The design scheme of the National Swimming Center is the "Water Cube" ([H2O]3) scheme produced by the global design competition. The scheme was jointly designed by China State Construction Engineering Corporation, Australian PTW Architects and ARUP Australia Limited. Among them, Chinese designers are Zhao Xiaojun, President and Chief Architect of China Construction International (Shenzhen) Design Consulting Co., Ltd. and Mao Hongwei, Chief Engineer. The two main designers of PTW Architecture Office are John Boleyn and Toby Wang.
The design embodies the design concept of [H2O] 3 ("Water Cube"), which integrates architectural design and structural design. The design is novel and unique, which is in harmony with the national stadium, fully meets the requirements of the 2008 Olympic Games in function and is easy to operate after the game.
This seemingly simple "square box" was "created" by China's traditional culture and modern science and technology. China people believe that Fiona Fang cannot be achieved without rules, and the overall harmony and unity can be achieved only by doing things according to the established rules. In the traditional culture of China, the design idea of "a round place" gave birth to the "Water Cube", which echoes and complements the circular "Bird's Nest"-the National Stadium. Square is the most basic form of ancient urban architecture in China, which embodies the social life rules represented by Confucian ethics in China culture. And this "square box" can best reflect the multi-functional requirements of the National Swimming Center, thus achieving the perfect combination of traditional culture and architectural functions.
In China culture, water is an important natural element, which can arouse people's happy mood. The National Aquatics Center will become the largest water park in Beijing after the competition, so designers aim at people of all ages, explore all kinds of entertainment ways that water can provide and develop all kinds of uses of water. They call this design concept "Water Cube". I hope it can inspire people's inspiration and enthusiasm, enrich people's lives and provide people with a memory carrier.
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In order to achieve this goal, designers have deepened the concept of water, using not only the decorative function of water, but also its unique microstructure. Based on the design inspiration of "foam" theory, they wrapped the "square box" with a layer of architectural skin, which was covered with geometric shapes similar to water molecules. The ETFE film covered on the surface gives the building an ice crystal-like appearance, which makes it have a unique visual effect and feeling, the outline and appearance become soft, and the charm of water is perfectly reflected in the building. The lightweight "Water Cube" won the championship because it embodies many characteristics of science and technology and environmental protection. The rational organization of natural ventilation, the rational development of circulating water system and the wide application of high-tech building materials have all added more flavor of the times to the National Swimming Center. Many innovative designs have also been applied to swimming pools, such as introducing outdoor air into the swimming pool surface, the end pool shore with holes, visual and sound departure signals, etc. This will make the competition pool the fastest swimming pool in the world.
Innovative external materials
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"Water Cube" is not only a beautiful and complex building, but also can inspire people's inspiration and enthusiasm, enrich people's lives and provide people with a carrier of memory. Therefore, in the design, not only the decorative function of water is utilized, but also its unique microstructure is utilized. The ETFE membrane (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene * * * polymer) wrapped inside and outside the whole building is a new lightweight material, which has effective thermal performance and light transmittance, can adjust the indoor environment, keep warm in winter and dissipate heat in summer, and can also prevent the building structure from being eroded by the internal environment of the swimming center. Even more amazing, if there is a hole in the ETFE film, it doesn't need to be replaced. Just stick a patch, it will heal itself, and it will return to its original appearance after a while!
When the membrane structure is used in buildings all over the world, PTFE membrane is widely used. It is a kind of fiber material, which is characterized by opaque light, but its application technology is relatively mature. "Water Cube" uses ETFE film, which is a transparent film that can bring more natural light to the venue. The theoretical research on this thin film structure in China is almost blank.
The Allianz Stadium in Munich, one of the main venues of the 2006 World Cup in Germany, also adopted ETFE air cushion exterior wall, but compared with the Water Cube, the difference between them is that the air cushion coverage area of the Allianz Stadium in Germany is 60,000 square meters, while the Water Cube is 6,543,800 square meters. Allianz sports ground is a single-layer air cushion, which is arranged regularly, while the water cube is a double-layer air cushion, and almost no two air cushions have the same shape.
