There are many festivals of Lisu nationality, among which there are wide season, Xinmi Festival, Knife and Pole Festival, Torch Festival, Harvest Festival, Bathhouse Festival, Lage Festival and crossbow shooting meeting. "Guangji", also known as "Hejie". "Kuanshi" is a translation of Jiao Yin, which means "the beginning of a year" and "New Year". This is the biggest traditional festival of Lisu people. Previous dates were determined by observing phenology, so there was no unified festival in various places. Generally, it is held from the end of February to the second year of the Gregorian calendar 1 year. 199365438+February, the People's Government of Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province decided that February 20-22 every year1993 is the season to enrich the people, so that Lisu compatriots all over the country can welcome the Spring Festival and celebrate the festival together. During the festival, we usually brew water wine, kill chickens and pigs, and prepare all kinds of rich food. Just like the men at home, pick a few pine branches and fold them up and insert them at the door, so that you can get rid of illness and be happy and auspicious. Like the custom of Han nationality, we should have a reunion dinner on New Year's Eve. Even if someone is out of town, his family should set aside a seat for him and set the chopsticks. In some places, starting from New Year's Eve, it is forbidden to go to other people's homes, and even separated fathers and sons can't communicate. The restriction was not lifted until after the third grade. In most places, from the first grade, people gather in the threshing floor or open space to carry out colorful cultural and recreational activities, such as singing, dancing, swinging and crossbow shooting competitions. Some Lisu compatriots in Nujiang area will also go to Denggeng Bathhouse in Lushui County to participate in the "Bathhouse Song Contest". Interestingly, in the rich season, the first piece of Baba produced by Lisu compatriots will be given to dogs first. It is said that this is to thank the dog for "bringing food to the world". There are many legends about dogs and food among Lisu people. For example, one of them said that ancient humans wasted an amazing amount of food. When the gods knew it, they were furious and ordered all the food to be taken back to heaven. Humans are facing extinction. At this critical moment, a dog climbed up the Temple of Heaven along the pole, stole the grain seeds and saved mankind. The Knife and Pole Festival was held on February 8th in the Lisu lunar calendar, which is said to commemorate an ancient Han hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. Lisu people regard the memorial day of the hero's dedication as a traditional festival of their own nation, and express their feelings of going through fire and water with symbolic ceremonies such as going up the mountain and going down the sea of fire. On the day of Knife and Stick Festival, several strong men first performed the ceremony of "jumping into the fire". They jumped barefoot into the red-hot coal and performed various stunts. The next day, they tied 36 long knives with sharp blades up to two wooden frames more than 20 meters high, forming a knife ladder. The performer climbed to the top of the pole with bare hands and feet, and performed various difficult movements on the top of the pole. Nowadays, this thrilling traditional memorial ceremony has evolved into a sports activity in which Lisu heroes perform stunts. "Bath Song Festival", also known as "Spring Bath Festival", is also a traditional festival activity of Lisu people. It is now held in the first month of the charming new year. Denggeng, Mazhang River and other hot springs located more than 0/0 km north of Liuku, the capital of Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture. At that time, people in neighboring counties and districts will be dressed in costumes. People carrying dry food, luggage and even cooking utensils came in droves. Usually quiet hot springs, tents are everywhere at this time, people are crowded, singing and laughing, so lively. In the past, the Spring Bath Festival, which centered on bathing and treating diseases, has now become a festival for people to take a leisure vacation and dance and revel. In particular, young people in their prime, dozens and hundreds of them, play poetry and find a loving partner, staying up all night and enjoying it.

"Jiang Sha Buries Lovers"

It is a traditional festival entertainment and courtship activity for Lisu youth in Fugong County, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. It is held on the fourth and fifth days of the first month of each year. At that time, young men and women will gather along the Nujiang River, singing and dancing. Even with the help of his companions, he dug a bunker on the beach, carried the right person into the "grave", and pretended to be sad, crying, singing funeral songs and dancing. When it's over, I'll get the right person. They believe that through this activity, on the one hand, it shows the sincerity and profundity of the feelings between lovers, on the other hand, it can also bury the "death" attached to the right person, so that the right person can live a long and healthy life.

