the plateau, and key projects such as Tanggula ridge-crossing section and Donnan section have been started, and the all-round battle has reached its climax.
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is known as "the roof of the world" and "the roof of the earth", and it is the source of rivers in China. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway, built in this primitive, unique, fragile and sensitive geographical and ecological environment, is the railway with the highest altitude and the longest route in the world. The highest point of the railway crossing Tanggula Mountain is 5072 meters above sea level, 960 kilometers above sea level, and more than 550 kilometers in frozen soil area. Effective protection of ecological environment in the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway is an important task of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and it is also the focus of attention at home and abroad. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to the ecological environment protection of Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction. Comrade Zhu Rongji demanded that the State Council's spirit of strengthening the ecological environment protection of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau should be conscientiously implemented, and that the ecological environment of Qinghai-Tibet should be well cared for and every grass and tree in Qinghai-Tibet should be well protected. It points out the direction for the ecological environment protection of Qinghai-Tibet railway construction.
China Broadcasting Network, Beijing, May 2, 2007 1 The Ministry of Construction told reporters that with the joint efforts of all construction workers of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, all stations and auxiliary lines of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have been laid. At this point, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been fully laid.
According to Xinhua News Agency, the main line1142km of the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was fully laid last year. Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a landmark project in the development of western China. The project started construction in June 2000 1 year, and will be put into trial operation in July this year1day.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the highest railway in the world at present. The average annual temperature along the railway is below zero degrees Celsius, and the oxygen content in the air is only half that of the plain area. The railway crosses 960 kilometers above 4000 meters above sea level, with the highest point crossing Tanggula Mountain at 5072 meters above sea level. For the early opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, tens of thousands of builders along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have given up holidays and other rest time and are busy with the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
Experts said that the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will further accelerate the economic development of Tibet and Qinghai provinces, and the history of "going abroad is easier than entering Tibet" will never return, and railway transportation will greatly reduce the cost of passenger and cargo transportation in and out of Tibet.
The opening of "Tianlu" makes the "roof of the world" not far away.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the highest plateau railway in the world, began trial operation on June 5438+0. The opening of this railway will change the lifestyle of 2.7 million Tibetan residents, including their cooking methods.
In front of a herder's tent in Dangxiong County, Xizang Autonomous Region, Sang Zhuo Ma, a Tibetan girl aged 16, smiled and told reporters: "As soon as the train passes, our family can cook without cow dung."
In the vast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, cold winters occupy most of the year. In the long eight months, due to the lack of coal resources, cow dung is the main fuel for plateau herders. However, the long-term burning of cow dung deprived the grassland of the ideal fertilizer.
After the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, 75% of the materials entering and leaving Tibet will be borne by the railway, which has changed the shortcomings of long road transportation distance, high freight rate and great loss in the past.
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the roof of the world, is famous for its high altitude, thin air, low oxygen content, strong ultraviolet rays, perennial snow and complex climate. American modern train traveler Paul? "With Kunlun Mountain, the railway will never reach Lhasa," Taylor wrote in his book Traveling in China.
After four years of hard work, many rare scientific and technological problems have been overcome. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway was completed last year and will be put into trial operation on July 1 this year. Because it crosses the highest plateau in the world, this railway is also called "Heavenly Road".
In the eyes of Tibetans who have lived on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for generations, this magical railway can not only bring in the scarce coal on the plateau, but also transport the skins out. Perhaps one day, herders who have been grazing for generations can take the train to see the outside, and their distance from the world will be shortened.
Soko, a 52-year-old Tibetan, is the owner of a small restaurant in Lhasa. He said: "After the railway is opened to traffic, the first thing I want to do is to take my wife to the capital Beijing by train-a private day trip from home, and then visit more places!"
Tourism experts believe that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will become a "golden tourist route" with unlimited business opportunities.
Huang, commander of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Command, said in an interview with Xinhua News Agency that the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will connect the Silk Road and the Potala Palace and become a new golden tourist hotline in western China. Today, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces and regions have held consultations with Tibet on the development of tourism.
