The basic structure of this ship
A big ship propelled by a machine can be called a ship. Smaller boats are called boats (boats or boats). Every ship has an object called the hull. Early ships were made of wood, and wheels with paddles were installed on both sides or tail of the ship. The wheels are turned by manpower, and the paddles pull the water backwards to make the boat move forward. Today's ships are mostly made of metal, driven by engines and using propellers. All hulls are hollow, so they are light and can float on the water. Anchors are usually located at the bow, and some have anchors at the front and rear, while propellers are always installed at the stern.
Ship operation and braking
Modern ships usually have an engine to drive the propeller and make the ship move forward. The original propeller was a Shuang Ye propeller, and now the propeller is a three-blade or four-blade propeller with higher power. Sailboats don't brake as fast as cars because they don't have enough friction when driving in water. Usually, the engine is turned off when the ship brakes, and then the heavy iron anchor is lowered to slow the ship down. When the ship stops in an emergency, the engine can be changed from forward gear to reverse gear, and the backward power counteracts the inertia of forward thrust, making the hull fast.
Stop.
All kinds of boats
Primitive sailboat
Around 2900 BC, Egyptians first used sailboats. From then on, until the18th century, sailing has always occupied a dominant position in ocean transportation. At that time, many sailboats were propelled by a mast and a sail. About 500 years ago, many sailboats with 3-4 masts began to appear. This kind of sailing boat has a strong hull and is not afraid of wind and waves. Today, large ships with engines are widely used, and small sailboats are still used for sports competitions, fishing and local trade.
A huge cargo ship
A ship carrying goods is called a cargo ship. Cargo ships have been sailing on the ocean for thousands of years, which enables people to trade between different parts of the world. Today, a large number of different types of cargo ships sail on the sea, from large oil tankers to small tugboats, from ferries carrying cars to ships dedicated to searching for damaged ships. Cargo ships rarely have superstructures (parts above the main deck). There is a pilot bridge with a chimney on board. There are engines and living quarters under the bridge. The rest of the ship can hold as much cargo as possible.
A hovercraft that surfaced.
The hovercraft has an inflatable air cushion, which can make the hull surface to sail. Due to the reduction of water resistance, the sailing speed is very fast. Hovercraft is not just floating on water, but supported by air cushion, and can travel on water, swamp or land. The hovercraft has a huge fan to form an air cushion. This air cushion is surrounded by a rubber ring called apron around the hull.
History of ship development
China is one of the first countries in the world to make canoes and use canoes and paddles to cross the sea. A canoe is the simplest boat. The log is hollowed out and people sit on it. It evolved from a raft. Although this evolution process is extremely slow, it has taken an important step in the history of ship technology development. Canoes need more advanced production tools and are manufactured according to certain technological processes. Manufacturing technology is much more difficult than raft, and its own technology is much more advanced than raft. It already has a prototype of a ship.
In China, there were wooden boats with cabins in Shang Dynasty, and the shipbuilding technology in Han Dynasty was more advanced. Besides paddles, there are anchors and rudders on board.
In the Tang Dynasty, Colliers invented the use of wheels instead of paddles and paddles, and paddles.
Compasses were widely used on ships in the Song Dynasty, with watertight compartments to avoid sinking on rocks. There are also large ships with masts 10 and sails 10. /kloc-In the 5th century, China's sailboats have become the largest, strongest and most seaworthy ships in the world. The progress of ancient navigation and shipbuilding technology in China is in a leading position in the world.
/kloc-in the 0/8th century, steamships appeared in Europe. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9 th century, iron ships appeared in Europe. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, ships began to develop towards large-scale and modernization.