According to the design scheme, the membrane structure of the inner and outer facades of the Water Cube consists of 3,065 air cushions (minimum 1-2 square meters and maximum 70 square meters), covering an area of 654,380+10,000 square meters and a development area of 260,000 square meters. It is the largest membrane structure project in the world and the only large-scale public building completely enclosed by membrane structure. It is a great challenge to design, construction and use, and it also poses a very difficult task to ETFE membrane materials, ventilation and air conditioning, fire control, sound, light and electricity control.
New environmental protection design
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Many innovative designs have been applied in the swimming pool of the swimming center, such as introducing outdoor air into the pool surface, the end pool shore with holes, and visual and sound signals. There are also some high-tech equipment, such as optical devices to determine the relative position of athletes, multi-angle three-dimensional image projection systems and so on. These devices will help the audience watch the game better.
In the design, the needs of environmental protection are also fully considered. In order to reduce the generation of carbon dioxide, electricity consumption is reduced in the design. Use solar cells to provide electricity. A large number of new materials are used to reduce the air conditioning and lighting load by 20%-30%. In addition, 80% of the water consumed by the swimming center will be collected from the roof and recycled, which can weaken the dependence on water supply and reduce the sewage discharged into the sewer. The system recovers waste heat, and the application of heat recovery refrigerator will save 600 thousand kwh of electricity a year. There are also modern fire-fighting devices tailored for buildings, which save 74% compared with conventional facilities.
In terms of building energy efficiency, the design of "Water Cube" is also unique. In the "Water Cube" with a total construction area of 80,000 square meters, the roof of 30,000 square meters will make the rainwater collection rate reach 100%, which is equivalent to the annual water consumption of 100 households; In terms of light utilization, the "Water Cube" adopts special membrane materials and corresponding technologies, which enables the venues to utilize natural light for 9.9 hours every day. A year later, the 80,000-square-meter "Water Cube" will save a lot of power resources.
Scientific and technological innovation is a highlight of the architectural design of "Water Cube". Its special membrane material, steel structure and indoor environment design are all blank in the history of Olympic venues. Therefore, scientific innovation has become the highlight of the construction of "Water Cube". Through the joint efforts of all parties, the relevant state departments have approved more than 65,438+00 scientific research projects.
Humanized design details
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The design of "Water Cube" pays attention to details, fully considers the needs of athletes and spectators, and embodies the three concepts of "Green Olympics, Hi-tech Olympics and People's Olympics" of Beijing Olympic Games.
As the competition venue of the Olympic Games, the National Aquatics Center must first meet the competition demand during the Olympic Games. The design of "Water Cube" will make the athletes feel comfortable here and the audience feel comfortable as much as possible. And this comfort often comes from small details. "Water Cube" has diving pool, competition pool and warm-up pool. The water temperature of these swimming pools is not much different from that of their halls, which creates good conditions for athletes to play stably.
In addition, the "Water Cube" has also spent a lot of thought on the design of the ground. Because there is a certain distance between the competition pool and the warm-up pool, athletes often shuttle back and forth between the two pools barefoot. The "Water Cube" has done a particularly detailed treatment on the ground at this distance. At that time, "athletes will be very comfortable to walk over" and will not feel cold hands and feet.
Lightning protection design:
The "Water Cube" is similar to the "Bird's Nest" and also adopts the traditional lightning protection technology. The underground and foundation parts of "Water Cube" are reinforced concrete structures, and the above-ground parts are steel grid structures. The steel bars in the steel structure and the reinforced concrete structure are connected by welding, and together they form a cubic cage. On the roof, the inflatable pillow is embedded and fixed with trough-shaped steel members. The trough-shaped steel members are wide and thick, and welded with the steel mesh on the four walls of the "Water Cube" to support the whole roof. In thunderstorm weather, these steel members play a more serious role. On the one hand, they are used as drainage ditches to collect and remove rainwater from roofs; At the same time, it acts as a lightning arrester to guide lightning current to the "cage lightning protection network" in time to protect the safety of the whole building. This is an ideal "cage lightning protection network", which depends entirely on the materials in the building's own structure, and does not need to erect lightning rods, make down leads or grounding bodies separately. There is no prominent lightning rod or lightning belt on the roof, which is economical, beautiful, safe and reliable.
