Hakka life customs. Dressed in Longgang, Hakka people inherited the heritage of their ancestors who were "clumsy, clumsy and unaccustomed". Their clothing features are mainly simple. Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the fabrics of clothes were mainly self-woven and self-dyed (some farmers planted ramie themselves and then asked people to weave it into cloth), such as monthly cloth, coarse cloth, twill cloth and black-bone chicken. In addition, there are woven fabrics with red and black mouths and silk fabrics bought from abroad. Coarse cloth is generally made of mosquito nets, twill cloth is made of bed sheets, moon cloth and black-bone chicken are made of coarse cloth, evergreen cloth is made of high quality, and silk is a luxury for the rich. The colors of fabrics are mostly black, cyan and crimson. The most common clothing style is Tang suit casual wear. Men's coats have four pockets with seven buttons (some with inner pockets) or two pockets with five buttons. The women's coat has a right button front, and there is no bag outside, but only one bag is sewn on the front inside. Men's and women's trousers are basically the same, with wide heads and wide legs, and they are connected by belts. A few newcomers, residents of Weizhen, teachers, students and civil servants wear work clothes and Chinese tunic suits. Some ladies and schoolgirls wear skirts. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), due to the rapid economic development, clothing changed rapidly. Shirts, youth clothes, Chinese tunic suit, Lenin suit and skirts are rapidly popularized in xu zhen. Most of the fabrics are domestic woven cotton cloth, mainly twill and cross cloth, and occasionally khaki and woolen cloth. But the elderly farmers have not changed much. During the "Cultural Revolution" in the 1960s and 1970s, men and women marched in dry clothes, which were similar in style to military cadres, or blue, gray or green, with monotonous colors. After the 1980s, due to the implementation of reform and opening up, Longgang District quickly accepted the world mainstream clothing styles such as suits, skirts, jeans and T-shirts before the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries and the cultural information of Hong Kong clothing. Today, the clothing in Hakka area of Longgang has been integrated with the world fashion trend, but Longgang women still don't choose particularly revealing clothing. Decorative men decorate less. In early winter, I occasionally wear cloth hats, felt hats and scarves (commonly known as neck scarves). There are many women's decorations, including headscarves, aprons and cool hats. Tupa, commonly known as Baotou, is made of a piece of black cloth with a length of 120 cm and a width of about 50 cm, decorated with lace. Toupa uses different decorative colors to distinguish unmarried or married women. Wearing a headband has the functions of hair care, sun protection and cold protection, and contains the traditional concept of avoiding dew and covering up shame. Especially the fisherman's daughter, Baotou protrudes from her forehead 10 cm. Unless she is positive, she can't see her "true face". After 1960s, girls and young women gradually replaced Baotou with square printed headscarves, which were only worn in cold winter. Baotou is only used occasionally by middle-aged and elderly women and gradually declines. Apron, commonly known as "girth belt" and "girth belt", is a kind of clothes added to the chest of a coat to cover the abdomen. Its main function is to play the role of work clothes and avoid or reduce the pollution and wear of coats caused by work and contact objects. Belly cloth is usually black cloth, but the workmanship is quite exquisite. The lanyard hanging around the neck often acts as a small silver chain, and the flower belt tied around the waist is mostly hand-woven, and the end is decorated with fluffy balls or tassels, which is beautiful and attractive. This is a labor insurance product, but it can make women more graceful, so it is especially favored by women. Adult women wear a few pieces each, taking turns to wear them. In Longgang area, both men and women wear bamboo hats to keep out the rain, while men wear distinctive cool hats to keep out the sun. The frame of the cool hat is made of bamboo strips and is a circular plane with a diameter of 60 cm. There are concentric holes through the top of the head, which are connected by cloth rings around to form a cover as a whole. There are two kinds of cool hats: blue ones and black ones. The blue cool hat is made of blue cloth, the loop cloth is fully folded, and the black cool hat is made of black cloth, both of which are decorated with elegant lace. The cool hat is mainly used to keep out the sun, and it is very light to wear on your head. The edge constantly swings to make the face cool and comfortable, so it is very cherished by women. Bamboo sticks with cool hats are generally coated with tung oil, so it's no harm to encounter light rain. Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), residents occasionally wore watches to tell the time. Before the 1960s, watches were still rare, and then they gradually became fashionable. The main variety is the Shanghai dining table, and there is little distinction between men's and women's clothing. After entering the 1980s, watches became popular rapidly with various styles. Mid-range watches for men and women are very common. Teenagers wear electronic watches, couples have lovers' watches, and business celebrities advocate brand-name watches. Wearing shoes in the early years, people wore leather cotton shoes, commonly known as "leather shoes", also called sandals, especially when traveling far or going up the mountain to cut grass and firewood. It is a rectangular leather block, with a small button on the head to buckle the second toe and a belt in the middle to trip the soles of the feet. Leather cotton shoes have a general function of foot protection, and relying on straw sandals and silkworms is suspected of lameness. Residents in Weizhen wear cloth shoes, and everyone wears clogs after taking a shower. