The history book "Mandarin Today" records: "In the past, the young scholars married especially high, and gave birth to the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di. The Yellow Emperor became a water-catcher, and Yan Di became a Jiang Shui. The history book "History of the Road and Country Names" records: "After Emperor Yan, Jiang was named as the country name. Today, there is Jiang's city in Baoji, and there is one in the south." According to legend, Yan Di's mother, Ren Si, visited Huashan one day and saw a dragon. Her body reacted immediately, and when she came back, she gave birth to Yan Di. Emperor Yan was born in a stone room in a mountain and grew up in Jiang Shui. He was virtuous and respected by fire, so he was named Emperor Yan. Emperor Yan is few and wise. He can talk for three days, walk for five days and understand crops for three years. In historical legends, Emperor Yan is a great figure who developed primitive agriculture in China and was the founder of farming culture. Yan Di tribe originally lived in the south of Shaanxi Province, engaged in gathering, fishing and hunting in the early days, and began a semi-settled agricultural migration life. The migration route is along the east of Weihe River, reaching Henan and Hubei. Yan Di tribes have made great contributions to the agricultural development in China. In ancient times, there was no agriculture. People make a living by hunting, fishing and picking wild fruits. They are hungry, cold and in distress, and live a primitive nomadic life. Emperor Yan was very upset when he saw the plight of the people. He thinks about it day and night, and wants everyone to live a life of food and clothing. He thought, if only one kind of grass could bear more fruits and be eaten. He took pains and risked his life to travel all over the famous mountains and rivers. Emperor Yan "tasted a hundred herbs" and tasted countless strange fruits. Once he ate poisonous fruit by mistake and almost died. Fearless, Emperor Yan finally found grass that he thought could bear a lot of fruit in a beautiful place in the south. This is He Miao. After the trial planting, a cart of crisp and fragrant Huang Chengcheng fruits was harvested in the first year, and dozens of carts were harvested in the second year. Since then, word has spread from word to word, and more and more people are growing grain in all directions. In order to alleviate people's hard work in farming, Emperor Yan also taught people farming techniques. The grain grown in Yan Di has brought light and hope to mankind. In order to commemorate his achievements, people called Yan Di Shennong.
In the 12th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (AD 1639), Emperor Chongzhen named the place where Emperor Yan sought to grow crops as "Jiahe", which is now Jiahe County, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province. Emperor Yan made important contributions to the survival, reproduction and development of the Chinese nation, including:
First, a bumper harvest of grain: laid the foundation for industry and agriculture. The use of Lei Lei and the planting of five grains have solved the great event that food is the most important thing for the people, promoted the development of agricultural production, and created conditions for the transformation of human beings from primitive nomadic life to farming civilization.
Secondly, herbs: According to the Records of Emperor Ji, Shennong "tasted vegetation, declared medicine to cure diseases, and saved lives". In order to taste a hundred herbs, I suffered seventy poisons in one day. Yan Di Yan Di laid the foundation for the development of later medicine in his struggle against nature and disease.
Third, the first market: according to Zhouyi? According to quotations, Shennong "takes Japan and China as the city, takes the people of the world, gathers the wealth of the world, and retreats from business, each with its own place." The market invented by Shennong, which takes Japan and China as markets and barters things, is the origin and cornerstone of China's monetary and commercial development.
Fourth, use hemp as cloth: Primitive people had no clothes, only leaves and skins covered their bodies. Only after Ma Sang, a religious figure in Shennong, made cloth and silk did people have clothes. This is an important step for mankind to move from an ignorant society to a civilized society.
5. making banjo: according to "poem book?" In the next chapter, Shennong invented a musical instrument. He cut tung trees into pianos and weaved silk into strings. This kind of piano was later called Shennong Qin. Shennong Qin is "three feet, six inches and six minutes long, with five strings of Yue, Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu". The sound made by this kind of piano can show the virtue of heaven and earth, the harmony of Shennong and entertain people.
6. Cutting wood into bows: Shennong created bows and arrows, which effectively prevented the attack of wild animals, effectively cracked down on the invasion of foreign tribes, and defended people's life safety and labor achievements.