Seismic design:
"Water Cube" is a typical soft outside and rigid inside. Only inflatable membranes are seen outside, which look very fragile. These membranes are supported by solid steel structures, and the auditorium and indoor buildings are reinforced concrete structures. The wall and ceiling of "Water Cube" are composed of 6,543,800+0.2 million reticulated steel pipes connected by load-bearing joints, which evenly share the weight of the building and make it strong enough to withstand the strongest earthquake in Beijing. The underground part of the Water Cube is a reinforced concrete structure. When pouring concrete, embedded parts (upper steel blocks) shall be set at the position of each steel laurel, and the steel columns of steel structure shall be welded firmly with these embedded parts. In this way, the steel structure on the ground and the reinforced concrete structure in the underground part form a solid whole. It is precisely because of its superior structural form and good integrity that the "Water Cube" has a "perfect shape" and has reached the standard of seismic intensity of 8 degrees.
Green venues
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As the three core concepts of Beijing Olympic Games, Green Olympics, Hi-tech Olympics and People's Olympics have programmatic guiding significance for all the work of Beijing Olympic Games. Among these three concepts, the first one is the Green Olympics. From the definition of green Olympics in Beijing Olympic Action Plan, it is not difficult to see that every link of realizing green Olympics needs people's high-standard ecological literacy to ensure that all work should be carried out according to standards.
The main advanced energy-saving technologies in the construction of the National Swimming Center include the selection of heat pump, the utilization of solar energy, the comprehensive utilization of water resources, advanced heating and air conditioning systems, control systems and other energy-saving and environmental protection technologies, such as the use of internal and external wall insulation to reduce energy loss; Adopt efficient and energy-saving light source and lighting control technology. The adoption of these new standards, new technologies and new materials has played a good demonstration role for China's future building energy-saving construction, and can further promote and promote the development of China's building energy-saving technology industrialization.
The ETFE membrane material used for the first time in the Water Cube can best represent the "Water Cube". The shape of "Water Cube" looks like a blue water box, while the wall looks like a group of irregular bubbles. The material used for this bubble is "ETFE", which is what we often call "polyvinyl fluoride". This material has good corrosion resistance, heat preservation and strong self-cleaning ability. Foreign anti-aging tests prove that 15 can be used for 20 years. Moreover, this material is also very strong, and it is said that people jumping on it will not be damaged. At the same time, because of its water repellency, it can be cleaned by natural rain, and it is a new type of environmental protection material. An ETFE film such as "Water Bubble" has good compression resistance, and its thickness is only as thick as an air pillow made of paper ETFE film, and it can even bear the weight of a car. According to the position of the air pillow, there are uneven plating spots on the outer film, which will effectively block the direct sunlight in the museum and play a role in shading and cooling.
Water cube water saving scheme
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Automatic control of changing water in swimming pool
In order to ensure that the water quality of "Water Cube" meets FINA's latest hygiene standards, the water in the swimming pool will be purified by sand filtration-ozone-activated carbon, all of which will be disinfected by ozone. According to reports, ozone disinfection can not only effectively remove the odor of pool water, but also eliminate the stimulation of pool water to human body.
In addition, automatic control technology will be adopted in the whole process of changing water in the swimming pool to improve the operation efficiency of the water purification system, reduce the consumption of water purification agent and electricity, and save the water supply of the swimming pool by more than 50%. In addition, the swimming pool and water recreation pool will use impervious concrete to prevent leakage.
Bath water is used for flushing toilets and irrigation.