Soko said: "When tourists from all over the world come in, my small restaurant will be more prosperous!" "
According to the research forecast of Tibet Academy of Social Sciences and Institute of Industrial Economics of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the number of tourists in Tibet is expected to reach 5,282,400 in 20 10, and the direct income from tourism will reach 5.8 billion yuan. In 2005, Tibet received10.8 million domestic and foreign tourists, and its tourism revenue was10.93 billion yuan.
Huang also told reporters that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company plans to open a luxury tourist train, passing through world-famous scenic spots such as Qinghai Lake, Kunlun Mountain, Hoh Xil, Sanjiangyuan, Northern Tibet Grassland and Potala Palace.
In order to help tourists cope with possible altitude sickness, there will be special oxygen supply equipment in the carriage. After completion, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will also adopt an infrared monitoring system to make the plateau unattended and open to traffic all day.
In addition, the company will also start a garbage collection system and a garbage collection train to transport the domestic garbage generated along the way to Lhasa or Golmud for treatment.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway starts from Xining, Qinghai Province in the east and ends in Lhasa, Xizang Autonomous Region in the west, with a total length of nearly 2,000 kilometers. After opening, the train speed in general sections will reach 120km, and the travel time from Golmud to Lhasa will not exceed 12 hours.
The trial operation of Qinghai-Tibet Railway in July 2006 provided two sets of oxygen supply modes.
On April 23, 2006, according to the introduction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company, the Golmud-Lhasa train of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which was put into trial operation on July 1 2006, will provide passengers with two ways of oxygen supply by dispersion and oxygen mask to minimize the lack of oxygen in the train.
Ma Baocheng, deputy general manager of Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company, said that according to the lack of oxygen along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company will do its utmost to create a comfortable "internal environment" in the train compartment, and two sets of oxygen supply methods are set up in the train compartment. One is decentralized protection, similar to "central air conditioning", which will make the oxygen content of the whole carriage reach more than 80% in plain areas; Another method of oxygen supply is to set an oxygen mask next to the passenger seat. If passengers feel that there is still lack of oxygen in the compartment, they can take off their oxygen masks and take oxygen directly.
In addition, every train after operation will be equipped with a doctor and a nurse to take emergency measures on board.
The first passenger train to Tibet "Qing 1" departed from Golmud Railway Station in Qinghai at 9: 00 a.m. on July 1 2006 for Lhasa, Xizang Autonomous Region. This is the first passenger train to Lhasa, marking the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
The plateau "Tianlu" was opened to traffic on July 1 2006, which is a day destined to be written into history. On this day, the history of no passenger trains in Tibet was rewritten. 1 day, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Celebrations "Qing 1" and "Zang 2" departed from Golmud and Lhasa respectively, and the train boarded the Qinghai-Tibet Railway for the first time. At 0: 00 on the 2nd, the "Zang-2" passenger train from Lhasa to Lanzhou on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway passed the journey of 13 hour 0 1 minute and arrived in Golmud safely. This marks the opening of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the plateau railway with the highest altitude and the longest route mileage in the world.
At 0: 03 1 on the 2nd, the "Qing1"train from Golmud to Lhasa arrived in Lhasa safely. From 1, 1 1: 05 to Lhasa, the "Qing 1" train passed 45 stations along the way, lasting 13 hours and 26 minutes.
Trains entering and leaving Tibet started one after another.
1 7:20, Golmud Railway Station. Hundreds of passengers with tickets for the first passenger train to Tibet-"Qing 1" began to board the train one after another. At 8: 30, the passengers basically got on the bus. At 9 o'clock, the door closed. Xinhua News Agency and CCTV 12 reporters are allowed to board the first train to Tibet for real-time reporting.
1 1 1:05, the train "Qing 1" started for Lhasa with a long whistle.
Seven minutes later-110/2: 00, the Tibetan Railway "Zang 2" passenger train from Lhasa to Lanzhou also started slowly, leaving the Lhasa Railway Station platform1,with more than 700 passengers on board.
Gayang, a herder of Naqu in northern Tibet, who watched the train whistle slowly away, said: "From riding a horse, taking a car to taking a train, the dream of our ancestors for thousands of years has never been realized in our generation!"
The plateau scenery is very beautiful.