Seventh, making pottery: Before pottery was invented, people could only cook food with fire. With pottery, people can cook food, store things, make wine and disinfect. The use of pottery has improved the living conditions of human beings and had a far-reaching impact on human food hygiene and medical development.
Eighth, determine the calendar: In order to encourage people to live a regular life and cultivate crops according to seasons, Emperor Yan Shennong also formulated a calendar, setting stars, dividing day and night, and setting the sun and the moon, with the month as 30 days and November as the winter solstice.
Ninth, the management system: Emperor Yan managed the tribe and governed the world, which was very effective. He does not expect his report, nor is he greedy for the wealth of the world, but the wealth of the world. Wisdom is more valuable to people and respected by the world. He serves people with virtue, does not reward diligence, does not punish good and evil, does not complain about wealth, does not restrain obedience, is strong and does not kill, is thrifty and is respected.
Tenth, enlightenment education: Emperor Yan was also the ancestor of education in China. He taught people to use tools, sow grain, teach medicine, teach people to make pottery and painting, teach people to bow and arrow, hunt animals, keep fit, teach people piano, teach people music and dance, and teach people wisdom and virtue. It can be seen that during the Yan Emperor's period, moral, intellectual and physical beauty was fully valued and developed. Emperor Yan made great contributions to the development of mankind. Yan Di spirit is entrepreneurial spirit, dedication spirit, pioneering spirit and enterprising spirit of self-improvement. The spirit of Emperor Yan made the Chinese nation get rid of ignorance and barbarism and pursue advanced civilization in the struggle with nature and society. This spirit has enabled the Chinese nation to achieve a high degree of unity and unity. As for the birthplace of Emperor Yan, there is still no conclusion. Emperor Yan is actually a deified figure, which represents the concentrated expression of the collective wisdom of ancient human beings in transforming nature in their struggle with nature. Today, Yandi and Huangdi, as symbols of Chinese civilization for 5,000 years, have been recorded in the history of world civilization, so China people are called "descendants of the Yellow Emperor".
"Imperial Century" said: "There is virtue. Yan Dewang, hence the name Yan Di. " What is Yan De? "Zuo Zhao Zhuan Gong Seventeen Years": "Yan Dijia remembers fire, so he became famous with fire." It turned out that he reformed Fuxi's timing method, invented the fire calendar based on the fire discipline, and worshipped the sun god, so he was respected as Yan, which may also refer to the clan who made good use of fire. Emperor Yan, namely Chi Di, is the son of Apollo, namely Vulcan. The meanings of posthumous title's "Gao Xin" and "Gao Xin" by Emperor Yan were not clear in the past. According to people's explanation, the word "Xin" is the original word of "salary". In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Xin is an pictograph, which is to analyze the shape of wood with an axe (Zhu Fangpu's interpretation of Yin and Zhou characters). There is fire if there is Xin (salary), so the original meaning of the name should be Vulcan. Like the Huangdi Mausoleum, there are several Yandi Mausoleums. First, Xuanyuan Huangdi had it, and Huangdi sealed Lu (Shangdang in ancient times). Changzhi city, Shanxi province today), keep its first worship Shennong. In Shangdang area, there is a river between Taihang and Taiyue called Jiang Shui, where the legend of Emperor Yan flourished. The other is Luyuanpo in Tangtian Township, fifteen kilometers southwest of Yanling County, Hunan Province, also known as the "Emperor's Tomb". Jiang is a branch of Xirong nationality. Originally a nomadic people, they entered the Central Plains from the west in ancient times. Yan Di tribe later developed eastward along the Yellow River. At that time, the Jiuli nationality headed by Chiyou lived at the junction of Shaanxi and Henan, and the two sides had long-term conflicts due to tribal development. Yan Di was defeated and retreated to Hebei. Later, because "Emperor Yan wanted to invade the princes", there were many fierce battles with Xuanyuan Huangdi, whose surname was Ji. Finally, the first large-scale war of the Chinese nation broke out, which was called the Battle of Hanquan (now Hanquan Village, Yanqing, Beijing). Facing the leaders of bears, scorpions, scorpions, Ji, a powerful tribe with the tiger as its totem, was defeated by Jiang, and Emperor Yan formed an alliance with the Yellow Emperor, ending the war as a winner. With the continuous expansion of the Yanhuang Alliance, more and more tribes surrendered to it, but Chiyou, the leader of Jiuli tribe, refused to accept it, and a big war finally broke out. Chiyou led Jiu Li to fight Yanhuang in Zhuolu (now Zhuolu, Hebei), which was the second war of the Chinese nation in the legendary era. It was called "Battle of Zhuolu" in history, and later called "Zhuolu Zhongyuan" from this war. Finally, Chiyou was defeated by the Yanhuang Alliance.