Besides swimming pool water, other water used by the water cube is also very economical. After biological contact oxidation, filtration, activated carbon adsorption and disinfection, bath wastewater is used for toilet flushing in venues, garage floor flushing and outdoor greening irrigation. This alone can save 44530 tons of water every year. In addition, in order to reduce water evaporation, the outdoor green space of "Water Cube" will be irrigated at night, using Israeli micro-irrigation nozzles, which can save water by 5% after completion.
Sanitary ware is equipped with a water meter to measure water.
In order to reduce people's waste of water as much as possible, "Water Cube" uses inductive flushing valves for toilets, bath faucets, basins and other equipment to reasonably control the water output of sanitary ware, and sets water meters at various centralized water consumption points to measure water consumption. It is estimated that through these measures, water can be saved by about 10%.
In addition to bath water, the Water Cube will also set up a drinking place in the competition hall to provide drinking water for athletes and spectators. In order to avoid secondary pollution and waste of drinking water, the drinking water of "Water Cube" will be treated by terminal direct drinking water treatment equipment.
Construction technology of water cube
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Membrane structure architecture is the most representative brand-new architectural form in 2 1 century, and has become one of the main forms of long-span space architecture so far. It combines architecture, structural mechanics, fine chemical industry, material science and computer technology, and constructs a symbolic spatial structure. It not only embodies the beauty of the structure, but also fully shows the architect's vision and enjoys the romantic space of nature. In the architectural design of the 2008 Olympic Games, the application of membrane structure has been perfectly reflected.
"Water Cube" is the largest membrane structure project in the world, and the most advanced environmental protection and energy-saving ETFE (tetrafluoroethylene) membrane material is used outside the building. Tan, general manager of the National Gymnasium Project, revealed that the life of this material is more than 20 years, but it will actually be longer than this, and people can walk on it, which feels particularly good. At present, only three companies in the world can complete this membrane structure.
The whole building of "Water Cube" consists of more than 3,000 air pillows of different sizes and shapes, covering an area of 654.38+10,000 square meters, ranking first in the world. In addition to the ground, the exterior adopts membrane structure. The successfully installed air cushion will be inflated into "bubbles" through the inflation pipe installed on the steel frame in advance, and the whole inflation process will be intelligently monitored by the computer, and the "bubbles" will be kept in the best state according to the air pressure, lighting and other conditions at that time.
This kind of film material similar to "bubble bag" has self-cleaning function, which makes the film surface basically dust-free. Even if there is dust, natural precipitation is enough to make it clean as new. In addition, the membrane material has good compression resistance, so that people can "play trampoline" on it, and "it will not be crushed if a car is put on it normally". Once the adventitia breaks, according to the emergency plan, the damaged adventitia can be repaired or replaced within 8 hours. The glittering and translucent coat of "Water Cube" is also dotted with numerous white bright spots, called plating spots, which can change the direction of light and have the effect of heat insulation and astigmatism.
In addition, the "Water Cube" covers an area of 7.8 hectares without using a steel bar or a piece of concrete. Its wall and ceiling are connected by thin steel pipes, with1.2000 nodes. Only 2.4 mm thick membrane structure air pillow covers the whole building like skin. The largest air cushion is about 9 square meters, and the smallest is less than 1 square meter. Compared with glass, it can penetrate more sunlight and air, thus keeping the swimming pool at a constant temperature and saving electricity by 30%.
Perfect embodiment of membrane structure
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Membrane structure architecture is the most representative brand-new architectural form in 2 1 century, and has become one of the main forms of long-span space architecture so far. It combines architecture, structural mechanics, fine chemical industry, material science and computer technology, and constructs a symbolic spatial structure. It not only embodies the beauty of the structure, but also fully shows the architect's vision and enjoys the romantic space of nature. In the architectural design of the 2008 Olympic Games, the application of membrane structure has been perfectly reflected.
"Water Cube" is the largest membrane structure project in the world. In addition to the ground, it is made of membrane structure -ETFE material. The blue surface is unexpectedly soft but full. Tan, general manager of the National Gymnasium Project, revealed that the life of this material is more than 20 years, but it will actually be longer than this, and people can walk on it, which feels particularly good. At present, only three companies in the world can complete this membrane structure.
