Spring and Autumn Annals is a chronicle of Lu, which was revised by Confucius. It records the history from the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (4865438 BC+0 BC), and is the earliest chronological history book in China. The historical data of Chunqiu is of high value, but it is not complete. Wang Anshi even said that Chunqiu was a "waste newspaper". It is also one of the Confucian classics.

In ancient China, spring and autumn were the seasons when princes hired royalty. In addition, Spring and Autumn also represented the four seasons in ancient times. History books record all the major events that occur throughout the year, so "Spring and Autumn Period" is a general term for history books. The official name of Lu's history book is Chunqiu. Traditionally, Chunqiu is regarded as the work of Confucius, while some people think it is the collective work of Lu historians.

The writing in Chunqiu is very concise, and the record of events is also very brief. However, during these 242 years, the customs of vassal's attack, alliance, usurpation, sacrifice and disaster were recorded. It records the era of the twelfth generation of Lu, which is completely correct. Compared with the solar eclipse scripture written by western scholars, there are more than 30 solar eclipses recorded in it, which proves that Spring and Autumn Annals was not written by the ancients on the basis of nothing, and can be regarded as a history of faith. However, in the process of long-term circulation, it is inevitable that there will be problems such as escaping from the text and increasing channeling.

The original version of Chunqiu contained only 18000 words, while the existing version contained only 16000 words. The language is extremely concise and the wording is orderly. Because the text is too simple for later generations to understand, exegetical works have appeared one after another, explaining and explaining the records in the book, which is called "biography". Among them, Zuo Qiuming's Chunqiu Zuozhuan, Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan, Chunqiu Gu Liangxi Zhuan and Chunqiu Gu Liangxi Zhuan are collectively called the three biographies of Chunqiu as Confucian classics. At present, the original text of Chunqiu is generally compiled into Zuozhuan as a classic, and the new content in Zuozhuan is biography. According to "History of Literature and Art in Hanshu", there were ***5 biographies in the Spring and Autumn Period:

Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals is divided into twelve periods, eight readings and six theories, with 26 volumes, 160 articles and more than 200,000 words. The content is complex, including Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, France, military, agriculture, Zongheng, Yin and Yang, and so on. Therefore, Hanshu Yiwenzhi lists it as a miscellaneous family. Although the content is mixed, it is not without system in organization, theory in preparation and system in content. As the book "Users" said: "There is no white fox in the world, only white hair, which is taken from the public." Obviously, the purpose of Lu Chunqiu's compilation is to gather the essence of each school and form the thought of one school, that is, to integrate the theories of each school with Taoist thought as the center. According to Lv Buwei, this book treats all viewpoints from an objective perspective, and treats all families equally. Because "private vision makes the eyes blind, private hearing makes the ears deaf, and private consideration makes the heart crazy." If all three are private and have no essence, then there is no reason for wisdom. If wisdom is unfair, blessings will decline and disasters will increase. "("preface to Lu Chunqiu ")

The twelve issues of Lu Chunqiu are the gist and important part of the book, which are divided into spring, summer, autumn and winter. 5 articles per issue, ***60 articles. This book is edited on the basis of "Buddhist Heaven and Earth", and the twelfth issue is a day symbolizing "great happiness", so this part takes the December order as a clue to combine materials. Ji Chun mainly discusses the way of keeping in good health, The Last Month Of Summer discusses teaching principles and music theory, Qiu Ji mainly discusses military issues, and Donjui mainly discusses people's quality. Eight pages, now 63 pages, obviously take off a page. From the beginning of the world, the content has been talking about the way to be a man, the way to govern the country, how to distinguish things, how to use the people, and how to be a king. Six theories, ***36 articles, essays.

Lu's Thought of Chunqiu

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals made a summative criticism on the thoughts of the pre-Qin philosophers. "Parr" said: "expensive, Confucius expensive, expensive, Guanyin expensive, Liezi expensive, Chen expensive, Yang expensive, Sun Bin expensive, expensive." It believes that these different concepts should be unified. "One rule, the difference is chaotic; One is safe and the other is dangerous. " ("Bubu Er") Only when the thoughts are unified can we "go our own way, be clumsy, and do our best, like a hole. "The process of unification is actually the process of critical absorption. Therefore, Lu Chunqiu reformed, developed and sublated all his thoughts. For example, Confucianism advocated the maintenance of monarchical power, which was absorbed by Lv Chunqiu, but it appeared in a unique way. Advocating the new "son of heaven", that is, establishing a feudal centralized state. It reads: "This week's room disaster, the son of heaven is not seen, chaos is greater than no son of heaven." ("Listen"): "There must be a son of heaven in the world, so there is one, and the son of heaven must hold it, so it is also. One rule and two chaos. " (Zhi Yi)

Confucius advocated maintaining the unity of the Zhou Dynasty, but did not emphasize the issue of autocracy. Lu Chunqiu, on the other hand, has the concepts of "upholding one" and "keeping one". "Holding one" and "holding one" are centralization. This is the development of pre-Qin Confucianism. Another example is Mohist thought. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals agreed with the concept of "festival burial" advocated by Mozi, so it criticized the atmosphere of heavy burial at that time: "The more extravagant, the more worried the dead are, and the living must respect each other." Luxury is glorious, frugality is humble, not to die, but to be praised by the living. But Mozi advocated "non-attack", that is, opposing war. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" refuted this: "If you don't attack Tao, you won't punish injustice. If there is no way to attack, it will be a great blessing and benefit. Those who are forbidden are just and righteous, and Tang and Wu are also guilty. " (Zhen Luan) Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals advocates "righteous soldiers". "Just arrived, and the people of neighboring countries returned to the running water. If the people of the country respect their parents, they will win the people from afar, and the soldiers will not be ready, and the people will serve. " (Huai Chong) Lu Chunqiu believes that it is meaningless and wrong to blindly oppose war. A just war, that is, a war of "attacking injustice without virtue", can not only eliminate violence, but also win the heartfelt support of the people. In fact, this is a defense for Qin's war to unify China.

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