From then on, the Jiang clan tribe and the Ji clan tribe of the Yellow Emperor settled down in the Central Plains. The word "descendants of the Chinese people" is the trace and respect of the descendants of the Chinese people to the ancestors of Chinese civilization in a tired society. Originated from the ancient Lou kingdom, from the ancient times when Hu and ethnic surnames were named after ancestors. According to the historical book "Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing", "Beyond the Northeast Sea, in the wild, between rivers, there is a mountain of Yu, and emperors Zhuan Xu and Jiuqi are buried. There are autumn birds nine, Wenbei, Lishu, chaotic birds, yellow birds, big and small issues. There are bluebirds, wolf birds, mysterious birds, yellow birds, tigers, leopards, bears, yellow snakes, carnivores, roses and Yaobi, all of which are from the mountains. The hill is on the mountain. Fiona Fang, Qiu Wei, is three hundred miles away, and Emperor Qiu Nan has a bamboo forest, which can be used as a boat. There is red water in the south of bamboo, named Fengyuan, and three mulberry trees have no branches. Qiuxi bathes Shen Yuan and Zhuan Xu. Some Hu is not with the country, surnamed fierce, and eats. " Hu has nothing to do with the country, the country has a strong surname, and agriculture is the mainstay. Hao Yixing commented in The Wild Classic: "Li is a descendant of Emperor Gaiyan Shennong. Today, Su Shenguo went to Liaodong for more than 3,000 miles, lived in a cave, and had no clothes or pigskin. Apply cream to your body in winter, a few points thick, to keep out the cold. They are all shot at work. The bow is four feet long and very strong. The arrow is rafter, five inches long, bluestone dysprosium. During this spring and autumn period, Falcon collected Chen Houting's arrows. In the third year of Taixing in Jin Dynasty, Cui Ya, the secretariat of Pingzhou, sent an envoy to present Su Shen's bow and arrow, which looked like a bronze bone author. ..... Today's name is Loulouguo, which produces excellent mink and ruby. " Hu's absence from the country is the "Louguo" recorded in Hanshu. Yilou Kingdom is located in Linfeng Village, 48 kilometers southeast of Youyi County, Heilongjiang Province, and the site of Yilou Kingdom is located next to the village. From the archaeological situation, there were about tens of thousands of residents at that time, who had ended their nomadic life and settled down. Agriculture, animal husbandry, ceramics and textiles have all reached a certain level, and the organization has begun to take shape in the country. According to textual research, the residents here are the ancestors of Manchu, Yi Lou people. The discovery of the ancient city of LAM Raymond completely negates the statement that Sanjiang Plain is the "Great Northern Wilderness", which is the source of ancient wasteland. It is of great value to study the development history from prudence to Nuzhen to Manchu, the relationship between ethnic minorities in Heilongjiang and their political, economic, cultural and military changes, and provides a new example for studying the types of ancient cities in Heilongjiang.