"Considering the energy-saving standards of the venue, the membrane structure has strong heat insulation function; In addition, the maintenance of this structure is also very convenient. For example, after a gun or a sharp object is poked in, the monitoring computer will automatically appear. If a hole is broken, stick it with adhesive. The membrane structure is also very light, with good self-cleaning, dust is not easy to stick to it, and dust can also be discharged with rainwater. " Tan said that the membrane structure itself has the functions of drainage and sewage discharge, dehumidification and fog prevention, especially the function of dew prevention, which is particularly important for swimming.
As a building depicting water, the complex and free structure of the water cube stems from the ingenious and simple changes in the planning system. Simple and pure figures talk modestly with parents, and the contrast of different temperament makes their spirituality interesting. Coconut trees, beaches and artificial waves … sublimate the Olympic Arena into an eternal water park in the eyes of the world.
Post-game utilization
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Owner of National Swimming Center: After the Olympic Games, the "Water Cube" will become a public water park.
Official website, 200865438+1October 28th News What can the Water Cube do after the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games? Can ordinary people afford it? This is perhaps the biggest concern of Beijing residents. Kang Wei, deputy general manager of Beijing State-owned Assets Management Co., Ltd., the owner of "Water Cube", said that the operation of "Water Cube" after the Olympic Games has been fully considered in all aspects such as bidding, design and construction. After the Olympic Games, the rebuilt "Water Cube" will become a water recreation center for Beijing citizens.
Kang Wei said that under normal circumstances, the construction area of the swimming pool that meets the functional requirements of the Olympic venues is about 40,000 square meters, but the construction area of the "Water Cube" during the Games is about 80,000 square meters, and the extra area is needed to ensure the operation after the Games. During the Olympic Games, the number of seats in the Water Cube will reach 17000, of which 1 1000 seats will be removed after the Olympic Games. Of the remaining 6,000 seats, 2,000 are movable seats and 4,000 are long-term fixed seats. This design leaves plenty of room for use after the game.
The National Aquatics Center is the most advanced swimming pool in China. Will its fare be very expensive? Kang Wei said that after the Olympic Games, the National Swimming Center will be open to the public, with swimming, diving, water leisure parks and ice entertainment facilities. "Ticket prices will allow as many people as possible to enter."
The National Aquatics Center also has a unique name: Water Cube.
Water droplets glistening in the sun
The unique structural design idea of "Water Cube" makes it have a unique visual effect. It is a great challenge for engineers to fully realize the architect's design idea. Mr James, ETFE project manager, said: "We have done a lot of visual tests to try to meet the architect's design concept. We think this is the biggest challenge. Now, we think it has been quite successful in this respect. "
"Water Cube" is a square building with a height of 177 m by 177 m. The seemingly random building facade follows strict geometric rules, and there are 1 1 different shapes on the facade. Both the inner and outer floors are equipped with inflatable pillows, and the dreamy blue comes from the first membrane of the air pillow outside, because the curved surface reflects sunlight, making the surface of the whole building look like crystal water drops in the sunlight. And if you are in the "water cube", you will feel even more wonderful. When you enter the Water Cube, you will see it, just like bubbles in the marine environment.
"Water Cube" and "Bird's Nest" are separated by only one road, one side is round, the other is blue, and the other is red, forming a delicate and balanced relationship. Mr. Zhao Xiaojun, the chief designer of China, said that as far as the design process is concerned, there is a "Bird's Nest" at first. Therefore, at the beginning of this design, how to form a harmonious, unified, contrasting and contrasting relationship with the "Bird's Nest" is an aspect that everyone pays close attention to.
Wonderful self-cleaning, no dust.
Green, healthy, harmonious and sustainable development are the most important architectural design concepts today. In the design process of "Water Cube", these ideas are always everywhere.