1 day 12: 40, the first train "Qing 1" entered Tibet and passed through Kunlun Mountain Tunnel. 13: 20, passing by qingshui river bridge. The reporter saw at the scene that the terrain around qingshui river bridge is flat and the vision is wide, so it is difficult to see the end of the bridge at a glance. When the train arrived, several mountain patrol members, such as Wenga and Gama, from the Suonan Street Protection Station of the Hoh Xil Reserve Administration, paid attention to the train.
Since then, the "Qing 1" train has passed the stations of Jade Everest, Unfreezing Spring, Chuma River, Wudaoliang, Riaqiqu, Tuotuo River, Tongtianhe, Yanshiping and Buqiangge ... just like a long dragon crossing the vast plateau, it broke the tranquility of the ancient wasteland.
The train keeps going south. Sometimes it rains, sometimes it snows, and sometimes a rainbow appears outside the window. People really experienced the weather of "ten miles in different days" on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The snow-capped mountains are endless, and the unique scenery on the plateau attracts people's attention, "occupying" the storage space of many digital camera memory cards.
The train set a new record in the history of railways.
The "Tibet No.2" train leaving Tibet also "transited" all the way to the north.
1, 14: 5 1, after more than 3 10 kilometers, the train passed by Naqu Railway Station, an important town in northern Tibet.
1, 17: 35, the "Tibet 2" passenger train slowly passed Tanggula Station at an altitude of 5068 meters. This is the first time that a passenger train has passed the highest railway station in the world.
1, 17: 38, the train successfully crossed the highest point of the world railway at an altitude of 5072 meters at a speed of 84 kilometers per hour. More than 700 people on board were fortunate to be the first passengers to pass the highest point of the world railway and take the passenger train to the highest railway station in the world.
Zabawanda, a Tibetan tourist, said: "It is a miracle that the train can pass through Tanggula, a place where even animals can't survive." Passenger Zhou Jun said with deep feelings: "I stand at the highest point of the world railway and feel extremely proud."
1 day 18: 05, the first train into Tibet "Qing 1" and the first train out of Tibet "Zang 2" passed smoothly at Buqiangge Station. People cheered because it meant that the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway had undergone a comprehensive inspection of passenger trains.
There are no more railways and trains in Tibet.
After passing by, the two trains ran to their respective destinations on the inspected railway.
1, 19: 3 1, the "Tibet No.2" passenger train leaving Tibet went like lightning, and successfully passed the first bridge at the source of the Yangtze River-Tuotuo River Yangtze River Source Bridge and Tuotuo River Station. At 20: 23, the train arrived at Fenghuoshan Tunnel. At 20: 46, the train passed through Chumar River Station. 2 1: 45, arriving in qingshui river bridge. At 22: 20, we passed the Kunlun Mountain Tunnel, which is the longest plateau frozen soil tunnel in the world.
2 1, 18, the train "Qing 1" passes Naqu Station, crosses the northern Tibetan Plateau and goes straight to Lhasa. In Lhasa, salute sounded, fireworks bloomed and people were waiting for the train. ...
The opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway ended the history that there were no railways and trains in Xizang Autonomous Region. Liu Zhijun, Minister of Railways, said that this will certainly provide strong support for the development of the western region and promote comprehensive and coordinated economic and social development.
Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the best.
■ The railway with the highest altitude and the longest route in the world.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway starts in Xining City, Qinghai Province and ends in Lhasa City, the capital of Xizang Autonomous Region, with a total length of 1956 km.
The Golmud-Lhasa section of the second phase of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway under construction, with a total length of118km, is a landmark project for China's western development. The Jiela section starts from Golmud, a new industrial city in Qaidam Basin in western Qinghai, passes through Nachitai, Kunlun Mountain, Wudaoliang, Tuotuo River and Yanshiping, passes through Tanggula Mountain, and then passes through Amdo, Naqu, Dangxiong and Yangbajing in the northern Tibetan Plateau, all the way south to Lhasa. It will cross more than 550 kilometers of permafrost, with an average elevation of more than 4,500 meters, and the highest track will cross the Tanggula Pass at an altitude of 5,072 meters. The total investment of this steel artery is 262 1 100 million yuan. It is planned to be paved in 2006 and the whole line will be completed and opened to traffic on July 1 2007.