The sinking of the Titanic
On April/911day, 2002, Titanic, the largest, most advanced and comfortable cruise ship in the world, set sail from Kuntutun with 13 16 passengers and 89 1 crew, and began to cross the Atlantic for the first time. Captain Smith is an old navigator. He is 62 years old. He intended to retire, but for the success of the maiden voyage of Titanic, he promised to direct the voyage before he retired. The rich gathered on the boat and people were immersed in happiness. At the wedding in the restaurant, everyone raised their glasses and was excited that they could take the maiden voyage of this luxury cruise ship. On the deck, some people are chatting, and some people are lying in chairs overlooking the sea and enjoying the sunshine; In the cabin, the children are playing ... the whole cruise ship is filled with a festive atmosphere. No one expected that a disaster was coming. On the morning of April 14, the telegraph was received in the telecommunication room of the cruise ship: "Ice, big ice!" But this telegram did not attract the captain's attention. At noon 1 1 40, another telegram was received in the telecom room: "giant ice!" But this telegram didn't even reach the cockpit. In the afternoon, another telegram came, reporting that there were icebergs and a lot of ice 250 miles ahead of the Titanic. But the captain is still careless. At night, the temperature drops sharply. At that time, Californians driving in front of the Titanic found that there was ice all around, so they stopped and sent another telegram warning that there was a 78-mile-long iceberg right in front of the route. On this day, Titanic received seven warning telegrams, and the last telegram was only a few minutes before the cruise ship hit an iceberg! But I don't even care! At night 1 1: 40, the crew of Titanic saw the iceberg and notified the cockpit urgently. It was too late. Although the ship stopped immediately, capsized and avoided the iceberg with full starboard rudder, the starboard side of the ship still hit the iceberg! After the Titanic was hit, it began to sink. The crew put women and children on lifeboats. 2: 18, the cruise ship sank completely, and there were cries and cries for help from the dark sea ... Titanic cost 75 million pounds, weighed 46,328 tons, was 882.9 feet long and 92.5 feet wide, which was equivalent to 1 1 floor height. There are not only restaurants, bars, cafes, recreation rooms and cinemas, but also swimming pools and gyms for the first time. At that time, it was a first-class ultra-luxury ship. The film Titanic is based on this true story. Titanic (RMS Titanic), known as Titanic in Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong, is the largest luxury passenger ship made in Britain in the early 20th century. It was called "unsinkable ship" at that time, but it hit an iceberg in the North Atlantic on its maiden voyage from Southampton to new york on April 19 12, and sank for lack of it. The Titanic was built at the Hanand Wolf Shipyard in Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland. Hull launching may 3 19 1 1. She is also the second Olympic-class steamboat built by White Star Company in the same shipyard. It was the largest and most prestigious manned cruise ship at that time. Titanic is 260 meters long and 28 meters wide, with a total weight of 46,329 tons (net weight of 2 1, 83 1 ton), power of 3,000 horsepower and speed of 23-24 miles per hour. Although it contains more space, it leads to a larger gross tonnage. Her hull is still as big as her sister ship, the Olympic. The ship has 899 crew members and can carry 3300 passengers. Because she also delivers mail, it is also called the Royal Mail steamship Titanic. Only three of the four huge chimneys can work normally. The other is foil, whose only practical use is as a chimney in the main kitchen. Titanic was an unparalleled luxury at that time. Although she was not the first ship to provide deck swimming pool, gym, bathroom and elevator, she tried her best to provide a level of service that she had never seen before. For first-class passengers, she provided three elevators; As an innovation, she provided an elevator for second-class passengers. Economy class passengers still need to climb stairs. One of her most famous features is her luxurious stairs. James Cameron faithfully reproduced this staircase in his film. Titanic is a fixed-point work of technological achievements. 