"Water Cube" is an innovative building from architecture to structure, which contains high scientific and technological content. Its building envelope adopts new environmental protection and energy-saving ETFE membrane materials, covering an area of 654.38+10,000 square meters, which is the largest ETFE application project in the world at present.
Mr. James said, "This is a two-tier ETFE system, one outside and the other inside. From this perspective, it is the first and unique in the world. "
The quality of this ETFE film material is only 1% of that of glass of the same size, with good toughness, more sunlight absorption and no spontaneous combustion. In addition, they also have wonderful self-cleaning function. "They don't stick to dust. As soon as the wind blows, the soil will go. " Mr. Kang Wei, general manager of the National Swimming Center, said.
"Smart Bubble" Reflective Shading
For a swimming pool, its heat demand is greater than its cold demand, so its overall heat load should be considered at the beginning of engineering design. The crystal clear structural features of "Water Cube" can not only bring beautiful visual experience to people, but also have high practicability. Outside sunlight can directly enter the indoor heating swimming pool and indoor air.
In summer, the "smart bubble" system of "Water Cube" realizes mutual ventilation of inner and outer bubbles by reflecting light spots with different directions and densities, which can change the shading coefficient, reduce its cooling load and achieve the purpose of low temperature. At the same time, the air conditioning system inside the Water Cube also fully considers the issues of energy saving and environmental protection. Engineering designers have realized the concepts of stratified air conditioning and district air conditioning, and reduced the energy consumption of air conditioning in water cube through technical means.
Covering plan saves a lot of water.
Beijing is a city short of water. The Water Cube with three huge swimming pools will evaporate more than one ton of water every hour. Is it possible to avoid this waste? In this regard, the builders of the "Water Cube" had careful consideration at the beginning of the design. They consider covering all the water in the swimming pool, that is, covering it with plastic sheets or other materials when the swimming pool is not used at night. The coverage scheme includes the entire "Water Cube" competition pool and water recreation hall. This can save a lot of water.
In addition, another environmental protection function of the water cube is to collect and circulate rainwater, which is a technical highlight that fully embodies the water cube technology and green design concept. Rainwater falling on the roof of the Water Cube will be collected in the central storage tank under the building. These collected rainwater will be recycled. This is also fully considered in the "Bird's Nest" project.
In particular, the acceptance criteria were formulated.
The Water Cube is an innovative work in the architectural history of China, both in appearance and internal structure. And its construction process has also filled a series of gaps in national industries for engineers and technicians in China.
Mr. Hou Bencai, executive manager of the National Swimming Center Project, said: "According to our previous construction practice, we all have standards to follow, that is, our country has either national standards, industry standards, local standards or at least enterprise standards. So now our project, steel structure, formwork structure, like all these related standards, don't know what to do. "
In such a technical blank background, it is necessary for construction personnel to formulate a construction organization design outline before formal construction. After nearly 10 rounds of revision, many domestic experts finally determined this scheme. Including the processing, positioning, installation, welding and final unloading of steel structures, have been solved. In order to ensure the engineering quality, the acceptance standard of "Water Cube" is specially formulated.
Mr. Hou Bencai said: "We have re-compiled a project acceptance standard with reference to some existing standards and combined with the characteristics of this project, which is completely aimed at the acceptance standard of the steel structure of the National Swimming Center. So I know how to do it and how to do it. This has also gone through a very tortuous process. "
Water recreation center after the Olympic Games
After the completion of the "Water Cube" project, it will not only undertake the competition tasks, but also have many additional functions, such as a water park, a fitness club and so on. Considering these long-term plans in advance will ensure that even after the 2008 Olympic Games, the "Water Cube" will still create considerable economic value. 1 giants support the backbone of the city
Key points: Introduction to the Bird's Nest The National Stadium is located in the south of the central area of Beijing Olympic Park and is the main stadium of the 29th Olympic Games in 2008. The project covers an area of 2 1 hectare with a building area of 258,000 square meters. There are about 9 1000 seats for the spectators in the venue, including about 1 1000 temporary seats. The opening and closing ceremonies, track and field competitions and football finals of the Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held. After the Olympic Games, it will become a large-scale professional place for Beijing citizens to participate in sports activities and enjoy sports entertainment, and become a landmark sports building and Olympic heritage. ..... detailed
Analysis: The design concept and structure of "Bird's Nest"
Advantages: The Bird's Nest embodies three concepts: more humanities and more green technology.