However, the surname of the people in the ancient Gulou is indeed Lieshi, and later Qiushi Lieshi, and she is the concubine of Akuta (Min) in Hong Yan, Jin Taizu. Qiushi Lieshi's surname is the queen of Qin Xian. After the clan, Chinese is often called Martyrs' Shrine, which has been passed down from generation to generation. Originated from the Jurchen nationality, from the Geshilie department of the Jurchen nationality in the Jin Dynasty, it belongs to the clan name of the Han dynasty. Yan Shilie's concubine, Jin Taizu Hong Yan Yan Hong Akuta (Min), was Yan Shilie's, and later was the queen Qin Xian. Shi Martyr was his wife when he fought against Liao. Although she was the concubine of Hong Yan Akuta at that time, her status was comparable to that of a queen. Mr. Qiu Shilie was born with Jin Wanyan (I can't live without him) and Jin Wanyan Zongjun (I can't live without him). His son, Yan Hong Wang Zong, was called "Two Princes" and "Prince Bodhisattva" by the world. When Hong Yan akuta was away, Ge Shilie's family managed state affairs, and his brother-in-law was behind. After Akuta's death, Emperor Taizong Wu (Wan Yansheng) respected Huang Sao very much and allowed him to stay in Qingyuan Palace.
In the 14th year of Jintianhui (A.D. 1 135), Tai Sunci (Hong Yanshu) succeeded Jin Xizong. Emperor Xizong of Jin revered Shi Lie as the empress dowager. In the second year (A.D. 1 136), Shi Lie's family died, and Emperor posthumous title of Xizong was the queen of Qin Xian. Ma Kuo, a famous leader of the Southern Song Dynasty Anti-Jin Rebel Army (A.D.? ~ 1 15 1 year) When he went to the State of Jin in the name of buying horses, he had close ties with the State of Jin. Later, Ma Kuo wrote in Mao Zhai's Autobiography: Early in the morning, he went out to the Emperor's Village to meet Jin Taizu, and saw Jin Taizu and his wife Shi Martyr sitting side by side in the golden chair on the kang. Ma Kuo personally toasted Jin Taizu Hong Yan Akuta and his wife Qiu Shilie.
Jurchen nationality, Geshilie department, was finally defeated by the combined forces of Mongolia and Southern Song Dynasty. Ethnic groups are scattered all over the country, and most of them are Han surnames, including Gao, Kang, He, Zhang, Lu, He, Suo, Ying, Hao, Hei, Tong and Platts. Others took homophonic Chinese characters into Chinese, took column surnames and passed them down from generation to generation. Originated from Mongolians, it belongs to the clan name with the surname changed from Han.
(1) During the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians belonged to Acer Liebu and were one of the ancient tribes of Mongolians. Kublai Khan's son, Yuan Shizu Borjikin, Princess Jin Zhen and Empress Hui Ren are all great heroes. In the twenty-second year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1285), the prince of the Yuan Dynasty, Borzijit Nekin, died of illness. While Yuan Shizu was sad, he pinned his hopes on the emperor's great-grandson, Bolzi Jijin timur, awarded Borzykin timur the seal of "Crown Prince Bao" which originally belonged to real gold, sent him to fight against the rebellious king Hadan, and then sent him to defend the old capital of Mongolia. In the 31st year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1294), Yuan Shizu died. With the support of Prime Minister Taiyi, Yan and Hongjilie Jade Timur, the imperial clan king's meeting elected Borzijit Muer as emperor. Yuan Chengzong honored Hong Jilie as the Empress Dowager and lived in Longfu Palace. Mongolians Hong Jilie fled under the attack of anti-Yuan rebels at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, especially under the attack of Zhu Yuanzhang's army. Some of them moved back to the Mongolian grassland, while others scattered and hid in various places. Some take the Han surname as the column, Ji and Pu.
(2) Among the descendants of Mongolian Yilie and Kelieyiti, some were named Lie, He and He after the Han surname.
This book is based on:
Lu Dahuang, a famous scholar, made textual research in many ways and sorted out historical materials. It is believed that Pu Songling, the famous author of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and a writer in Qing Dynasty, is a Mongolian and a descendant of Mangwu Sports Department. The results of textual research by the author of this book are slightly different from those of Rhubarb. Pu Songling is indeed a descendant of the Mongols, but it originated from the Hongjilie clan, not the Blitchell clan. Originated from Manchu, it comes from the Xi Liebu of Nuzhen in Jin Dynasty, and belongs to the clan name with Chinese surname.
