Hua Tuo
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, three outstanding doctors were born in our country, which were called "Jian 'an Three Magical Doctors" in history. Among them, Dong Feng lived in seclusion in Lushan Mountain, leaving a well-known story of Xinglin; Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases, which was regarded as a "medical sage" by later generations because of his rigorous treatment. Hua tuo, on the other hand, went deep into the people and traveled all over the Central Plains and Jianghuai Plain. In the clinical diagnosis and treatment of internal medicine, surgery, gynecology and pediatrics, many medical miracles have been created, especially the creation of Mafeisan (a clinical anesthetic) and the implementation of laparotomy. Every time later generations praised the doctor's "Hua Tuo reincarnation" and "meta-regeneration", it showed its far-reaching influence.
Hua Tuo was born in Peiguoqiao County, Yuzhou (now Hao County, Anhui Province) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Born in the first year of Chongyong in Han Dynasty (A.D. 145), he died in the 13th year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (A.D. 208).
The Hua family was originally a noble family, and one of its descendants settled in a beautiful small flower village more than ten miles north of Qiao County. By the time Huatuo arrived, the family had declined, but the family had great expectations for Huatuo. Judging from the name and text, the name "promise" means load, and "yuan" means education. Hua tuo studied hard since childhood, reciting ancient books such as Shangshu, Shijing, Zhouyi, Book of Rites, Chunqiu, etc., and gradually gained a high cultural accomplishment.
In the process of Hua Tuo's growth, he was influenced not only by the culture of the Central Plains, but also by the rich medicinal materials in his hometown. Qiao County produces many kinds of medicinal materials, such as "Shao Hao" and "Hao Ju", which have long been famous all over the world. Coupled with the relatively developed land and water transportation, Qiao County has been a distribution center for medicinal materials since ancient times. Today, Chinese herbal medicine warehouses abound in the streets of Hao County. When Hua Tuo was young, he paid attention to medicine while studying classics and history. According to the legend of the local elders, he once studied in Nitai store for health and medicine.
In feudal society, most scholars are proud of being an official. Hua tuo, on the other hand, chose a completely different life path, taking medicine as his career all his life and determined to win. When I was a teenager, when Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty were in power, consorts, eunuchs and autocratic powers alternated, and they became officials, sold officials and titles, and paid bribes in business. The people were sucked out of their bones, squeezed crazily, and fell into deep suffering. Hua Tuo witnessed the corruption of the officialdom and the sufferings of the common people, and decided to abandon his official career to become a doctor and save the world with medicine. At that time, some people of insight in the imperial court were very appreciative of Hua Tuo's character and knowledge. Huang Wan and Qiu wanted him to be an official, but Hua Tuo declined. Pei Xiang recommended Hua Tuowei and declined politely. This fully shows Hua Tuo's firm ambition and noble character.
Hua tuo practiced medicine without a teacher's biography I mainly study the medical classics of the previous generation and keep learning and making progress in practice. At that time, China's medicine had made some achievements, and medical classics such as Huangdi Neijing, Huangdi Eighty-one Difficult Classic, Shennong Herbal Classic came out one after another, and the principles of diagnostic methods such as four diagnosis, guidance, acupuncture and medicine were basically established and widely used. Bian Que in the Warring States Period, Cang Gong in the Western Han Dynasty, Fu Weng in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Gao Zhi and other ancient physicians left touching stories of saving the world with medicine all their lives, which made it possible for Hua Tuo to study medical skills intensively and cultivated his sentiment.