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, cloth shoes were the main products, occasionally plastic sandals and slippers, and men's leather shoes were high-grade products. After 1980s, men's and women's shoes were widely used. Young people love to wear high-grade sports shoes, commonly known as wave shoes, and women's semi-high heels are very common. In the early days of jewelry, due to the limitation of economic conditions, men rarely wore rings and necklaces. Women tie a bun in their hair so that they can wear it, for example, to attend a grand occasion and insert various hairpin ornaments in the bun. Earrings, rings, bracelets and necklaces are women's daily jewelry, most of which are silver products and a few are gold. Middle-aged and elderly women often wear jade bracelets. Some old ladies wear life bracelets engraved with "Long life and wealth". There is a silver or copper wishful lock on the child's chest, which is engraved with various auspicious words. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, women's jewelry gradually decreased, and almost disappeared in the sixties and seventies because of the "broken fourth child". After 1980s, it was very common for women to wear earrings, rings and necklaces. Except for the hairpin, all the other jewelry women occupy the scenery. Men also generally wear gold rings and necklaces. Hairstyle In the early 20th century, men grew up with hair and braids. In the early years of the Republic of China, I cut my braid and shaved my head. Tools are mainly razors, and the main action is to shave the hair, so there is also a haircut commonly known as "shaving the head". Later, it was gradually cut into a flat or dome hairstyle, and later it became popular with western-style hairstyles, which were called "suit heads". Women braid their hair when they are young and tie their hair in a bun when they grow up and get married. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, men's hairstyles were mainly Western-style, occasionally with short flat hair, and Western-style hairstyles were often waxed. The woman tied a pair of braids, cut Qi Mei's hair, and put tea oil on it to increase the luster and fragrance, so the nursery rhyme teased: "A-mei in Longgang combs her hair beautifully, and a cub has half a catty of oil." After the 1980s, Hong Kong-style hair salons were quickly adopted. Young men and women like perming, especially women have all kinds of beautiful and strange hairstyles. After the 1990s, some women began to wear short masculine hair, and dyeing their hair was quite popular among young people. Most of them dyed their black hair brown, brown and red. People's hair styles are easy to be creative and innovative because of things like styling lotion and hair cream, and they are generally beautifully combed. 2. Dietary rice is the main food for residents in Longgang area. Rice varieties mainly include early japonica rice, late japonica rice and glutinous rice. Coarse cereals are mainly sweet potatoes, as well as taro, corn (commonly known as corn), millet (commonly known as dog tail) and sorghum. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, three meals a day were mainly porridge. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was gradually changed to two porridge and one rice (sweet potato rice) and one porridge and two rice (sweet potato rice). After the 1980 s, rice was eaten for lunch and dinner, and breakfast was changed to breakfast. People in the market street nearby bought bread, steamed bread, rice noodles and soybean milk, and breakfast at home was porridge, soup and fried noodles. Sweet potato and corn have become vegetarian and green and healthy food. The Hakka people in Longgang have always taken rice as their staple food, and the two most important and common cooked foods made of rice are "rice" and "porridge". Hakka's concept of "rice" usually includes two aspects: one is to interpret it as "rice", such as "there is breakfast and dinner", which means "there is breakfast and dinner"; Second, it is interpreted as "dry rice" as opposed to "porridge". The "rice" here means "dried rice". "Porridge" can also be divided into "thin porridge" and "thick porridge". "gruel" is also commonly known as "gruel" and "fresh porridge". The folk riddle "Blowing through a lane, inhaling a wave, and the fly slams" is the answer. "Thick porridge" is also called "flowing porridge" and occasionally "street porridge". The production method of rice porridge is simple, except that rice is less and water is more, and it can be cooked in one pot, which is similar in other places. There are many ways to make dry rice, including cooking, stewing, steaming, and rice in a bowl. Cooking is the most commonly used method for ordinary people. After washing the rice, put it into the rice cooker, add a considerable amount of water, cook until the rice is almost cooked, open the lid, scoop up the excess slurry with a spoon (commonly known as "drinking"), and then cover it with slow fire until it is cooked. There is also a kind of water, which is just right without the "drinking" procedure. As for the rice cookers, pressure cookers, etc. widely used by people today, they are essentially the products of the development of modern civilized society. If more than one person eats, rice can't be cooked in a pot, which is called "braised rice". Braised rice in a big pot is very skillful, and the key is to master the heat. After cooking for several times, we should take drastic action to synchronize the embers with cooking. At this time, the fire is too strong, which is easy to "scorch the pot" and "pinch the raw", and the fire is too weak to cook the rice thoroughly. 