Towering peaks, snow-covered areas, vast Gobi ... the ancient and mysterious Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been silent and lonely for thousands of years. Although it is vast, beautiful and rich, in the past, due to the restrictions of economic, social and natural conditions, traffic congestion and poor logistics, people in the plateau could only adhere to the self-sufficient manor economy for a long time. Until 1949, there were only 1 km sidewalks for cars in Tibet, and the only water vehicles were cable bridges, cowhide boats and canoes.
In order to promote the economic development in the plateau area, as early as 1950s, the Party and the state made great efforts to study and solve the railway construction problem in Tibet. The Xining-Golmud section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway started at 1958, stopped at 1960, and was rebuilt at 1974, and was completed and opened to traffic at 1984.
No railway in the world can give people such shock and excitement. In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the most mysterious place except the moon, a world-famous steel dragon meanders forward, which will break through the forbidden zone of life, cross the Gobi Kunlun and fly over the rift valley ... It tells the world with indisputable facts that it is the plateau railway with the highest altitude and the longest line in the world!
■ Wind-volcano tunnel, the highest plateau permafrost tunnel in the world.
Fenghuoshan Tunnel is the highest railway tunnel in the world, located at the edge of "no man's land" in Hoh Xil, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with a total length of 1.338 meters and an altitude of 4,905 meters. It is the highest railway tunnel in the world and the key control project of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The geology of the tunnel area is complex, mainly including soil-bearing ice, saturated frozen soil, rich frozen soil, cracked ice, melted mudstone and other disease geology. The average altitude here is about 4,900 meters, the annual average temperature is MINUS 7℃, the lowest temperature in cold season is MINUS 4 1℃, and the oxygen content in the air is only about 50% of that in the mainland, so it is called the "life forbidden zone". The thickest frozen soil layer of the tunnel is 150m, and the thinnest covering layer is only 8m. A little carelessness in construction will lead to landslide, and the engineering difficulty is unprecedented.
In the design and construction of frozen soil tunnel in Fenghuoshan Plateau, the low-temperature early-strength concrete adapted to the construction of frozen soil tunnel was developed and used, and new technologies and processes such as waterproof and thermal insulation were adopted, which overcame the technical difficulties such as shallow tunnel entrance and smooth blasting of ice rock, mastered the effective methods of frozen soil subgrade and tunnel construction in plateau, and made it reach the leading level of frozen soil tunnel construction at home and abroad. The key to tunneling in the unfavorable geological areas of wind and volcano is to solve the problem of hot melting of surrounding rock. The construction unit takes saturated frozen soil construction as the first choice, draws lessons from the construction experience of frozen soil tunnels at home and abroad, develops and puts into operation two super-large tunnel air-conditioning units, forms an air freezing room and an air-conditioning room in the tunnel, controls the temperature in the tunnel within 5℃, solves the problem of thermal melting under different frozen soil geological conditions, and explores a new way to ensure the smooth progress of the project. More than 400 first-class plateau construction machinery have been purchased successively, realizing mechanized operation, greatly reducing the labor intensity of employees and improving production efficiency. Fenghuoshan Tunnel is the longest shallow tunnel on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In order to avoid landslide, a set of construction methods of bolting and shotcreting support under different geological conditions are put forward. In the frozen soil area, the double-layer super-strong support mode of large pipe shed and small pipe shed is adopted, and hollow anchor rod and heated cement slurry are used for anchor injection, so that the upper surrounding rock forms a relatively stable environment. At the same time, the implementation of "weak blasting, fast support, fast initial lining" will make the frozen soil-rich section pass safely. For the broken ice geology, the method of "grasping the grid frame first, welding the steel mesh quickly, and spraying while welding" has achieved good results. In view of the geology of thawed mudstone, the method of "sodium silicate double liquid grouting, first stabilizing the mountain structure, and then carefully excavating after the sodium silicate and cement slurry solidify" was adopted, which quickly stopped the collapse of thawed mudstone and ensured the normal construction.