"Chewing cigarettes" and "noodle wine"

Both Lisu men and women have the custom of chewing cigarettes and drinking. When guests come, they should give them tobacco. Men and women looking for partners should throw away tobacco boxes as souvenirs. It can be seen that the position of cut tobacco in the life of Lisu people. When chewing tobacco, first put the cut tobacco into the mouth, then put some black gelatinous substances made of betel nut root, plum peel, chestnut cotyledon and hydrated lime, and chew slowly. Soon, the lips were as red as coconuts. Now some women think that chewing tobacco is an offensive behavior, and quitting smoking has gradually become their conscious behavior. "Face wine", also known as double-cup wine and concentric wine, is a playful way for Lisu men and women in social occasions. They often keep their strong wines at home to entertain guests. As for occasions where banquets are full of songs and dances, we often drink temporary brewed water wine to avoid getting drunk. When Lisu people drink alcohol, the original container is bamboo tube, and now sometimes ceramic utensils are used. When drinking, the host takes a bamboo bottle of wine and drinks it face to face with the guests. You can't spill wine, or you'll have to start all over again Drinking "noodle wine" is absolutely inevitable for men and women. Husband and wife have a meal together, the husband and his other woman drink noodles, and the wife also "double drinks" with other men. This is normal. Foreigners who are new here are often filled with hot faces and bloating by local people, but their owners are indifferent. It turns out that when the host and guests drink "noodle wine", the host is afraid that the wine will overflow, and the mouth of the barrel is slightly tilted in the direction of the guests. Fearing that the wine will overflow, the guests naturally "glug" their mouths to welcome the wine, but the host can't drink enough. However, this kind of drinking scene is really strange and rare, and it often leaves a good impression on guests.

Hot spring "hot spring bath"

The Lisu people in Nujiang Gorge still keep the fashion of "spring bath". Wherever there are hot springs on both sides of the river, people gather to bathe. During the Spring Festival, people set up bamboo sheds or find caves not far from hot springs to store new year's goods and luggage. Soak in a hot spring for three or five days and take a bath. Hot springs are divided into upper and lower pools. Generally, men are in the upper pool and women are in the lower pool, but the distance is far. Some people take a bath five or six times a day. They think that only taking a bath repeatedly can eliminate diseases, enhance immunity, and have plenty of energy to put into labor production in the new year. In the hot spring area near Liuku, a mass "hot spring poetry meeting" was formed as early as 100 years ago. At that time, singers from several kilometers away will come to compete for songs and poems. At this moment, the white tent is lit near the hot spring, and sweet rice wine and delicious new year's goods are placed beside the fire that never dies day and night. The singers sang poems and songs while tasting the wine and delicacies they brought. It is in this kind of entertainment that new and old singers inherit and carry forward the traditional culture of their own nation, adding a happy atmosphere to the Spring Festival. With the help of the subtle influence of "spring bath" poems on songs, we can cultivate people's noble sentiments and cultivate a social fashion of unity and friendship. In addition to this activity, young Lisu people in Fugong area will also hold a crossbow shooting competition of "shooting eggs on the top of their heads". During the competition, the young man was carrying an quiver and holding a crossbow. His sweetheart put a bowl on his head and put an egg (or a wooden bowl filled with rice and eggs) at the bottom of the bowl as a target, standing a few meters away. At the beginning of the game, the boys were in no hurry, pulling strings and arrows, pulling the trigger and firing, only to hear a bang, the eggs splashed and the sweetheart was safe and sound. Suddenly, a burst of warm applause broke out on the field. This is a thrilling game, and it is an activity that compares skills, courage and truth. Of course, a young man with poor skills would rather miss the eggs than hurt his sweetheart.