1958, because of the large number of diners, the canteens in Xinggong used to stew rice in large pots. Later, the word "big pot rice" was frequently used, which derogated from "absolute egalitarianism, everyone has a share", which originated from this. Soak rice in a barrel-shaped rice cooker and steam it in the pot. This is called rice cooker steaming. This method can ensure that the rice is cooked evenly and does not paste, and is often used for rural banquets or steamed rice. Clay pot rice is a kind of rice that is filled with water in a ceramic pot or an enamel pot and steamed in a steamer or a square rice steamer, which is convenient for serving in portions. More common in schools, public canteens or some Hakka restaurants. Besides rice and porridge, there are many kinds of foods processed from rice, such as cakes, tea fruit sticks, tea making, rice wine and so on. Among them, hakka yellow rice wine has a long history and unique practices, as follows: soak glutinous rice in a water tank, scoop it up and drain it, and pour it into an electric cooker to steam it into rice. Pour the rice on the dustpan in batches, spread it out, and when the temperature drops to about 20℃ (some cold water can be drained), sprinkle with wine cake powder (a fermented yeast made of rice bran and Chinese medicine asarum) and stir evenly. Then put it into a brewing vat, reserve a small well in the rice residue, cover the cylinder cover, and put the vat into a straw basket for fermentation and brewing. After a day and a night, you can open the lid and smell it, mainly to identify the efficacy of the wine cake. If there is a clear smell of wine, you can know that the wine cake is effective. If there is no smell of wine, the wine cake will be invalid. After three or four days, the cylinder head was uncovered and the fragrance was overflowing. The distiller's grains in the small well secrete clear wine called nine niang. If it is cold, it will take ten days to see nine niang. Hakka yellow rice wine is used for entertaining guests, giving gifts, nourishing, seasoning and offering sacrifices. Its wine is fragrant and mellow, sweet and meaningful, and has the effects of nourishing and strengthening the body, promoting blood circulation to keep out cold, strengthening the heart and calming the nerves, promoting food digestion and absorption, and improving blood circulation. Hakkas like to drink sweet yellow rice wine at New Year's or banquets. Hakka yellow rice wine fried chicken is a delicious dish with a long history in Hakka recipes, which is a great supplement. In the early years, only pregnant women had this delicious food. Now, ordinary families or Hakka restaurants in Longgang can eat this delicious yellow wine chicken at any time. There is a folk proverb called "half a year's potato and half a year's grain". In the early years of Longgang, sweet potato was the staple food after rice. There are many ways to eat sweet potatoes, one is steaming, boiling, roasting and eating; Secondly, slicing or chopping and drying into white chips and potato chips; Thirdly, evaporate to dryness to obtain dried sweet potato; Fourthly, wiping and drying sweet potato shreds into sweet potato shreds; Fifthly, heating and baking in fine sand to obtain fried potato chips; Sixth, it is processed into potato powder. Sweet potato is not only one of the staple foods of Hakka and starch in food industry, but also the raw material for making alcohol. Sweet potato vine is also a good feed for pigs and cattle. Third, the houses Longgang Hakka houses have a unique style. From the perspective of housing structure layout, it can be divided into closed houses and flat houses. Enclosure is a typical product of Hakka house culture, which accumulates Hakka traditional consciousness such as family concept, unity and self-improvement, and defense concept. There are small enclosed houses and large enclosed houses, and the formation of their scale is restricted by natural and economic conditions, mainly small enclosed houses. There will be special articles on the distribution and characteristics of Hakka enclosed houses in Longgang. With the development of society, people's sense of independence is constantly strengthened, and the form of closed houses is constantly changing. Finally, a "single-family house" with flat houses as the main structure emerged. The weakening of enclosed houses leads to the increase of enclosed houses, which in turn accelerates the disintegration of enclosed houses. With the development of social economy and the stability of social order, people's individual values are increasingly recognized, their sense of independence is enhanced, and their families are getting smaller and smaller. Everyone is eager to build their own "main hall" outside the closed house and make it their own independent world, so the opposite house came into being. The shaving house is a simple rectangle, generally 8 to10m long and 3.75 to 4.25m wide (commonly known as the size of 13 pit tile or 15 pit tile). The first half is the hall and the second half is the bedroom. Two or three integrated rooms are connected by side doors, and some doors are made of low walls. The house is basically two floors, with wooden ladders (commonly known as bucket ladders) installed up and down, or with simple wooden ladders up and down. If you count the two-bedroom and double-decker bathrooms, there are 1 hall, 6 bedrooms or other storage rooms, 1 kitchen, and there is a doorway in front of the door, which is a very spacious and comfortable residence for a family of four or five. In addition, it would be