In Hua Tuo's medical practice for many years, he is very good at distinguishing different diseases from viscera and treating them according to symptoms. One day, there were two military attaché s, both of whom had fever and headache. The symptoms were the same, but Hua Tuo's prescription was quite different. They were surprised to use antiperspirants and laxatives, but they all recovered after taking the medicine. It turns out that after Warren's consultation, a kind of syndrome called exterior syndrome can be solved by sweating; One is internal heat syndrome, which is difficult to treat unless diarrhea occurs. There is also a Du You Deng Mou. After seeing the doctor, he felt that his illness had healed, but Hua Tuo reminded him: "Although your illness has healed, your vitality has not recovered yet. You should rest until you are fully recovered and avoid sexual intercourse. Otherwise, you will have concerns about your life. " At that time, when his wife heard that Zhifu had recovered, she came from hundreds of miles away to visit him. That night, Deng's careful abstinence failed, and he died three days later. Another patient, Xu, was in bed because of illness, and Hua Tuo went to visit. Xu said, "I have been coughing, upset and unable to lie down since I asked the doctor to acupuncture the stomach tube yesterday." After the inspection, Hua Tuo said, "This is a mistake. The acupuncture missed the gastric tube, but it mistakenly stuck to the liver. Eating less and less in the future will be dangerous in five days. " The consequences are as dead as they say. A county magistrate got a very difficult disease and all the doctors failed. His son came to Hua Tuo to state his illness and beg for treatment. Hua Tuo came to the patient's room, asked in a soft and arrogant tone, asked for a huge reward, but left without treatment, leaving a book to insult. The sheriff repeatedly resisted and was furious, and sent someone to kill him. There is no trace. In a rage, he vomited several liters of black blood and sank deeper and deeper. It turns out that this is a kind of psychotherapy used by Hua Tuo. He uses emotional activities such as happiness, anger, superiority and thinking to adjust his body to cure his illness.
Hua Tuo attached great importance to folk treatment experience and often absorbed and refined it to treat some common diseases. At that time, jaundice was common. He spent three years repeatedly testing the efficacy of Artemisia capillaris, and decided to treat it with Artemisia capillaris leaves in spring and March, which cured many patients. Therefore, there is a folk song: "March wormwood, April wormwood handed down to future generations, so remember that wormwood can cure diseases in March and burn firewood in May and June." Huatuo also used warm soup and hot compress to treat the pain of scorpion sting, and used moss ointment to treat the swelling and pain after wasp sting. Use garlic paste to treat insect diseases; Treating fish-eating crab poisoning with perilla; Treating cough with Rhizoma Cynanchi Stauntonii; Use Polygonatum sibiricum to supplement fatigue. Wait, it's simple and quick.
After middle age, Warren "went to Xu Tu" because of the turmoil in the Central Plains. Xuzhou is an important place in Jianghuai, with six counties and six countries. It governs 62 towns with a population of more than two million, and its capital is Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu). According to folklore, he lived in Guo Pei (now Pei County, Jiangsu Province) near Pengcheng. In fact, Hua Tuo's medical footprint spread all over Xuzhou, Yuzhou, Qingzhou and Yanzhou at that time. According to the place names mentioned in his medical records, Pengcheng is generally the center, starting from Ganling (now Linqing, Shandong Province) and Du Yan (now Yancheng, Jiangsu Province) in the east, Chao Ge (now Qixian, Henan Province) in the west, Guangling (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province) in the south and Daqiao County (now Wanxian, Anhui Province) in the southwest. While practicing medicine, he also went to Chao Ge, Guo Pei, Fengxian (now Fengxian, Jiangsu), Pengcheng Woniu Mountain, Lunan Mountain, Weishan Lake and other places to collect herbs. Because of his vast territory and deep involvement in the folk, Hua Tuo became a physician with numerous folklore in the history of China.