16 watertight cabin in case she sinks. During the voyage, a crew member said to Sylvia Caldwell, a second-class female passenger, "Even if God comes himself, he can't sink this ship. On April 19 12, the Titanic set out from Southampton, England for new york, USA. The captain's name is edward smith. He left Southampton Port at noon on April 12, and planned to cross the North Atlantic and go straight to new york. When she was about to set sail, another regular ship "New York" moved in the water because of its huge size, which caused the attraction of a large amount of backfill water to almost hit her hull, delaying for an hour. After the departure, Titanic first docked in Cherbourg, France, across the English Channel to accept more passengers, and then docked in Queenstown, Ireland. Finally, she arrived in new york with 65,438+0,324 passengers and 892 deck workers. Titanic divided passengers into three classes. The third-class cabin is also the cheapest to get off the hull. Most of these passengers are immigrants who intend to build a new life across the Atlantic. The decoration of the second-class cabin and the general guest room was actually the same as that of the first-class cabin of other general ships at that time. Many second-class passengers originally positioned their first class on other ships, but gave up because of the voyage of Titanic and transferred coal energy to Titanic. The first class is the most expensive and luxurious part of the whole ship, and some of the richest celebrities in the world were on this journey at that time. More famous are john jacob astor, a millionaire (theoretically in pounds or dollars), and his wife, entrepreneur benjamin guggenheim. The owners of Macy's Department Store are ador and Iddas Toth. The unsinkable Molly Brown and others. J. Bruce Ismay, director of White Star Cruises, and Thomas Andrews, chief designer, also traveled first class on this ship. /kloc-On the night of April, 0/4, she hit an iceberg. In the process of colliding with an iceberg, due to misjudgment, he made an emergency turn at high speed, leading to turning forward. At the same time, the iceberg made a long crack in the bottom of the ship, which not only loosened the rivets under the starboard waterline, but also caused the water in six watertight compartments. Finally, due to too much water, the hull tilted to an amazing state close to the hull vertical (vertical to the horizontal plane), because the tilting can continue to pour water. Finally, the hull could not support the weight, and half of the hull on the water broke off, and then sank to the bottom of the sea with 1522 people. On the port side of the ship, lifeboats only carry women and children. On the starboard side, men are allowed to board the ship only after women have the priority to escape. So more people were rescued on the starboard side than on the port side. The consequences and effects of the accident The schematic diagram of the collision of the Titanic is inconsistent with the public's idea: when the Titanic sank, it did use the internationally used Morse code SOS, but this was not the earliest example of SOS. 1906 SOS signal was first put forward by the international radiocommunication conference off Berlin. 1908, the international community recognized this proposal and gradually began to use it widely, four years before the sinking of the Titanic. However, British radio operators rarely use SOS signals, and they prefer the old CQD distress signals. John George Philip, the chief radio officer of Titanic, kept sending CQD distress signals until Harold Brad, a junior radio operator, suggested him to send SOS, which is a new call signal. This may be your last chance to send it! Then Philip mixed the sos signal with the traditional CQD distress signal. Because there was no 24-hour radio, the California ship finally received a distress signal the next morning. The disaster shocked the international community. Because it proves to some people that people and their scientific and technological achievements cannot be compared with the forces of nature. At that time, the steelmaking technology was not very mature, and the steel produced was not made by modern standards. The steel plate used in Titanic contains many chemical impurities, such as zinc sulfide, which is more fragile because it is soaked in cold seawater. Even today, after 1 century, several absurd stories about Titanic and its sinking still exist. One is that her rudder is too small, and a bigger rudder can avoid this disaster. A bigger rudder may have saved her, when the size of her rudder is not small for the size of her hull. In fact, according to today's regulations on ships, the size of the rudder of Titanic is still qualified. Another way of saying this is that there were not enough lifeboats on the Titanic. In fact, the number of her lifeboats complies with British law. The number of people stipulated by law is not based on the number of passengers, but on the tonnage of the ship. At that time, the number of lifeboats on all ships was far below the required number, and the purpose of lifeboats at that time was not to hold all passengers; They are only used to transfer passengers from sunken ships to another rescue ship. The sinking of the Titanic changed this life-saving strategy forever. In fact, even if she can load more lifeboats to carry all the passengers, there may still be no guarantee that more people will be rescued, because when she sank, the crew had not had time to put down all the lifeboats! There is also a saying that the crew of the mechanical group stick to their posts until the end. A book published by 1988 also mentioned this point and made it immortal. The fact is that 1: 15am machinery cabin is flooded. At the last moment of sinking, mechanics