(1) The Heilie clan, a Nuzhen female, is recorded in detail in the historical book "Book of Jin" and is an important tribe among the Nuzhen people. In the early Ming Dynasty, the female Xilie family evolved into Niuhulu and Hetian Rihala, and the Manchu language was Hetian Rihala, which was mainly distributed in Changbai Mountain in Liaodong and Yin Ge (now Tonghua and Qingyuan in Jilin). The official history book of the Qing Dynasty, A Study on the Origin of Manchu Dynasty, records: "Xi Martyr, the old daughter of Niu You Lu". During the Jin Dynasty, due to the huge number of female Xilie clan, the Jin Dynasty government named the disciple army composed of female Xilie clan after the clan name. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, some women of Xilie tribe took Liee and Han as their surnames and merged into the Han nationality. However, in the late Qing Dynasty, one branch of the female Xilie family, Niuhu Lushi, was mostly translated into Shi Lang, while the other branch, Hersairihala, was more famous for its China surname. The ancient female Xilie tribe lived in Hada (now Kaiyuan, Liaoning Province), Huifa (now the upper reaches of Huifa River in Jilin Province), Fuyala (now Yongling Town, Xinbin, Liaoning Province), Bodun (now Songyuan, Jilin Province), Changbai Mountain, Duoji River (now the Russian coast), Seqin and Muliha villages in Heilongjiang Province (now Hulin, Heilongjiang Province), and Tasanbao (now Fushun, Liaoning Province).
(2) According to the historical book A Brief History of Tongzhi Clans in Qing Dynasty Manchu Eight Banners Surnames, Manchu Fucai surnames originated from Pu Sulie, a jurchen nationality in Jin Dynasty, and it is one of the oldest surnames of Manchu, with fusehala in Manchu and "Zanthoxylum bungeanum" in Chinese. In Chinese surnames, there are column, volt and general. Originated in the country of Xiao Xiao, it came from the minister of Qin Dynasty, in the name of ancestors. The Notes Collection in the history book "Strange Children" records: "Qin Shihuang was a strong descendant and was a country." Xiao, a descendant of Xiao Xiong, worked as a policeman under Qin Shihuang because of his nationality. Where Xiaoguo is located, the historical record is unknown. It is only recorded in the history book Notes: "There is a country in the west because of Xiao, and everyone is good at whistling."
In the second year of Emperor Liu Che of the Western Han Dynasty (BC 103), Dong Fangshuo, a doctor from China, came back from the evil country in the southwest and brought ten pieces of "Shengfengmu" to the Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty. This branch is nine feet long and the fingers are so thick. This kind of "acoustic wind wood" is produced in the small river of Xiao State. Because Xiao people are good at whistling, the "sound wind wood" can also make sounds. This is the origin of "Yin Huan" recorded in Shang Yu Shu Gong. Because the source of Xiaoguo River is very sweet water, birds like purple swallows and yellow storks gather in trees near the water to fly. The fruit of this' acoustic wind wood' is like a small pearl. When the wind blows, it makes the sound of pearls and jade, so it is called' Sound Wind Wood'. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty awarded the branches of "Fengmu" to ministers, but only to ministers over 100 years old. If the minister is ill, the branches of the "Windtree" will ooze water by themselves. If the minister is dying, the branches of the Windtree will break by themselves. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also gave Dong Fangshuo a "Wood of Sound and Wind", but Dong Fangshuo exaggeratedly said, "I have seen this branch die three times, but it came back from the dead. Is it more than dripping water to break the ice? If a person's life span is less than half, the branches will not seep. This kind of tree oozes sweat once every 5,000 years and withers only once every 10,000 years. " Dong Fangshuo was just teasing and fooling Emperor Wu, but Emperor Wu believed Dong Fangshuo's explanation.
What is Liezixiao's real name? There is no record in the history books, because he is a native of Xiao, and he is called "filial piety". However, it is difficult to verify whether Liezixiao is a surname or a first name. However, some descendants of Liezixiao took the names of their ancestors as surnames and passed them down from generation to generation.