Important festival

Lisu people used to believe in primitive religion, nature and animism. At the beginning of the 20th century, some western missionaries entered Dehong and Nujiang areas and introduced Christianity and Catholicism. 1950 years ago, Lisu people used the natural calendar to divide a year into 10 seasons with the help of flowers and birds: flowering month, bird call month, volcano burning month, hunger month, gathering month, harvest month, wine-making month, hunting month, Chinese New Year month and building month. The main festivals are bathhouse party, Harvest Festival and Spring Festival. Tengchong Yi people in Dehong Autonomous Prefecture celebrate the "Knife and Pole Festival" on February 17 of the lunar calendar every year. The activity is divided into two days. On the first day, I burned a lot of coal with chestnut wood. At the beginning of the performance, five people jumped out, danced barefoot around the charcoal fire, and then "struck a light and rolled", that is, rolled on the charcoal fire; "Wash your face with fire" means to lift your face with charcoal; Finally, the chain burned in charcoal goes around in your hand, called "zipper", and people dance together after the performance. The next day, when I arrived at Daoshan, I tied 32 sharpened long knives horizontally to two four-foot thick chestnut poles, forming a ladder shape with red flags and firecrackers hanging on it, and began to perform in the sound of firecrackers and gongs and drums.

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The economy of the Lisu nationality is dominated by agriculture. The staple food is corn and buckwheat. I like drinking tea, drinking and eating meat. Houses are mostly two-story buildings with dry bamboo and wood structures, and there are also bungalow-style wooden houses or wooden houses. Clothing varies from place to place. The men wore linen robes and knee-length black trousers. Wear a black, white or blue hair band. Women usually wear straight-breasted clothes and pleated skirts. Wearing a beaded hat "Ole" or a variety of Baotou composed of seashells and coral beads. In the past, because of the different colors of clothes, it was customary to call them "white rich beauty", "black rich beauty" and "flower rich beauty"

Crossbows and poison arrows

"Records of Jingtai Yunnan in Ming Dynasty" said: "The famous chestnut ... often carries medicine arrows and crossbows to kill animals". "Nanzhao unofficial history" contains: "More vigorous, that is, chestnut millet, ... especially good at crossbows. Every time you let your wife go forward with a Xiao Mu shield, you shoot from behind, and it won't hurt her. " This is a description of Lisu people's exquisite crossbow skills in historical records. In the mountainous areas and canyons where Lisu people live, there used to be vast virgin forests everywhere, and all kinds of birds and animals haunted the forests. The industrious and brave Lisu people have invented and created various production tools in their long-term life practice, and have developed a set of skills and abilities to fight against raptors and beasts, adapt to the environment and transform nature. Crossbows and poison arrows are among them. Crossbow is a kind of bow that uses mechanical power to shoot arrows. The crossbow of Lisu nationality consists of crossbow body, crossbow plate, arrow slot, bowstring, crossbow teeth and crossbow machine. The crossbow board is made of hard and elastic rock Sang Mu or Cyclobalanopsis chestnut wood, with different sizes. Bowstring is made up of four thin ropes with proper thickness. Both crossbow teeth and crossbow machines are made of bones. When in use, pull the tough bowstring to the teeth of the crossbow, put the arrow on the crossbow body, aim at the target, pull the crossbow machine, and shoot the arrow by using the elasticity of the crossbow board and bowstring. The crossbow is made of bamboo blocks, and the crossbow tip can be covered with iron arrows. The tail is equipped with a triangular tail made of bamboo skin, which can increase flight stability. There are two kinds of non-toxic ordinary arrows and poisonous arrows. Ordinary arrows are generally used to shoot birds, squirrels, pheasants, rabbits and other small animals. Poisonous arrows must be used against fierce and strong animals such as tigers, bears and wild boars. Poison is made from the roots of the poisonous wild plant Kusnezoff monkshood. It becomes a poisonous arrow when it is painted in the small ditch at the tip of the arrow. This poison arrow is extremely toxic. When it comes into contact with blood, it will soon flow all over the body and poison animals. The crossbow and arrow of Lisu nationality seem simple, but in fact, the determination of its shape, the selection of materials, the installation of the arrow and the design of the arrow tail all embody various scientific principles and the scientific talent and wisdom of Lisu people. The Lisu people's poisoned arrows are not only their traditional hunting and production tools, but also used as weapons, which have played a great role in the struggle against the national oppression and economic plunder of the feudal ruling class in the past dynasties, and in the struggle against foreign invaders and defending the frontier of the motherland. Today, great changes have taken place in the Lisu area. As a production tool, crossbow has been greatly reduced, but it is still heroic in many sports competitions and mass entertainment activities.