The Fenghuoshan Tunnel was started at 5438+0, 10 on June 8, 2006, and successfully completed at 438+09 on June 65, 2002, which marked the important progress in the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
Fenghuoshan Tunnel is located at the edge of Hoh Xil in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with a total length of 1 338m and an altitude of 4,905m. It is the key and difficult control project of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and the highest tunnel in the world, attracting worldwide attention.
The geology of the tunnel is complex, including soil ice, saturated frozen soil and rich frozen soil. When the first shot of tunnel excavation started, the construction technicians who dug many tunnels in China Railway 20th Bureau were surprised to see the ice-filled soil for the first time. The thickest frozen soil layer of the tunnel is 150m, and the thinnest covering layer is only 8m. A little carelessness in construction will lead to a large area of landslide. The natural conditions in windy and volcanic areas are harsh. The average altitude here is about 4,900 meters, the annual average temperature is -7℃, the lowest temperature in cold season is -4 1℃, and the oxygen content in the air is only about 50% of that in the mainland, so it is called the "life forbidden zone". There are 7 scientific research projects above ministerial level in Fenghuoshan Tunnel, which is the plateau frozen soil tunnel with the largest number of scientific research projects on Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and the engineering difficulty is unprecedented.
200165438+1October 18, Fenghuoshan Tunnel started. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Headquarters strengthened its leadership, and China Railway 20th Bureau Group Company organized scientifically and relevant units cooperated vigorously. According to the guiding ideology of "relying on science and technology, putting people first and paying attention to environmental protection", scientific construction, strict management and tenacious struggle have made important breakthroughs and gratifying achievements in all work.
Carry out joint research and break through key and difficult points. In order to solve the problem of plateau frozen soil construction, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Command has set up a leading group for tackling key problems in science and technology with construction, design, construction and supervision as members, and the China Railway 20th Bureau Command has set up a leading group for tackling key problems with the chief commander as the team leader. Together with the Institute of Railway Science, Institute of Frozen Soil of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Southwest Jiaotong University and other units, we have developed and used low-temperature early-strength concrete suitable for tunnel construction in plateau frozen soil. New technologies and processes such as waterproof and thermal insulation have been adopted, and technical difficulties such as tunnel entry in shallow frozen soil and smooth blasting of ice rock have been overcome, and effective methods for subgrade and tunnel construction in plateau frozen soil have been mastered.
Insist on syndrome differentiation and treatment to solve the problem of frozen soil melting. The key to tunneling in the unfavorable geological areas of wind and volcano is to solve the problem of hot melting of surrounding rock. Taking saturated frozen soil construction as the primary goal, China Railway 20th Bureau Headquarters, drawing lessons from the construction experience of frozen soil tunnels at home and abroad, jointly developed and put into operation two super-large tunnel air-conditioning units with Shijiazhuang Railway Institute to form an air freezing room and an air-conditioning room, which controlled the temperature in the tunnel within 5℃, solved the problem of thermal melting under different frozen soil geological conditions, and explored a new way to ensure the smooth progress of the project.
Explore advanced technology and popularize advanced construction methods. The shallow buried section of Fenghuoshan tunnel is long. In order to avoid collapse, they put forward the construction scheme of shotcrete and support under different geological conditions. In the frozen soil area, the double-layer super-strong support mode of large pipe shed and small pipe shed is adopted, and hollow anchor rod and heated cement slurry are used for anchor injection, so that the upper surrounding rock forms a relatively stable environment. At the same time, "weak blasting, rapid support and rapid initial lining" will be implemented to safely pass through the frozen soil rich ore section. For the broken ice geology, the method of "grasping the grid first, welding the steel mesh quickly, and spraying while welding" has achieved good results. In addition, "using sodium silicate double liquid grouting to stabilize the mountain structure first, and then carefully excavating after the sodium silicate and cement slurry solidify" quickly stopped the collapse of frozen mudstone and ensured the normal construction.