Art: The structural features of the "Bird's Nest" are remarkable. Comprehensive interpretation of many difficulties in design and construction.
sublime
2 the follow-up use of Olympic giants
After the Olympic Games, the venues were seriously idle. China is wary of "post-Olympic effect"
It is beyond reproach that Australians created a miracle in the history of the Olympic Games seven years ago. But behind the magic, Sydney people still can't get out of the strange circle of "post-Olympic effect": According to Sandy Howe, the former chairman of Sydney Olympic Organizing Committee, due to the serious vacancy of venues after the Olympic Games, Sydney Olympic Organizing Committee, which only spent 2.6 billion Australian dollars on venue construction, had to spend more than 400 million Australian dollars to solve the problems brought by previous Olympic Games to the host country. ..... [Details]
Worried: Will Beijing use the Bird's Nest in the venues after the Olympic Games?
Future: Liu Xiang, the "Bird's Nest", will take the home court of Guoan after winning the Olympic Games in May.
Response: Olympic venues should be open to the public free of charge after the games.
-benefiting the country and the people
3 Simple and simple technology giants
The design of the "Bird's Nest" is novel, radical, simple and simple, and the bowl-shaped stands arouse the emotions of the audience. The new national stadium is located in the center of the Olympic Park complex, with a slight uplift. Like a giant container. The undulating bottom reduces the volume of the container and gives it a dramatic arc appearance. The appearance of the stadium is pure structure, and the facade and structure are the same. Structural elements support each other and converge into a grid-like a bird's nest woven with branches. ..... [Details]
Concern: the bones and skins of bird's nest
Dynamic: The Bird's Nest is covered with a transparent coat.
Science and technology: Beijing Olympic venues are the greenest in the world: using solar energy to heat water.
-arm yourself with science and technology
Grand view of Olympic venues in previous years
The earliest stadium that left China's footprints.
China delegation participated in the competition for the first time without government financial support. The delegation consists of Liu Changchun, Shen Siliang, Song, Shen and six people, but only Liu Changchun is one. Liu Yuan planned to take part in three sprint events, but he gave up the 400-meter race because of the fatigue of the journey. In the 100 and 200m preliminaries, he finished fifth and sixth respectively and was eliminated. However, he foiled the Japanese invaders' attempt to cram the puppet Manchukuo into the Olympic Games, thus defrauding the recognition of the puppet Manchukuo by all countries in the world and achieving political success ... [Details]
The oldest main stadium of the Olympic Games-Marble Stadium
The largest stadium in Olympic history-Sydney Olympic Stadium
The most convenient stadium in Olympic history-Atlanta Olympic Stadium
-Looking back at history
The beauty of yin and yang in the five-day round place
The origin of "Water Cube": The Water Cube echoes the Bird's Nest from a distance, reflecting the local people's concept of a round of sky. It is located in the Beijing Olympic Park, and together with the "Bird's Nest" separated by a wall, it is called the two landmark buildings of the Beijing Olympic Games. Kang Wei, general manager of the National Aquatics Center Company, said that the blue water molecule building and the "Bird's Nest" in the east are round, which embodies the architectural concept of "a round place" in China. Compared with the design of the main stadium "Bird's Nest", the "Water Cube" embodies the femininity of more women, one masculine and one feminine, which is in sharp contrast and has great visual impact. ..... [Details]
The old look has a new look —— Beijing Workers Stadium
A New Geographical Landmark in Beijing —— Wukesong Sports Center
Flying Roof of China —— Completion of Peking University Gymnasium
-Perfect combination of Bird's Nest and Water Cube