and furnace workers stood on the stern deck like hundreds of others, trapped in the ship, without any hope of being rescued. On the other hand, there are many sayings about the sinking of Titanic, including the sinking of the whole ship; The hull folds near the middle of the second and third chimneys and then sinks vertically; The hull was folded near the middle of the third and fourth chimneys, then the front hull dragged the stern and the stern sank vertically. Until 1985, the famous scientist Ballard found the wreckage of Titanic in the sea about 380 miles southeast of Newfoundland. They were the bow parts of the first two chimneys and the stern part behind the fourth chimney. The third theory has been preliminarily proved. This theory was later experienced in the film Titanic directed by James Cameron. At that time, everyone thought that the hull part of the third chimney had been blown to pieces and could never be found again. However, in August 2005, the archaeological team sponsored by the History Channel found this hull part 500 meters behind the stern wreck, which is about 12 meters by 27 meters. The red paint on the bottom of the boat is still clearly visible. This discovery overthrew the "double-section theory" of the past 20 years. Scientists believe that the Titanic sank after breaking three sections. The sinking of Titanic greatly affected shipbuilding and radio and telegraph communication. 19131February 12 Therefore, the first international conference on the safety of life at sea was held in London, England. The treaty reached at the meeting contributed to the establishment and capital investment of the international iceberg inspection organization. To this day, she is still detecting and reporting icebergs in the North Atlantic that may threaten ships. The treaty also unanimously reached a new regulation: all manned ships must have enough lifeboats to carry all the people on board, and appropriate related training should be carried out. In addition, the radio communication should be open 24 hours a day, plus the secondary standby power supply, so that the distress signal will not be missed. The treaty also agreed that any rocket launched from a ship must be interpreted as a distress signal.
China's first motor boat.
The first power warship in China was the Tianji, which was built by Jiangnan Shipyard and later renamed Huiji. Tianji is 56.39 meters long, 8.28 meters wide, with a draft of 2.44 meters and a displacement of 600 tons. It is driven by a steam engine and propelled by a paddle wheel propeller. The power of the steam engine is 392 horsepower and the speed is 36 kilometers per hour.
English names of some ship names
Canoe canoe barge canoe raft outboard bracket paddle fork boat rowing boat gondola (Italy) Whale mother ship whaling mother ship hydrofoil catamaran dredger sailboat brigantine masthead boat canoe caravel clipper cargo ship coastal offshore trade cargo ship cod fishing boat whaling ship coal ship battleship shallop small battleship Coast Guard speedboat Coast Guard patrol boat Anti-smuggling boat patrol boat minesweeper torpedo speedboat torpedo speedboat frigate light escort boat gunboat submarine destroyer light cruiser cruise. Cruiser aircraft carrier ferry ferry ferry ferry ferry fishing boat fishing boat cargo ship galley paddle boat hovercraft icebreaker steamboat lifeboat barge liner ocean liner merchant ship motorboat paddle steamboat open boat passenger ship Pilagua canoe rowing boat sailboat sailboat sailboat sailboat sailboat sailboat dinghy sloop steamboat tugboat tugboat tugboat tugboat tugboat speedboat.
/view/ 133507.htm Louchuan is the most famous ship in the Han Dynasty, and it can best reflect the shipbuilding technology level in the Han Dynasty. Shipbuilding, as its name implies, is to build buildings on board. Generally, according to the size of the ship, how many floors are built on the deck, up to three floors. Each floor has a special name: "The house on the ship is called Lu, like a house." . At the top, the heavy room is called Fei Lu, and at the top, it is called Ye Fei. He also said that the birdhouse was waiting in the middle, if the birds were surprised. "(Explain the name and release the ship) A wooden ship model was unearthed from the tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Guangzhou, with a double cabin, which can be called a" flying-land "ship. There are many kinds of shipbuilding, and their uses are very extensive. Militarily, it is the main warship of the water army, so the commander-in-chief of the water army in the Han Dynasty is also known as the "ship general". All kinds of boats in the Han Dynasty mentioned above are recorded in the literature, and no remains have been found so far. However, the ship models of the Han Dynasty were found from time to time in Jiangling, Changsha, Guangzhou and other places, which provided valuable information for people to understand the ship structure of the Han Dynasty. For example, in 1956, a wooden boat model was unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in the western suburbs of Guangzhou.
/view/747289.htm