Attach importance to engineering quality and improve labor efficiency. They carry out the policy of "building excellence, first excellence, and excellence in all aspects". The qualified rate of the first acceptance of the project reached 100%, and the excellent rate reached more than 90%, which reduced the common quality defects and did not cause a grade safety accident. More than 400 first-class plateau construction machinery have been purchased successively, realizing mechanized operation, greatly reducing the labor intensity of employees, improving production efficiency and speeding up the tunnel construction progress.
Adhere to "people-oriented" and give priority to health protection. The air in the wind volcano tunnel is thin and strictly oxygen-deficient. In order to ensure that the team can stand up, stand steady and win the battle, they proceed from geographical environment, climatic conditions, technical difficulties, materials and equipment, medical and health care and so on. Invested funds to establish a "site hospital" with advanced medical equipment such as hyperbaric oxygen chamber and B-ultrasound, and 9 primary health centers, equipped with 34 medical staff, forming a perfect secondary health security network; In cooperation with scientific research units, they have developed and built three medical oxygen stations for production and life, providing dispersed oxygen supply for the Fenghuoshan tunnel. Each oxygen station can produce 20 cubic meters of oxygen per hour, and the purity of oxygen reaches 94%. An oxygen bar car is installed in the tunnel to facilitate workers to take oxygen at any time. Solved the problem of oxygen consumption for construction and life of more than 3,000 construction workers and migrant workers. It created a miracle, and none of the workers and laborers involved in the construction died of altitude sickness.
On June 65438+1October 65438+1October 9, 2002, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Tunnel was completed, which marked the important progress in the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The Ministry of Railways specially sent congratulations. On July 29th, 2003, the main project of the tunnel was completed. Wind-volcano tunnel successfully broke through the technical problems of plateau frozen soil, and was rated as "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Events in China in 2002" in the selection activities organized by the Ministry of Science and Technology and other units. Source: Huang Yang, Propaganda Department of Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Headquarters. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway has a total length of 1956 km, with an altitude of more than 4,000 meters and 960 km, of which 550 km passes through the plateau permafrost region. Its highest point is located at Tanggula Pass, with an altitude of 5072 meters, and it is covered with snow all year round. It is known as "the closest railway to the sky" and "the highest railway in the world". Building the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is an important strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council at the beginning of the new century. It is one of the four landmark projects in the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the first key project in the western development.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway starts from Xining City in Qinghai Province in the north and ends in Lhasa City in Xizang Autonomous Region in the south, with a total length of about 1956 km, of which about 846 km from Xining to Golmud was completed on 1984. The Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which is about to start construction, leads from Golmud Railway Station, an important town in western Qinghai Province, passes through Nanshankou, goes to the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, passes through Nachitai, Wudaoliang, Tuotuo and Yanshiping, crosses Tanggula Mountain, enters Xizang Autonomous Region, and then passes through Amdo, Naqu, Dangxiong and Yangbajing, and reaches Lhasa, the capital of Xizang Autonomous Region. The route is basically parallel to the Qinghai-Tibet Highway. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway passes through nature reserves such as Hoh Xil, Sanjiangyuan and Qiangtang. Because of its unique environmental protection design and construction, it is also called the first "environmental protection railway" in China.
■ Kunlun Mountain Tunnel, the longest plateau frozen soil tunnel in the world.
It snows in June at the entrance of Kunlun Mountain Tunnel at an altitude of 4,648 meters. It is cold and oxygen-deficient all the year round, the oxygen content is only half that of the inland plain, and the lowest temperature reaches MINUS 30 degrees Celsius.
The builders of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway who fought here braved the harsh natural environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to build the longest plateau frozen soil tunnel in the world. Tunnel construction in frozen soil area is much more difficult than that in plain area. Every summer, the temperature in the tunnel will rise, sometimes reaching about 7 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, frozen soil is easy to melt, and ice slag sometimes falls in the tunnel, which brings great difficulties to the construction. In order to prevent and reduce the influence of frozen soil diseases on tunnel stability, the construction of Kunlun Mountain Tunnel is twice that of plain area. Tunnel construction in plain area only needs to add a layer of concrete after bolting and shotcreting support, while tunnel construction in frozen soil area needs to set up two layers of waterproof layer and an insulation board to play a waterproof and thermal insulation role, and finally line with a layer of concrete. This is equivalent to putting waterproof and warm clothes on the tunnel, which effectively solves the construction problem of frozen soil tunnel.