Top bar and swing

The traditional sports activities of Lisu people mostly come from production and life, which are rich in content and diverse in forms, integrating entertainment and fitness. The more popular ones are top bar, swinging, climbing knife pole, wrestling, cutting bamboo pole, crossing rope, taking stones and so on. Top bar is a very simple, convenient and interesting sports and entertainment activity. There is no need for special venues and equipment, just a wooden pole and a small piece of flat land. You can have a rest after dinner. The specific form is: use a piece of wood with a length of about 2 meters and a thick bowl as the top bar. During the competition, each of them holds one end of the stick and pushes it on the navel. Lunge with your feet, keep your body balanced with your front foot firmly, push forward with your back foot, lean forward, and push your opponent out of the prescribed limit to win. Although this activity is simple, you must have strength, experience and skills to win. Only by combining the two aspects skillfully can you win. For example, when the two sides are deadlocked, they can take the method of suddenly swinging their bodies and sticks, which will lead to the imbalance of the other side's center of gravity, and then take the opportunity to push the other side out of bounds. Or using the lever principle, the front hand lifts the ejector pin slightly upwards and the back hand presses it downwards, which can achieve the miraculous effect of four or two kilograms. Swing is the most popular sports and entertainment activity of Lisu people. Lisu people's swings are divided into three types: swinging, riding and grinding. "Autumn swing" is a swing rope made of rope or rattan, which is hung on the cross branches of tall trees or on a special swing frame. There are two ways to swing: single and double. The method of competition is to bite off the prescribed leaves or the highest swing wins. Qiu Che is named after its shape like a spinning wheel. The "car" is made up of two rectangular wooden frames. The intersection passes through an axis and can rotate on the stake. Each of the four frames parallel to the axis is tied with a hanging stool. Competition method: four people sit on four hanging stools in a group, rotate around the axis with the "car", pedal the ground hard when turning to the ground side, so that the "car" keeps turning, and the number of turns within the specified time is the winner. "Mercury" consists of a pillar and a crossbar. The height of the column is about 1.5 meters, and a small grinding shaft is cut at the top. The crossbar is about five or six meters long, and there is a small hole in the middle, which can be placed on the grinding shaft at the top of the column for rotation. Because both ends swing up and down like a swing when rotating, they run around like a millstone, hence the name. When in use, the number of people on both sides of the crossbar is equal, and at the same time, the crossbar is supported to lie on it. People who hit the ground with their feet push hard, and autumn will fly around, with both ends alternating up and down, which is thrilling and interesting. It can not only exercise, but also cultivate people's brave spirit.

There are many Lisu people in mountainous areas, and the climate is extremely complicated. For example, Nujiang, Bijiang, Fugong, Gongshan and Lushui areas, especially Robbie Snow Mountain and Gaoligong Mountain, are located on both sides of the Nujiang River. The Nujiang River, Lancang River, Dulong Valley and the top of the mountain have a vertical drop of more than 4000 meters, forming three different climates: hot, warm and cold. Sweating by the river at noon, but at the top of the mountain, it is still cold in the morning and evening, while the mountainside is mild and pleasant. For a long time, Lisu people have been very familiar with the time series of altitude distribution according to the terrain, scientifically grasp the production season and arrange crop varieties. They created a "natural calendar" according to the changing laws of such natural phenomena as the blooming of mountain flowers, the singing of birds and the heavy snow, and used it as a phenology to judge the production season. For many years, Lisu people are used to dividing the four seasons of the year into: March when flowers bloom, April when birds sing, May when volcanoes burn, June when people are hungry, July and August when they gather, September when they harvest, and November when they make wine. "Zhou Yunlong Zhi" said: "Take the first day of the winter moon as New Year's Day and chestnut leaves as the annual tree." They can grasp that the essence of the evolution process is the movement of the earth from the periodic changes of the four seasons. And this knowledge is extended to the understanding of the universe, and it is concluded that the constellation changes every twelve years, and 60 years is a symbol.