In this way, after decades of medical practice, Hua Tuo's medical skills have reached the point of perfection. Mastering health care, prescription, acupuncture, surgery and other treatment methods, proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, accurate clinical diagnosis, simple methods, rapid curative effect, known as the "imperial doctor." In this regard, there are similar comments in the History of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, saying that he is good at keeping in good health ("the art of keeping in good health means that people think that they are a hundred years old and strong") and uses drugs accurately ("there are only a few prescriptions for treating diseases and only a few soups, so he will not be called again, and he will drink it after cooking and give up his efforts." There are 6 medical records of the Three Kingdoms 16, 5 biographies of Hua Tuo, 5 other documents, and 26 * * *, which are mostly seen by physicians in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. From the scope of its treatment, internal diseases include fever, visceral diseases, psychosis, obesity and parasitic diseases, while diseases belonging to surgery, pediatrics and gynecology include trauma, intestinal carbuncle, tumor, fracture, wrong needle, breast avoidance, stillbirth and infantile diarrhea.
Just as Hua Tuo was eager to dedicate his superb medical skills to the people, Cao Cao, who rose in the turmoil of the Central Plains, heard the call. It turned out that Cao Cao had a head wind disease in his early years, and it became more and more serious after middle age. Every time, my heart is dizzy and my headache is unbearable. All kinds of doctors have treated it, and the effect is not great. After Hua Tuo was called to see a doctor, he put a needle into the Shu point of Cao Cao's thoracic vertebra. In a short time, his brain was awake and the pain stopped. Cao Cao is very happy. But Hua Tuo told the truth: "Your disease is a chronic brain disease, which is difficult to eradicate in the near future. It must be treated for a long time and gradually relieved in order to prolong life. " After hearing this, Cao Cao thought that Hua Tuo was mystifying and unhappy, but he didn't show his face. He not only left Hua Tuo in the government, but also allowed him to treat the people. In 208 AD, Cao Cao manipulated state affairs and became the prime minister, taking charge of military and political power. Therefore, Hua tuo was asked to abandon his sideline and stay in the court for a long time, specializing in serving his own doctors. For Hua Tuo, a man whose lifelong ambition is to save the world, he is naturally unwilling to ask him to isolate Yum and serve a powerful person. Besides, in order to avenge his father's death, Cao Cao crusaded against Tao Qian in Xuzhou in his early years, killing tens of thousands of people in Xuzhou, choking the corpse and stopping water supply, and then even taking care of the two counties of slaughter and summer and autumn. He said, "The chicken has done its duty and there are no pedestrians in the city." Xuzhou is the place where Hua Tuo practiced medicine and lived in his later years, and shared it with the people, so he was filled with indignation! So he decided to leave Cao Cao and went back to his hometown temporarily for an excuse and never came back. Cao Cao sent several letters, but Hua Tuo refused on the grounds that his wife was ill. Cao Cao became angry from embarrassment and sent messengers to escort Hua Tuo to Xuchang, and tortured him in the name of inspection. In the face of Cao Cao's arrogance, Hua Tuo was unyielding and determined. Cao Cao was furious and wanted to kill Hua Tuo. Although the counselor repeatedly advised that Hua Tuo's medical skill was superb and rare in the world, and human life mattered, he hoped to be tolerant, but Cao Cao went his own way and ordered him to be put to death in prison. When Hua Tuo died, he still didn't forget to save the world. He took out the Qingnangjing and gave it to the jailer, saying, "This book has been handed down from generation to generation and can live forever." Prison officials are afraid of sin and dare not accept books. In addition to his grief and indignation, Hua Tuo had to throw medical books into the fire and burn them. Later, Cao Cao's head wind disease broke out several times, and the doctors were helpless. He still has no remorse. He also said: "If you can cure my illness, you won't treat me. If you want to blackmail me, if I don't kill him, it will be difficult to treat. " Until this winter, Cao Cao's beloved son Cao Chong fell ill, and all the doctors died without treatment. At this time, Cao Cao regretted saying, "I regret killing Hua Tuo and making this son exhausted."
Hua tuo had many disciples in his life, and Peng Cheng, Fan A, Guangling and Xi Li Dangzhi were all famous all over the world. In order to pass on his medical experience to future generations, Hua Tuo carefully wrote medical books in his later years, including Qingnangjing, Acupuncture in Pillow and many other works, but unfortunately none of them have been handed down.