In order to ensure the physical and mental health of construction workers, China Railway No.5 Bureau and No.4 Company has stipulated a four-hour shift operation system, which provides sufficient oxygen for the workers in the tunnel every day and regularly checks the air quality in the tunnel. At the entrance of Kunlun Mountain Tunnel, a yellow ventilation pipe runs through the tunnel like a ribbon, which continuously sends fresh air into the tunnel from outside the tunnel, ensuring the oxygen content in the tunnel construction. They also set up an emergency center at the tunnel entrance, a hyperbaric oxygen chamber at the construction site, and oxygen cylinders in the staff quarters. At the same time, employees are given a physical examination every quarter, and those who feel unwell are immediately sent to Golmud for treatment.
Kunlun Mountain Tunnel was completed on September 25th, 2002.
■ Tanggula Station, the highest railway station in the world.
On June 29th this year, Tanggula Station, the highest railway station along the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, broke ground, which is also the highest railway station in the world at present.
Tanggula Station is located in the permafrost region of Tanggula Pass at an altitude of 5,068 meters, covering an area of about 77,000 square meters and designed as a three-lane highway. After the completion of Tanggula Station, it will mainly meet the needs of train transfer. The station was built by the Sixth Project Department under the 18th Bureau. According to the geographical location and geological characteristics of the station, flaky ventilation subgrade is adopted in the engineering design. This design can keep the frozen soil temperature relatively stable, thus reducing the disturbance to the frozen soil and achieving the purpose of effectively protecting the frozen soil.
When Tanggula Station was completed in August 2004, it will become a major scenic spot on the Li Qian-Qinghai-Tibet line.
■ China's largest plateau railway bridge base-Nanshankou Bridge Base of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
About 30 kilometers to the south from Golmud City, the starting point of Golmud section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, you will come to the China railway construction history's largest and highest-ranking plateau Pujia base-Nanshankou Pujia base of Qinghai-Tibet Railway at an altitude of 3,050 meters.
The bridge-laying and bridge-erection base at Nanshankou of Qinghai-Tibet Railway ranks first in the history of railway construction in China with its large scale and high technical content. At the beginning of the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, there was still yellow sand flying, inaccessible and desolate. Since the clarion call for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway sounded on June 29th, 20001year, more than 500 employees of China Railway No.1 Bureau have fought against anoxia, sandstorm and camping in this barren land, and launched a tough battle between man and nature, railway construction technology and management level, overcoming many difficulties and raising the banner of "leading" for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
The installation and debugging of machinery and equipment began in March last year, and the trial production of nailing production line began in April. Guo Xiuchun said that the Nanshankou Bridge Base undertakes the task of laying tracks and bridging the Nanshankou-Amdo section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway passes through the "roof of the world", which is characterized by cold, lack of oxygen and low pressure, as well as unfavorable factors such as large slope, large temperature difference, many sandstorms and lightning, which brings great difficulties to construction and transportation. At present, the power of domestic track-laying machines, bridge-erecting machines and diesel locomotives on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with an average elevation of 4,000 meters is reduced by nearly half, and the general maximum slope adaptability is 12 ‰. Moreover, due to lack of oxygen, insufficient fuel combustion produces a large amount of waste gas, causing environmental pollution. However, the maximum design gradient of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is 20 ‰, and the harsh climatic conditions and special geographical environment have become the "obstacles" for railway track laying. To this end, China Railway No.1 Bureau mobilized experts with rich experience in track-laying and bridge-building, reformed domestic track-laying and bridge-building machinery and diesel locomotives, and put forward a series of specific solutions and measures, such as developing oxygen-supplementing and pressurizing equipment, reforming machinery and rolling stock equipment, and preventing severe cold, sandstorm and lightning. After the transformation, the track-laying bridge-erecting machine and diesel locomotive work on the slope of 22/ 1000, with good dynamic performance, normal equipment operation and little environmental pollution. This scientific research achievement fills the gap of domestic plateau bridge technology and provides equipment support for Qinghai-Tibet railway bridge.