more satisfying to build a small hut and chicken coop on the side or nearby (from the founding of the People's Republic of China to the end of the 1970s, the cowshed and rice mill in rural areas were built by Murakami, so it is not necessary to consider staying at home). The architecture of traditional houses in Longgang, as the local chronicles say: "The houses have many earth walls, but they are still built with bricks and stones to shelter from the wind and rain." (2) Before 1980s, almost all rural houses were tile houses, and the walls were made of rubble and concrete (mixed with sand, yellow mud and lime, commonly known as lime sand). There are also walls directly rammed with lime sand (commonly known as walls) or masonry with lime sand bricks, and very few are completely built with red bricks and blue bricks. The roof is made of Chinese fir beams as trusses, Chinese fir strips as rafters, and useful pine miscellaneous trees with poor conditions are used for it. The truss is covered with tiles. The big tile forms a pit on the back and the small tile forms a ridge. There are 6 to 8 glass bricks in the pit for lighting, commonly known as "Ming tiles". Because the width of a half-foot tile is 7 inches (equivalent to 25 cm), the foundation is usually judged by pits, and the common pits are 13 or 15 (even numbers are not set). Longgang area is near the sea, especially the three towns of South Australia, Dapeng and Kwai Chung. Every summer and autumn, they are often attacked by strong typhoons in the South China Sea. Therefore, in residential buildings, solid structure, solid walls and solid tiles are the most basic requirements, otherwise the typhoon will not be able to resist the storm. In areas where rubble and mud bricks are the main walls, it is necessary to dig a ditch nearly meters deep to build a house; Build gables with stones, the height of which is at least to the bottom of the shed; If the upper part of the wall is made of mud bricks, then the wall must be leveled with gray mortar, otherwise it will not stand the wind and rain. The roof, flying wing and tile pit on the tile cover must be sealed tightly, and the tiles should be placed properly. In order to prevent sudden rain from blowing into the house, cover tiles or double-layer tiles are used conditionally. After 1980s, the traditional building structure was eliminated, and unprecedented changes took place in rural housing. At the beginning, "two and a half floors" prevailed, that is, the complete two floors added a staircase entrance to the roof. Red brick wall, iron doors and windows, reinforced concrete shed surface, external wall water brush stone (commonly known as stone rice), kitchen and bathroom tile. This kind of small building breaks through the eternal level of traditional residence in one fell swoop, and has achieved a qualitative leap in lighting, ventilation, water and electricity, sanitation and typhoon resistance. Since the 1990s, people's living standards have been further improved. Residential buildings, including the rural population, are all new buildings with 4 to 6 floors, inlaid or glazed porcelain blocks on the walls, aluminum alloy window frames and luxurious doors. The interior design is elegant, and most people have rooms, suites, bedrooms, study rooms, storage rooms and so on. It's comfortable to live in it. The old tile house became an antique. Fourthly, until the beginning of the 20th century, the traffic in Longgang was still very closed. Even the larger residential and commercial points such as Longgangwei, Pingshan Wei and Wang Muwei were only connected by narrow paths, not to mention ordinary small villages. In history, many ruled officials have been praised as "benefiting pedestrians", which is nothing more than building small bridges and expanding rocky mountain roads. At that time, people could only walk when they went out, and the circulation of daily necessities depended entirely on human porters (commonly known as foot lifting). In the early 1930s, Peng Donghai, a native of Kwai Chung, built expressways from Danshui to Pinghu and Longgang to Shenzhen. Wherever the highway goes, it brings convenience to the villagers in Longgang area. Because of the highway, bicycles (commonly known as bicycles) have appeared one after another. The east of Longgang is near the sea, and seaside residents buy sailboats. Sailing has played a very important role in the communication between coastal residents and Huiyang, Yantian and Hong Kong. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, bicycles first emerged in Longgang, Buji and Pingshan. In the late 1970s, most villages were connected by tractor roads, and bicycles were rapidly popularized throughout the region. Civil servants go to work, students go to school, people visit relatives and friends, go to markets and even hold weddings, and all use bicycles. Except for some elderly women, people above primary school can ride bicycles. Since 1980s, motorcycles (also known as motorcycles) have gradually become fashionable. It is fast and labor-saving, so young people take pleasure in owning a motorcycle. After that, moped (commonly known as sheep boy) became popular, especially favored by ladies, and there were many owners for a time. At this point, folk means of transportation have formed a situation in which bicycles, motorcycles and sheep are neck and neck. With the development of social economy, private cars began to enter the families of Longgang residents at the turn of the century. Private car models are generally domestic cars. According to the media information in the first half of 200 1 2000, the private car ownership rate in Longgang area is close to 20%. Traveling by car, rain or shine, coming and going quickly, comfortable and chic, can really be described as "leading the way".